Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• studied over the last three decades, primarily due to its centrally active partial agonism of N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate (NMDA) receptor [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Several researches indicated that DCS is a potential drug candidate to treat CNS disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's

• adjust the pH value (pH 7) of this formulation. Formulation Test 3: 20 mg of commercial DCS powder was dissolved in 0.45 mL of deionized water with 0.2 mL of PEG 400 and then mixed with 0.3 mL of corn oil (Sigma-Aldrich). A volume of 0.05 mL of 0.1 N NaOH was used to adjust the pH value (pH 7) of this

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• superconducting spin valves. Keywords: ferromagnet; insulator layers; proximity effect; superconducting spin-valve; superconductor; Introduction Models and specific realizations of the superconducting spin valve (SSV) have been the subject of intensive research over the past 25 years [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• ) and from the BSE (SE2) [6][7][8]. An example of a line deposited from a carbon precursor on a silicon substrate, coated with a 20 nm Au–Pd layer and a 5 nm Ti adhesion layer, is shown in Figure 1a, clearly showing the broad (black) tails on both sides of the line. The cross section of the line, made

• SE image. A 200 nm thick carbon FEBID deposit was fabricated, which would be thick enough to image with SE as well as using FIB cross sectioning. The top view SE image and cross section of the reference structure are shown in Figure 7. Such a deposit was then exposed to FEBIE at both sidewalls. A

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• ; silver nanowires; Introduction Metal nanowires (NWs) are promising key elements in a wide range of applications, including solar cells [1], smart windows [2], flexible sensors [3], touch screens [4], biocompatible polymer binders [5], temperature sensing [6], medical materials [7], and key elements of

• pentagonal structure is preserved even for small fragments of NWs that were split as a result of heat treatment as shown in Figure 7 (note that the fragments are kept in place due to contact with the thin carbon membrane of the TEM grid). These findings suggests that heat-induced morphological changes in Ag

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• [2], the ability of real-time measurements [3], extremely high sensitivity [4], remarkable selectivity [5], and tremendous versatility [4][6][7]. Many scholars have taken advantage of these properties in cancer diagnosis [8], detection of hazardous chemicals [9], tracing of microorganisms [7][10][11

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• , during its epitaxial growth in surface science experiments or its fabrication for applications, defects, that is, deviations from the ideal 2D lattice, inevitably occur. Examples for defects are vacancies, interstitial atoms, grain boundaries, stacking faults or wrinkles [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13

• ][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Even single missing C atoms were demonstrated to severely change electronic [11][13][14][18], mechanical [17], and magnetic [7][8][10][12] characteristics. It is therefore not surprising that the intentional creation of defects, which has mainly been achieved

• side length of 0.46 ± 0.03 nm with the same orientations as observed for 1. The apparent depth of type-2 defects at 10 mV is 7 ± 3 pm. The uncertainty margins reflect the standard deviation of measured lengths of ten different defects of each type. Importantly, from STM data alone, both triangular

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• biomedicine and nanotechnology for developing new types of antioxidants has witnessed a technological breakthrough that resulted in extraordinary progress in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries [7][8]. Moreover, many categories of nanomaterials have shown greater antioxidant activity and more

• completely stop the aging process [7][123]. In this context, antioxidant supplementation is regarded as an efficient strategy to defend humans against aging. Natural compounds from plant-derived extracts such as polyphenols, tocopherols, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid are the most important and common

Insect attachment on waxy plant surfaces: the effect of pad contamination by different waxes

• Elena V. Gorb and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 385–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.35

• (3D) epicuticular wax projections, insects usually fail to attach to [4][5][6]. The reducing effect of such plant surfaces on insect adhesion has been shown for many plant and insect species using various experimental approaches, from direct behavioral observations and simple inversion [7] or incline

• particles forming a separation layer between insect pads and the plant surface and serving as a kind of lubricant (separation layer hypothesis) [7][13]. To date, several experimental studies have been performed to test the first three hypotheses. As for the roughness hypothesis, it was revealed in

• not affect or impaired insect attachment only for a very short period of time [7]. The follow-up study on the contamination of insect pads by plant waxes explained the above effect in a more quantitative way [34]. The aim of this study was to experimentally examine how the contamination of insect

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• , uniaxial strain can induce band opening or closing. Nevertheless, strain-induced resistance modulation in graphene is by far not zero, and reported values for relative resistance changes vary between 0.1% and 50% at 3% strain [5][6][7][8]. Although several works report the enhancement of piezoresistance in

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• microscopy (AFM) [3] and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), it is possible to visualize these features. Formation of dots, ripples, and pits have been well studied using IBS [4][5][6][7][8][9]. In the last few decades, numerous efforts have been made to understand IBS through simulations [10] as well as

• chosen from the literature [37][38] as 3, 5, 7, and 9 × 1017 ions/cm2 to induce complete amorphization within the two surfaces up to the ion range. The ion irradiation experiment was performed in the 90-degree beam line dedicated for materials science experiments in the Low-Energy Ion Beam (LEIB

•  1A (b–e) shows the surface topography of the irradiated samples at respective ion fluences of (b) 3 × 1017, (c) 5 × 1017, (d) 7 × 1017, and (e) 9 × 1017 ions/cm2. The surface roughness (Rq) is found to be increased with ion fluence from ≈1.0 nm to 1.6 nm due to ion-induced sputtering at a 60

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• been utilized as an effective tool in fundamental studies [1][2] as well as advanced technologies [2][3][4][5][6] to quickly change the magnetization in nanoscopic magnetic systems [2][5][7]. Among manifold material synthesis strategies, high-aspect-ratio multilayered nanowire arrays based on anodic

• can be flipped by STT [10] in one nanowire [9][11]. Comparing with the classical trilayer system (including one hard layer with fixed magnetization, one free layer, and one nonmagnetic spacer layer in between) [10], the presence of more free layers enhances, for example, the magnetoresistance (MR) [7

• layers being mainly oriented parallel to each other show a lower resistance [16]. Since the STT originates from the imbalance of incident, transmitted, and reflected spin currents at the interfaces of the magnetic system [7], the varying sequence of magnetic and spacer layers in the current direction are

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• ideal candidate for UV photodetector applications [3]. Because of its octahedral lattice symmetry and partially filled d bands, WOx is also highly attractive as an electrochromic material for developing modern-day smart windows and display devices [4][5][6][7]. Exhibiting various stoichiometric and sub

• structural, optical, and electrical properties of glancing angle-deposited NS-WOx thin films, where NS-WOx films of different thicknesses (6–60 nm) are prepared by rf sputtering and exposed to post-growth annealing at 673 K in vacuum (2 × 10−7 mbar). The role of increased oxygen vacancy concentration (OV) on

• organic contaminants. Prior to the deposition, the substrates were properly air-dried. A 99.99% pure WO3 target (5 mm thick) was used to grow the WOx films. The initial pressure in the deposition chamber was 5 × 10−7 mbar, and the WOx films were deposited at 5 × 10−3 mbar working pressure by injecting

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• patients will develop a chronic phase. This phase presents typical denervation and fibrosis of cardiac or digestive muscles, with scarcer intracellular forms. The subsequent cardiac arrhythmias or progressive heart failure and sudden death are the highest attributable cost of the disease [7][8]. With 75

• are calculated to have CD, with up to 45,000 having cardiomyopathies [11]. The infection is treated with benznidazole, first manufactured by Roche (Roche 7-501, Rochagan, N-benzyl-2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetamide). BNZ is currently available in the United States after being approved by the US

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• could not be ruled out” [7]. Recently, papers have been published in which a number of E171 samples were found by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to be nanomaterials according to the EU definition [8][9]. For TiO2 producers this is surprising as the former food-grade titanium dioxide E171 is

• -th particle, and ρ is the material density. The results presented in Table 5 and Figure 7 demonstrate that although each calculation method gives a slightly different SSA, they are very similar within a sample. The agreement between measured and calculated values is excellent; the measured values lie

• dispersion (Table 7). The data taken from the literature and used in the results and discussion section include probe sonication [8][11] with energies between 0.3 and 4 kJ/mL. The probe sonication in [11] was the same as described here in the method M3. Similar operating conditions have been chosen by the

Investigating structural and electronic properties of neutral zinc clusters: a G₀W₀ and G₀W₀Г₀⁽¹⁾ benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal,
• Mujtaba Ikram and
• Kareem Morsy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 310–316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.28

• [4][5][6]. The majority of the research work on Zn clusters is focused on the vdW transition for the Zn clusters. For example, Wang et al. [7] investigated it by using the PW91 functional, which suggested that the transition starts from n = 8. Iokibe et al. [8] obtained a similar result using density

• validated with a DFT approach, Aguado et al. calculated the binding energies of neutral and ionic Zn clusters [26]. The ground state structures of neutral zinc clusters obtained in our work are shown in Figure 1. The ground state structures for sizes of n = 3–7 follow previous reports [6][7][27][28]. The

• . using the B88 functional. The structure of Zn14 was also obtained as the second lowest in our study and by Wang et al. [7]. This structure was reported as the lowest-energy structure. Stability and binding energies In order to study the stability of the generated structures, it is essential to determine

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• studies have demonstrated that metal oxide nanoparticles (MeOx NPs) are toxic and tend to have adverse effects on living organisms and the environment [2][3][4][5][6]. The toxicity of NPs depends on various structural (intrinsic) [7] and extrinsic properties. Depending on the dispersing environment

• to four doses (50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL) and exposure times ranging from 1 to 7 h, which results in 132 MeOx NPs data points. The detailed dataset is provided in Supporting Information File 2, Section S1. Descriptor calculation Selecting the appropriate descriptors is crucial for property and

• and cell damage dataset, was divided into training and test sets with a ratio of 7:3 using the dataset division software in the DTC lab software suite (http://teqip.jdvu.ac.in/QSAR_Tools/). Accordingly, thirteen compounds were in the training set and five compounds in the test set for the zeta

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• ; Introduction The advent of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials beyond graphene has initiated a new field of research [1][2][3]. In the family of 2D layered structures, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted considerable attention from academia and regarding potential applications [4][5][6][7

• (Si) ratio with other measurands directly related to the presence of MoS2. To this aim, we propose to use jointly the normalized integrated intensity of the MoS2 phonon modes, namely A(A1g)/A(Si111) and/or A(E12g)/A(Si111). In Figure 7, the values of A(A1g)/A(Si111) (Figure 7a) and A(E12g)/A(Si111

• dots in Figure 7) and 87 nm (blue open dots in Figure 7). Note that in the exfoliated samples, the exact number of layers N is perfectly known and given on the plots of Figure 7 close to corresponding open dots. The idea behind this representation comes from the expectation that the presence of

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• ], monitoring human health [6][7][8], medical treatment [9][10], soft robotics [11][12], and human–computer interaction [13][14][15]. Numerous flexible strain sensors employing various mechanisms such as piezoresistivity [16][17], capacitance [18][19], and piezoelectricity have been developed to fulfill the

• permeability of vacuum (4π × 10−7 N·A−2), and k is the aspect ratio correction factor, which relies on the ratio between coil diameter D and length L0, as shown in Figure 3a. Figure 3b depicts the alteration in inductance as a function of the strain. The helical index of this sensor is 1, while its length is 2

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• anticancer drugs while mitigating the adverse effects of large dosage administration [6][7]. Additionally, it offers several advantages, such as controlled release, targeted drug delivery, and improved stability [8]. Moreover, nanoscale drug delivery systems hold great promise for specific cancer treatments

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• ][7]. We recently introduced such a sensor based on the electromechanical coupling between surface strain and kinetic inductance of a superconducting nanowire [8]. In this paper, we describe in detail the fabrication and characterization methods of these kinetic inductive mechano-electric coupling

• 60 chips from one wafer, detecting the thermal fluctuations at room temperature under ambient conditions and fitting them to a Lorentzian lineshape. We found that ωm decreases with the increasing radial distance D from the center of the wafer, as shown in Figure 7, probably because of non-uniform

Quantitative wear evaluation of tips based on sharp structures

• Ke Xu and
• Houwen Leng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 230–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.22

• surface topography [7]. A sharper needle tip leads to more accurate measurements [8]. During the scanning process, tip and sample come into mutual contact, causing wear on the tip [9]. Tip wear or damage in practical applications can have severe consequences, including reduced image quality and erroneous

• working distance of 10–15 mm. Figure 7 presents an SEM image showcasing a probe tip with a rectangular cantilever and a triangular pyramid shape. The actual 3D morphology of the probe obtained using the 3D scanning results of the sample is shown in Figure 8. The analysis of the contour map of the probe

• model (Figure 8b) concludes that the ETD of the probe is approximately 9.2 nm. This result is similar to the tip diameter result of 8.9 nm in the SEM image shown in Figure 7. The tip results obtained from TipCheck samples are consistent with reality. SEM and AFM were used to characterize the tip

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• and scientific equipment [7]. Figure 1 presents a schematic contamination cycle of dairy products, showcasing potential sources and pathways of aluminum pollution. It illustrates the journey of milk from a cow grazing on grass contaminated with heavy metals, highlighting the crucial role of metallic

• model. Figure 7 shows the output of the UA model for the selected milk proteins on aluminum NPs with a surface size of 80 nm with zeta potential −5 mV at pH 7.0. The heatmaps display the adsorption energies for all values of θ and ϕ. Blue areas with lower energies indicate more favorable orientations of

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• in the present context are works on the use of DNA origami nanostructures in top-down or bottom-up nanopatterning approaches [7][8][9][10]. So far, DNA origami has been proposed only as a resist or as a platform to precisely arrange nanostructure precursors in lithography [11][12][13]. Incorporating

• additional MilliQ water to reach the desired final volume (usually 100 μL for a standard synthesis). We used a higher excess of the staple strands because of the already long storage time of our staple stock solution [34]. The mixture was then annealed to 90 °C and slowly cooled down at a rate of −7 °C·min−1

• . Preparation of dry samples and AFM imaging Silicon wafers were cut into ∼7 × 7 mm2 chips and were then plasma-cleaned in air using a Roplass RPS40+ plasma cleaner, which generates a thin layer of plasma by diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge [35]. The Si surface is exposed to the thin plasma layer for

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• for manipulating the properties of superconducting materials [1][2][3][4]. Interest in the interplay between superconductivity and disorder has recently increased greatly due to new findings both in theory and in experiment [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Previous investigations primarily centered on

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• graphene films, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Most of the current techniques are based on multistep processing. For example, ultranarrow graphene nanoribbons can be formed with the so-called meniscus-mask lithography [7] or nanospheres lithography [8], although positioning and