Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• positive charge. A peptide, as a model drug, was loaded onto the nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 58%. The release of the model drug from the delivery system was pH-independent and lasted for 7 days. The periodic acid–Schiff stain assay indicated 69% mucin interaction for the nanoparticles

• to the site of action because of increased drug retention at the mucosa [7]. These systems have the capacity to strongly adhere to the mucus layer, provide slow release of its contents, and even reduce the required dose because of higher accumulation of the drug at the target site [8]. Nanoparticles

• ± 3.9)%. To our knowledge, the range of encapsulation efficiency (EE) values determined in studies conducted with alginate-based nanoparticles was 7–90% [46][47]. As examples, Fernando et al., produced nanoparticles by a water-in-oil emulsification/external gelation process with EE values of 36% [48

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• superconductors can be represented as a stack of pancakes, that is, flat vortices located in the CuO planes and connected by Josephson interaction through interplanar gaps. The vortex structure in layered HTSCs is still a subject of research. In [7], it was shown that Pb doping increases the two-dimensional

• when moving from 1 to 3 K (Figure 5). The vortex configurations for the model potential from Equation 3 were simulated in a similar manner. The vortex configurations calculated for different values of the magnetic susceptibility are shown in Figure 7. At χ0 = 0.01, the ferromagnetic part of the

• middle of the sample in Figure 7. At χ0 = 1, strip-shaped clusters are formed. The vortices inside the clusters still form a hexagonal lattice. In Figure 8, vortex configurations arising in the sample with increasing magnetic field are presented. Increasing the magnetic field leads to the birth of new

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• electrochemical conditions [2]. On the laboratory scale, attachment is achieved electrostatically or by adding ion-conducting polymer (i.e., ionomer) binders to the nanoparticles, either as mixtures (inks) or overlayers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Electrostatic attachment of nanoparticles to supports lacks long

• reactions and can create unwanted side products [7]. Long-term surfactant stability and associated catalyst agglomeration or detachment are another issue. Post-synthetic attachment of catalyst nanoparticles is poorly scalable, creates large amounts of organic hazardous waste, and results in wastage of

• (84.4 ± 0.1) eV for Au 4f7/2 and (88.0 ± 0.1) eV for Au 4f5/2 [7]. Additionally, peaks corresponding to the Au3+ oxidation state were observed at (87.0 ± 0.2) eV and (90.5 ± 0.2) eV corresponding to Au 4f7/2 and Au 4f5/2 of Au2O3, a result of oxide formation at the nanoparticle surface upon exposure to

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• carrier transport, ZnTe can be used as a buffer layer in CdTe-based solar cells for back contact. Moreover, n-type zinc telluride films can be used in the window layer as a substitute for CdS [6]. Zinc telluride films are highly resistive with a resistivity of about several megaohm·centimetres [7]. The

• diameter and 3 mm thickness) having 99.99% purity was used for sputter deposition of the films. The substrate was kept at a distance of 7 cm from the target. The different deposition parameters are specified in Table 1. The thickness of the fabricated ZnTe/Qz films was determined using spectroscopic

• . The experimental data was fitted using Equation 7 in the high-frequency region, and the obtained values of b are listed in Table 3. For the film deposited at R.T., the value of b lies between 2 and 3, which implies that the possible surface growth mechanism is a combined effect of evaporation

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -damage response. GO–Chl causes loss of plasma membrane integrity, cell cycle arrest, and significant genotoxicity in A549 cells. Further, elevated expression of key autophagy proteins beclin-1, ATG-7, LC-3-I/II, and SQSTM1/p62 reveal that inhibition of autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating DDR

• of DDR either through autophagy modulation or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition could provide a better therapeutic response [6][7]. Recently, nanomedicine has shown immense potential/efficacy in the treatment of chemoresistant tumors by providing improved molecular targeting, better

• were obtained from American Type Cell Culture (Cat. No. CCL-185; ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). Primary antibodies anti-β-actin (Cat. No. 4970), anti-LC-3-I/II (Cat. No. 12741), anti-ATG-7 (Cat. No. 88577) and anti-beclin-1 (Cat. No. 3495) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). The

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• . mutans can ferment carbohydrates, primarily sucrose and glucose or by-products in saliva, to produce weak organic acids. These acids lead to tooth surface demineralization and the subsequent enamel loss, resulting in tooth decay [6][7]. Furthermore, the biofilm formation by S. mutans contributes to

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• uses, and wound healing [4][5][6]. However, a drawback of electrospun nanofibers is their mechanical properties [7][8]. Electrospun nanofibers typically exhibit poor mechanical properties due to their high porosity, random fiber arrangement, and weak interactions at the cross-points of the nanofibers

• electrospun simultaneously, as shown in Figure 7. This method of electrospinning is usually preceded by single-nozzle electrospinning of each component separately to find the optimum parameters before running them concurrently [87]. Besides combining different fibrous materials, this multinozzle method can

• of chemical (intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen) bonds, which also lead to a highly cross-linked chitosan/PVA nanofiber matrix [162]. Table 7 summarizes the enhancement of material modifications on the mechanical properties of electrospun nanofiber. Another method to improve the mechanical

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• antibiotics has raised public concern, especially because they are environmental contaminants originating from human and animal waste [5]. These antibiotics can persist without change or as active metabolites in the environment, posing significant toxicity risks to aquatic and human life [6][7][8]. The

• antibiotics, several physical, biological, and chemical methods have been applied [13][18][19]. Various physical wastewater treatment techniques are based on mechanical separation to reduce contaminant levels by relocating rather than degrading antibiotics [7][8][20]. Biological approaches, such as the

• more effectively than the previous methods of physical adsorption, flocculation, and chemical oxidation [7][8][25]. AOPs offer several advantages, including simple equipment, straightforward operation, minimal sludge production, and the rapid generation of mineralized products. Additionally, they are

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• Theo Fromme Maximilian L. Spiekermann Florian Lehmann Stephan Barcikowski Thomas Seidensticker Sven Reichenberger Technical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany Department for Biochemical and

• formed nanoparticles [1][2][3]. However, the formed nanoparticles also interact with the used liquid during the process; thus, chemical reactions such as oxidation [3][4][5][6] or carbon shell formation [7][8][9] occur depending on the solvent’s properties, allowing for alterations of the structural

• ], and/or carbon shells on the nanoparticle surface [7]. These carbon shells are either amorphous or graphitic [7][8][30], while doping of the shells [31] is also possible. Besides carbon formation, the choice of organic solvent influences the properties of the generated nanoparticles and process

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• processes, including neuroregeneration, neuronal differentiation, and stimulation of neuronal electrical signalization and brain activity. Thus, they are promising materials for new products regarding tissue engineering and prosthetic neuronal devices [6][7][8]. There is also an evidence that CNs manifest

• -methyl-1-triazene-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboxamide) (MITC) is a first-line therapy for primary and recurrent GBM, especially O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT)-promotor-methylated tumors. MITC, acting via its metabolite methyl diazonium cation generated at physiological pH (>7), develops O6

• limited efficacy (due to the high level of DNA repair by MGMT and other mechanisms of resistance) [34]. In addition, the high hydrolytic instability of TMZ at pH ≥ 7 limits its efficacy, because the formed MTIC exhibits high systemic toxicity and cannot pass the BBTB and accumulate in the GBM, unlike TMZ

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• application and storage [7]. Nanomaterials have gained significant attention in the development of rhizobacterial carrier materials, as their effective utilization can provide protective benefits to plants, assist in nutrient absorption, and, when in gel form, significantly improve water management efficiency

• resilience against pH fluctuations ranging from 5.5 to 9 [30]. Similarly, Tb rhizobacterium shows its best growth within a pH range of 7 to 8 [31]. Viability of rhizobacteria-nHA The viability test of rhizobacteria loaded onto the nHA carrier and incubated for 28 days yielded significant findings. Notably

• rhizobacteria-nHA The nitrogen-fixing activity of rhizobacteria after loading onto the nHA carrier was evaluated qualitatively by monitoring the color transition in nitrogen-free bromothymol (NFB) medium from yellow to blue. The results presented in Table 6 and Figure 7 indicate that all rhizobacteria loaded

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• treatments pose significant barriers [5]. The evolution of nanotechnology has catalyzed the development of novel therapeutic technologies, with a plethora of nanomaterials exhibiting significant potential for nanotherapeutic applications [6][7][8]. Among these, photothermal nanomaterials hold promise in

• ophthalmic photothermal nanomaterial treatment methods will emerge in the future. However, several challenges need addressing before these technologies can be integrated into clinical ophthalmology (Figure 7). Safety remains a paramount concern for the clinical application of photothermal nanomaterials [210

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• applications, rare earth elements are yet unexplored in the development of new drugs for cancer chemotherapies, and only a few works have pointed out the potential of such elements for this field [6][7][8]. An initial motivation to investigate the potential of rare earth elements for cancer treatments is the

• mechanical properties of the DNA complexes formed with the ytterbium and neodymium is very similar to the one previously studied using europium [7]. In this work, we showed that europium binds outside the double helix in a cooperative way, forming clusters of about approx. three molecules and presenting an

• the corresponding europium data in [7]. The fits are also shown in Figure 2 as solid lines and allowed us to determine the relevant binding parameters of the interactions, which are schematically shown in Table 1. The equilibrium association binding constant of the interactions between Yb and Nd with

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• , including regenerative solvent-based absorption [2][6], fixed-bed adsorption [7], cryogenic separation techniques [8], and membrane separation methods [9][10][11][12]. Of these, membrane technology offers advantages such as exceptional stability, high efficiency, low energy consumption, and ease of

• mixtures of CO2/CH4 conducted at 7 to 25 bar, it was observed that the amount of CO2 adsorbed closely matched the CO2 single component isotherm. In contrast, the amount of CH4 adsorbed was negligible or close to zero in all cases, indicating near-perfect selectivity for CO2. The near-perfect selectivity

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• , play a crucial role in industries requiring coloring, such as textile, food, cosmetics, rubber, printing, paper, and plastic. Globally, an estimated 7 × 105 tons of dyes are produced, with 10–15% typically disposed of as wastewater pollutants [2]. Among the most used dyes, methylene blue (MB) is an

• properties as an adsorbent, characterized by their low cost, abundant availability, nontoxic nature, and large surface area [2][7]. Additionally, its negatively charged surface renders it favorable for the adsorption of cations [7]. Bentonite clay is abundantly found in Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil. This

• natural clay has predominantly the bentonite phase (at least 50%), known as montmorillonite. Isomorphic substitution of cations between the interlayer space of montmorillonites by exchanging Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+ cations add other functionalities to the resulting material [7]. Heterogeneous

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• Marina G. Shelyapina Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola Gleb A. Valkovsky Vitalii Petranovskii Department of Nuclear Physics Research Methods, Saint-Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de

• distance and, hence, the mesopore size, but also the aluminum distribution and acidic properties of the obtained material, which are key parameters for catalysts [5][7][8][9][10]. One widely used component for the synthesis of 2D zeolites is CTAB [5][9][11][12][13]. To prepare mesoporous materials from

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• transported to ETL and HTL, respectively, without recombining [7]. Ozturk et al. [8] addressed the role of a passivation agent at grain boundaries and the surface of perovskite films, namely, quinary kesterite nanocrystals Cu2NiSn(S,Se)4 (CNTSSe) obtained through a facile hot-casting method. Through

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• macrophages in the spleen and lymph nodes, that sequester them. This occurs often independent of their design and structure [7]. Although a significant challenge, this interaction presents a unique clinical application opportunity. Macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases and thus can

• ability to recognize and engulf NCs can impede the delivery of therapeutic agents to target tissues, it also opens avenues for novel strategies that exploit macrophage behavior for benefits, like targeted drug delivery and immunomodulation [2][7][8]. This review will explore the physiological functions of

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• concentrations ranging from 1 to 7 ppm. The surface coverage over the range of 14% to 32.94% for the given range of concentrations is achieved giving the information of the amount of gas molecules adsorbed onto the surface of the sensing material at a given time. The surface coverage of the sensor is enhanced by

• , its composites, and their application in electrochemical sensors have been discussed [6][7][8]. There are research contributions on pristine graphene and ammonia gas sensors for detection of very low ammonia content [9]. The thin-film sensor fabricated on polyethylenimine- (PEI) functionalized SWCNTs

• 14% due to ample active site availability. However, at higher concentrations such as 3 (25.22% of coverage), 5 (30.23% coverage), and 7 ppm (32.94% of coverage), the uniformity of adsorption decreases. This is attributed to the limited availability of active sites on the surface. The plots

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• . When ingested in sufficient quantities, they provide health advantages as they colonize the gut, and their metabolites generally show antimicrobial and health promotion activity to the host [6][7][8]. The thick peptidoglycan layers with crosslinks and the complex cell wall structures of Gram-positive

• produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH−). These radicals degrade the dye molecules into harmless substances; the degradation is shown in Figure 2d. TEM analysis The size of the ZnO NPs, which was determined from TEM using Image J software, varied from 7 to 98 nm, with an average size of 10 nm. The SAED pattern of

• . Microscopic examination via TEM and SEM offered details about nanoparticle size and shape. Our study reported a size range from 7 to 98 nm, with an average size of 10 nm. Suba et al. [22] reported an average size of 32 nm, while Mohd Yusof et al. [23] synthesized ZnO NPs with a size of 291 nm (flower-like

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• ). In medicine [7][8] and agriculture [9][10], loading of nanomaterials with active ingredients and targeting the materials to key sites for action are enabled through surface functionalisation and the small size of nanomaterials, which allows them to access all areas. An important consequence of the

• with 900 mL medium and can contain 10–15 adults, with the medium being refreshed three times per week. All cultures are fed the same daily algal ration of Chlorella vulgaris (7.5 mg C days 0–7, 11.25 mg C days 7 onwards, with double rations on Fridays to cover the weekend) and are kept in a 20 °C

• developed and is linked to the raw data node. The OECD 211 “Daphnia magna reproduction test“ (a reproductive assay) has also been mapped, as shown in Figure 7, noting that the concentration used in the chronic test is usually derived from the acute test (e.g., the EC30 or EC10 concentration). Thus, these

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• Philipp Rahe Ilko Bald Nadine Hauptmann Regina Hoffmann-Vogel Harry Monig Michael Reichling Institut für Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany Institute of Chemistry, Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25, 14476 Potsdam

• carry out a more detailed characterization of the optoelectronic properties. Rothhardt et al. map the local work function on graphene nanoribbons [7]. They experimentally investigate the charge transfer between a gold substrate and graphene nanoribbons and compare that to DFT calculations. Indeed, the

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• characteristics of zeolites depend largely on the chemical composition of the framework, specifically the Si/Al ratio [1][2]. These characteristics make zeolites highly appealing for a wide range of applications, including the production of fine chemicals [3][4], gas separation [5][6][7], ion exchange [8][9][10

• parts of the relative permittivity are zero. In this small range, for an average value of the relative permittivity, ε1 = 1.6, we obtain that v = 0.79c, which means that within this energy range, electromagnetic waves slow down by about ≈2.5% compared with pure zeolite. In Figure 7, we compare the

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• deliberately determined [6]. In some other works, the sticking coefficient has been used in an expression describing the value of precursor supply frequency which was sufficient for the investigated case [7][8]. A number of works using the continuum model assumed the sticking coefficient to be unity as a rough

• is independent of the deposited molecule fragment volume V and impinging precursor flux [7]: This normalized growth rate allows us to abstract away from the process details and look at it from a more general perspective. Depending on the deposition conditions and employing a Gaussian beam, three

• were 100 μm above the surface and 100 μm away from the beam axis. The base pressure of the instrument was 4 × 10−7 mbar, the chamber pressure during deposition which was used for the estimation of precursor flux was 5 × 10−7 mbar for Cr(C6H6)2 and 6 × 10−6 mbar for Me3CpPtMe, respectively. The

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• have a nerve-paralyzing impact and have major health repercussions. The irreversible binding of OPs to the cholinesterase receptors renders the enzyme completely inactive. An antidote that counters the effects of the OPs on the enzyme is given to treat OP poisoning. Atropine (Atr) [6][7][8], an

• evaluated using NMR spectroscopy with 0.04% DMF in D2O (Figure 7). The Atr release was 37.5%. In addition to the signals of released Atr, the 1H NMR spectrum includes signals of ACh and its hydrolyzed products, Ch and AcOH. It confirms that ACh indeed undergoes hydrolysis by p(Hist-CA) (Figure 7b). In the

• , 134, 126, 124, 120, 108, 61, 46, 41, 39, 34, 30, 18; IR (KBr, cm−1): 3500–3000, 2938, 1608, 1476; Anal. calcd for C64H88Cl4N12O12: C, 56.55; H, 6.53; Cl, 10.43; N, 12.37; found: C, 56.48; H, 6.78; Cl, 10.20; N, 11.89. Synthesis of CA-RA 1. To a solution of 7 g (9.7 mmol) of RA in 100 mL of acetone