Bending and punching characteristics of aluminum sheets using the quasi-continuum method

• Man-Ping Chang,
• Shang-Jui Lin and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.108

• strain distribution, and fracture strength were provided as well as the interfacial mechanics and punching characteristics of each nano-punching model. Model and Methodologies The simulation model of the nano-punching system comprises a punch and a single crystalline Al workpiece, as shown in Figure 1

• were discussed under various conditions. The stress–displacement curve and stress/strain image were used to analyze various mechanical properties. Effect of crystal orientation on the nano-punching process Before discussing the influence of different crystal orientations on the nano-punching process

• is more widely distributed than that of O2. When the punch displacement was d = 120 Å, all of the Al workpieces of the O1, O2, and O3 orientations were broken. Figure 6 shows the shear stress and strain distribution during the unloading process of the O1, O2, and O3 orientations. Because the cutting

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• a well-defined geometry with a uniform rectangular cross section along their entire length. This particular morphology makes them a strong candidate for providing a thorough understanding of dimensionally confined transport phenomena, as presented in SnO2 NBs. Moreover, strain-induced polarization

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• specificity and sensibility of ZIKV60 for NS1 may be an innovative tool for novel graphene-based biosensors for ZIKV NS1 protein detection. Experimental NS1 proteins Recombinant Zika virus (Uganda strain), dengue virus (serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4) and yellow fever virus NS1 proteins expressed in mammalian

Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking

• Kendra Ramirez-Acosta,
• Ivan A. Rosales-Fuerte,
• J. Eduardo Perez-Sanchez,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Josue Juarez and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 699–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.62

• . Interestingly, several peptides showed the capability to bind to the active surface area of the RBD of the Wuhan strain, as well as to the RBD of the Delta variant and other SARS-Cov-2 variants. Therefore, these peptides have promising potential in the treatment of the COVID-19 disease caused by different

• association of the Wuhan strain RBD (GenBank: MN908947.3) with ACE2 [6]. The number of hydrogen bonds between RBD and ACE2 influence the stability of the bound complex, which suggests that designing peptides capable of forming several hydrogen bonds might prove useful for increasing the binding affinity [25

• bonds in these positions while docked to SARS-CoV-2 RBD. The proposed sequences of amino acid residues were modeled using PEP-FOLD 3.5 server. Then, theoretical peptides were submitted to molecular docking against the Wuhan strain (PDB ID: 6VYB), Delta variant (PDB ID: 7W92) and theoretical variants

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• activity of the pure BBR at saturation concentration and BBR NPs at different concentrations of 0.5 to 5.0 mg/mL was examined against two representative bacteria causing hospital-acquired infections including a Gram-positive strain (MRSA) and a Gram-negative strain (E. coli O157:H7) in vitro using the

• based on the auto-fluorescence of BBR molecules, and also on the ultrastructural characteristics of the bacteria. 106 CFU/mL of MRSA strain was inoculated on nutrient agar for 24 h at 37 °C. After that, 1 mL of BBR NPs (2 mg/mL) solution was sprayed on the colonies of bacteria and incubated for 1 h at

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• measurement of FPL and APE affect the fidelity and repeatability of results [21]. To mimic the in vivo conditions of the skin, some researchers pre-stretch the sample [27][28]. But the uncontrolled initial skin strain may yield different results for otherwise similar experiments. Shu et al. recently indicated

• 1.5 to 3 m/s and an increase of 13.17% for an impact velocity increase from 3 to 4.5 m/s. It is worth noting that Crichton et al. [39] studied the effect of varying skin strain rates on MN insertion into a rabbit’s ear. At low strain rates (≈0, 0.56, and 1.22 m/s), the APE for their NanopatchTM was as

• low as 25%; however, by increasing the strain rate to 5,300 s−1, at an insertion velocity of 1.96 m/s, an APE value of ≈95% was achieved. The work summarized here demonstrates the potential of high-fidelity and low-cost thermoplastic MN arrays for coated drug delivery. In addition, thermoplastic MN

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• factors, but also provides a suitable mechanical environment for cells, including physical signals such as substrate stiffness, hydrostatic pressure, shear stress, strain, pressure, and tension [7][8][9]. These mechanical factors play an important role in regulating normal cellular physiological functions

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

• Sharali Malik and
• George E. Kostakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38

• pyrolysis of methane on a curved alumina surface. The surface provides the catalyst as well as the “strain” required to direct nucleation and growth. Figure 1a is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) overview image showing a number of glassy carbon microneedles, which grow in the direction of the gas flow

Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• , strain rate, harmonic displacement, and harmonic frequency were set as 2.0 μm, 0.05 s−1, 1.0 nm, and 75 Hz, respectively. The Poisson’s ratio of the tibia specimens was assumed to be 0.3 [14]. The allowable drift rate was set as 0.10 nm/s to minimize the effect of vibration and thermal drift during

Effects of drug concentration and PLGA addition on the properties of electrospun ampicillin trihydrate-loaded PLA nanofibers

• Tuğba Eren Böncü and
• Nurten Ozdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 245–254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.19

• of the nanofibers were calculated from the strain–stress curves. Statistical analyses All data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL). The significance was evaluated with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (SPSS

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• decay with scanning at all loads. This friction decay was attributed to the consecutive plastic deformation and hardening of the Cu substrate during repeated scanning. Different from strain hardening in conventional metals, MGs show strain softening induced by the creation of additional free volume

• during deformation [48][49]. No plastic strain occurs in this work, given the much higher yield strength of Zr-based MGs (approx. 1.7 GPa [50]) than that of copper (69–365 MPa [51]). The maximum contact pressure in this work is ca. 0.49 GPa (JKR model), smaller than the yield strength of MGs. As a

Piezoelectric nanogenerator for bio-mechanical strain measurement

• Zafar Javed,
• Lybah Rafiq,
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer,
• Saqib Siddiqui,
• Muhammad Babar Ramzan,
• Muhammad Qamar Khan and
• Muhammad Salman Naeem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 192–200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.14

• as well. Under high dynamic strain more output voltage is generated than under low dynamic strain. The maximum current density shown by the device is 172.5 nA/cm2. The developed piezoelectric nanofiber sensor was then integrated into a knitted fabric through stitching to be used for angle measurement

• developed a resistive strain sensors for movement analysis. They integrated an electrically conductive elastomer into a fabric, which was then able to detect the posture and the movement of the human body. Retrieved data from these strain sensors were compared with conventional motion tracking systems. The

• results show promising performance for body posture classification and reconstruction. Similarly, for measuring human body angles, piezoresistive sensors were developed and characterized under bending and stretching regarding the application as strain sensors [7]. Knitted piezoresistive fabrics were used

Thermal oxidation process on Si(113)-(3 × 2) investigated using high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy

• Hiroya Tanaka,
• Shinya Ohno,
• Kazushi Miki and
• Masatoshi Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 172–181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.12

• existence of a certain oxidation pattern indicates that the preferential adsorption site should be related to the strain induced by the pre-adsorbed oxygen atoms. In the case of Si(111), it has been shown that one oxygen atom at the backbond of a similar adatom site is the common first product for oxidation

• ) [14]. This clearly indicates that the strain relief mechanism works effectively on Si(113). Second, the atomic model in the early oxidation stage has been elucidated based on high-resolution STM images, as shown in Figure 7. This should encourage further research to establish the structure model

• image. There are several typical patterns for the bright protrusions, which can be explained by the strain-dependent adsorption preference of oxygen. (a) Filled-state STM image of Si(113)-(3 × 2). Image size: 30 × 30 nm2, Vs = −2.0 V, It = 0.05 nA. (b) Empty-state STM image of Si(113)-(3 × 2). Image

Theoretical understanding of electronic and mechanical properties of 1T′ transition metal dichalcogenide crystals

• Seyedeh Alieh Kazemi,
• Sadegh Imani Yengejeh,
• Vei Wang,
• William Wen and
• Yun Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 160–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.11

• electronic optimization loop is set to 1 × 10−5 eV. To investigate the elastic constants of the TMDs according to the generalized Hooke’s law, the energies as a function of strain (ε) in the strain range −2.5% ≤ ε ≤ 2.5% with an increment of 0.5% are calculated. The elastic constants Cij are obtained by

• fitting a second-order polynomial to the change on the total energy versus applied strain. The data are obtained from post-processing the VASP calculated results using the VASPKIT code [45]. The average values of G and B of bulk TMDs are obtained using the Voigt–Reuss–Hill average method [16]: The values

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• concentration of EDTA and the bacterial strain, there is a release of membrane components, proteins, and finally cell lysis [53][54][55]. The treatment of Gram-negative cells with EDTA can lead to a release of up to 50% of the LPS from the cell wall of a bacterium [56][57]. These effects have been demonstrated

• series of experiments, the particles were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde before dissolution with EDTA. This corresponded to the actual HbMP production process (Figure 6 – sample B). Here it could be seen that after cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, no viable bacteria of either strain were detectable

Effect of lubricants on the rotational transmission between solid-state gears

• Huang-Hsiang Lin,
• Jonathan Heinze,
• Alexander Croy,
• Rafael Gutiérrez and
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 54–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.3

• fluid. One obtains several fluid properties such as pressure, velocity, shear stress, density and strain rate. In the case of the gear–oil–gear system, several studies based on the CFD simulation have been reported [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. However, most of the simulations for this type of

Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae)

• Venkata A. Surapaneni,
• Tobias Aust,
• Thomas Speck and
• Marc Thielen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1326–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.98

• rolled) during growth and their interaction with the external environment. Mechanically, when the strain in the cuticle (induced by the simultaneous isotropic production of the cuticle and anisotropic expansion of the underlying cells) increases beyond a critical strain value, ridges start to develop [37

Cantilever signature of tip detachment during contact resonance AFM

• Devin Kalafut,
• Ryan Wagner,
• Maria Jose Cadena,
• Anil Bajaj and
• Arvind Raman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1286–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.96

• Devin Kalafut Ryan Wagner Maria Jose Cadena Anil Bajaj Arvind Raman School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 10.3762/bjnano.12.96 Abstract Contact resonance atomic force microscopy, piezoresponse force microscopy, and electrochemical strain microscopy are

• microscopy (PFM) [3], and electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) [4] are atomic force microscopy (AFM) [5] methods where the probe tip is held in contact with the sample at a constant average force while a small superimposed vibrational response is monitored. CR-AFM can measure the viscoelastic properties

Impact of electron–phonon coupling on electron transport through T-shaped arrangements of quantum dots in the Kondo regime

• Patryk Florków and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1209–1225, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.89

• embedded in a freestanding GaAs/AlGaAs membrane [44][45][46][47][48]. It has been shown that morphology manipulation of semiconductor QDs such as size, shape, strain distribution, or inhomogenities can influence the coupling strength of electron–phonon (e–ph) interactions [49]. The phononic effects appears

A new method for obtaining model-free viscoelastic material properties from atomic force microscopy experiments using discrete integral transform techniques

• Berkin Uluutku,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1063–1077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.79

• assumptions (see Figure 1). These transfer functions are the viscoelastic relaxance and retardance, where the relaxance describes the time response of a viscoelastic material to a unit impulse excitation (Dirac delta function) of strain and the retardance describes the response of the material to an impulsive

•  2), for which we carry out the force analysis in the complex domain (force spectroscopy). Theoretical Background It is well known that the behavior of viscoelastic materials is history-dependent, as a result of which, the stress–strain relationships governing their deformation are functionals (not

• functions). More specifically, the stress at a given instant depends on the total previous history of strain and vice versa [13]. This history dependence is often expressed in the form of convolution integrals: where Q(t) and U(t) are known as relaxance and retardance, respectively. As already stated

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• the nanometer scale in form of nanoparticles, nanorods, nanofibers, nanoarrays, and nanosheets, which are more tolerant to dilative stress [75][76]. In addition, these nanostructures can be incorporated into a flexible carbon matrix for further accommodation of mechanical strain (Figure 10A) [74][77

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• study of microstructure, grain size, and orientation as well as strain of a crystallographic sample. In addition, the technique can be used for phase analysis. A mirror-flat sample surface is required for this analysis technique and different polishing approaches have been used over the years. A

• and orientations, as well as the strain of crystalline samples [25]. A detailed overview of this technique can be found in [26]. EBSD can be used for phase identification, which makes it a powerful complementary technique to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and wavelength dispersive

• to create TEM grids has induced this strain and the result is not unexpected. An EBSD orientation map of the non-irradiated copper sample was recorded over a 39 µm field of view using a 39 nm step size on a sufficiently flat sample area for 14.5 h. 20% zero solutions we returned for that specific

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• the mechanical properties of carbon materials [31]. In this study, graphene with zigzag and armchair chirality is considered while simulating different properties of graphene monolayers and copper layers, including stress–strain curve variations, the distribution of von Mises stress, the evolution of

• step of 1 fs and a strain rate of 1.25 × 108 s−1. The interaction between Cu atoms is described by the embedded atom model (EAM) potential. The adaptive intermolecular reactive empirical bond order (AIREBO) potential describes the forces between C atoms, the cutoff radius is chosen as 10.2 Å [31]. The

• temperature and chirality The stress–strain curves of GPCuNL composites and polycrystalline copper (PCu) at different temperatures and with different graphene chirality are presented in Figure 3, where yield and failure strain are defined as γY and γF, respectively. As shown in Figure 3, the shear stress of

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• magnetoelectric core–shell composite nanowires had a magnetostrictive core and a piezoelectric shell, and it exhibited a strain-mediated magnetoelectric effect. In terms of device design and manufacturing, this biphasic core–shell configuration offered greater flexibility than single-phase magnetoelectric

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• rehabilitation, sports training, human motion recognition, respiratory monitoring, and human 3D motion modeling [78][79][80]. These data can be used for real-time detection of human health or human–computer interaction [81][82]. Wen et al. [22] manufactured a transparent and stretchable wrinkled (maximum strain

• can monitor the training status of athletes in real time and provide training suggestions [83]. TENGs have high sensitivity, and a slight strain can cause the output signal of TENGs to change. Self-powered sensors based on TENGs are feasible signal monitoring sensors for facial activity, breathing