Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• size distribution in the ranges of 5–40 nm in DW and 5–20 nm in toluene and anisole, respectively, as shown in Figure 3b, Figure 3e, and Figure 3h, respectively. The SAED patterns shown in Figure 3c,f,i indicate that the NPs were polycrystalline. The planes shown in Figure 3c for HfNPs-D were found to

• liquids were used [34][35][36]. The d-spacing of the carbon shells was determined from the zoomed images in Figure 5. It was estimated to be ≈0.34 nm, confirming the outer shell to be made of graphite [37][38][39]. A similar analysis was conducted on the nanofibre-like structures formed when Hf was

• perfectly polycrystalline. In contrast, in Figure 6d, the presence of diffused rings for HfNPs-D indicates a mix of amorphous and polycrystalline phases in the NPs. The formation of HfO2 NPs in DW along with nanofibres and the observed crystallinity patterns can be explained by considering the decomposition

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• (B), characteristics of cell membranes (C), and biomimetic nanocarriers (D). Created in BioRender. Sodré, B. (2024) https://BioRender.com/n85g617. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Action of biomimetic nanocarriers. Inorganic and organic nanoparticles with transport function (A); target with

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz Stanislav N. Gorb University of Wrocław, Department of Plant Developmental Biology, ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland Kiel University, Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.126 Abstract

• ]. Another important component of the mucilage is cellulose (Figure 5a,d–f). Its ability to bind water is not as great as that of pectins, but it plays an important structural role and can interact with other polysaccharides in mucilage, forming the 3D network [7]. The ability of a hydrogel or mucilage to

• ) can have irregular shape (white outlines). (c, d) Cross fractures through the mucilaginous cells; a very thick mucilage deposit (mu) composed of many thin layers is visible in the dry stage of the mucilaginous cell wall. Mucilage envelope after hydration and critical point drying, visualised in SEM

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• ). Activity of GPx in liver homogenates of experimental animals (p < 0.05). Microphotographs (ocular 20×, objective 100×) of liver tissue specimens from animals. (a) T. polium extract, (b) rutin, (c) T. polium extract with Fe3O4 NPs, (d) rutin with Fe3O4 NPs, (e) Fe3O4 NPs, and (f) “Karsil”. Biochemical

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• carboxyl group forms a H-bond with the N atom of the amino group. ʟ-Carnosine may also exist in forms where the carboxylic acid and amino groups are far apart (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3c,d). From the optimized energies, it is observed that the conformation in Figure S3a is the most stable

• the two forms suggest that the form in Figure S4a is more stable than the form in Figure S4b by 2.242 kcal/mol. The optimized geometries of the ʟ-carnosine–(Ag)4 complexes are shown in Figure S4c,d. The optimized energies of the ʟ-carnosine–(Ag)4 complexes suggest that the form in Figure S4c is more

• that showed a dual absorption bands (transverse and longitudinal). The samples ʟ-car-AgNP2, ʟ-car-AgNP3, and ʟ-car-AgNP4 could detect As3+ and Cr3+ via colorimetric and spectrophotometric observations (Figure 6a,b,d and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5). In contrast, ʟ-car-AgNP5 did not detect

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• , Passeriformes: Paradisaeidae) (© 2022 Jes Lefcourt), (C) Gaboon viper (Bitis rhinoceros, Squamata: Viperidae) (By Justin Philbois), and (D) butterfly (Catonephele numilia, Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Figures A and B were reproduced from https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/95228671 and https

• ://www.inaturalist.org/observations/13984541, respectively, with permission from the respective authors. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Figures C and D were reproduced from https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131996241 and https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/17218853, respectively (published by

• feature grooved nanostructure and are hollow (D), with no morphological distinction between white (B and C) and black (E and F) setae. Legend: St = setae; Rn = grooves on the bristles; i = hollow interior of the setae; Es = surface sculpturing; Ce = slightly flattened setae; Cf = spines. Scale bars: 1 mm

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• room temperature (25 ± 1 °C). (a) XRD pattern and (b) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. Full-scan (a) and high-resolution C 1s (b), O 1s (c), Fe 2p (d), and Cu 2p (e) XPS spectra of the (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. TEM image of (Cu)(Fe)BTC sample. SEM images of (Cu)(Fe)BTC@CPE (a

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• the general knowledge with several other information concerning for example the use of resources or provenance. Case-study application of MAMBO The applicability of MAMBO in the organization of knowledge in the target domain was assessed by analyzing simple typical workflows related to R&D for

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• thermodynamically possible only when the relationship for the change in Gibbs free energy is fulfilled: In the following, the condition ΔG < 0 for a nonzero particle diameter d (or N0) indicates the occurrence of the phase transformation and is used as the phase transformation criterion. Infinite case Additionally

• , we investigate the behavior of the bulk under irradiation and the saturation of vacancies, assuming an infinite size where the surface terms are negligible. In this case, as d→∞ (or N0→∞), the surface terms can be neglected (|ΔGbulk| ≫ |ΔGsurf|), and one can find the energy difference, ΔG ≈ ΔG∞, as

• et al. used transmission electron microscopy to investigate nanoscale Pd under 240 keV Kr ion irradiation with a flux of 1013 ions·cm−2·s−1. Pd had grain sizes, d, ranging from 10 to 100 nm. The authors found that the defect density increases with increasing grain size d, and the slope between defect

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• using different experimental techniques is available. Ni et al. synthesized graphene on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and studied the effect of uniaxial strain through Raman spectroscopy [30]. They stretched PET in one direction and found a redshift in the D and G bands for a single

• detailed density functional theory calculations with dispersion correction and on-site Coulomb interaction (DFT(D) + U) to investigate CO2 activation on ψ-graphene and its hydrogenated forms for their application in the electrochemical conversion of CO2 [43]. Faghihnasiri et al. have performed DFT

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman Patrick M. Eckhert Atul Chaudhary Johnathon M. Johnson Jo-Chi Yu Lisa McElwee-White D. Howard Fairbrother Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611-7200, USA

• % Pt prior to ion irradiation (d = 0 mC/cm2). It should be noted that for comparative purposes the ion dose has been scaled for different precursor/ion combinations; specifically, the ion doses for Pt(CO)2Cl2/Ar+ and Pt(CO)2Br2/Ar+ have been decreased by factors of 5 and 3, respectively, as compared to

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• each DBR layer is calculated by the quarter wavelength formula as follows where λ is the desired central wavelength and ni is the index of the corresponding layer. The value ‘D’ is the combined thickness of the repeating stack, which has been repeated 10 times (D = 321.3 nm for TiO2/LN and D = 443.6 nm

• would change sinusoidally in time at a known frequency or range of frequencies [50]. The underlying PDEs solved by COMSOL in finite discretized elements are Maxwell’s-Ampere’s law and Faraday’s law. For a linear media, the relations become: where D = εE and B = µH. For a time-harmonic wave and linear

• , which agrees with the COMSOL simulated values. Figure 4a–d present the surface electric field plot, evaluated using electromagnetic waves in the frequency domain (ewfd) within the wave optics module. The simulation depicts the surface electric field profile in ten-bilayer photonic crystal structures

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid Akif E. Tureli Nazende Gunday-Tureli Marc Schneider MyBiotech GmbH; Industriestraße 1B, 66802 Überherrn, Germany Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, PharmaScienceHub, Saarland University, Campus C4 1, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany 10.3762

Various CVD-grown ZnO nanostructures for nanodevices and interdisciplinary applications

• The-Long Phan,
• Le Viet Cuong,
• Vu Dinh Lam and
• Ngoc Toan Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1390–1399, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.112

• ], photocatalytic degradation [41], and water splitting for hydrogen technologies [38]. Figure 3a–d show SEM images of ZnO tetrapods. These various morphologies were grown at approx. 625–650 °C. The first one, named T1 in Figure 3a, has needle-like arms of ≈1 μm of length. The dimeter of the arms is less than 50 nm

• nanodevices. They also have potential applications in biological, biomedical, and environmental fields. A representative EDX spectrum recorded from ZnO nanorods showing the presence of Zn and O in the product. SEM micrographs of some nanostructures: (a, b) rods (R1 and R2), (c) matches or drumsticks (M), (d

• , e) pencils (P1 and P2), (f, g) pins (Pi1 and Pi2), and (h) rods with wires (RW). (a–d) SEM pictures of nanoscale tetrapods (T1–T4) with different morphologies. A micrograph showing ZnO multipods grown via CVD. SEM pictures of (a, b) CVD-grown nanosheets, and (c) sheets glued with long nanorods. SEM

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• spectra (Figure 3b,d,f) yield peak envelopes made up of four distinct peaks. These four peaks from high to low binding energies, correspond to C–C/C–H bonds (285 eV), C=O bonds (288 eV), and two peaks related to fluorinated species (CF2 at 290.6 eV and CF3 at 293 eV) [28][42]. The C–C and C=O peaks likely

• of XPS survey spectra and (B, D, F) high-resolution C 1s scans from the final layer of the coating. The first row (A, B) are the scans for the coating on COC, second row (C, D) on Si, and the final row (E, F) on SS. There are no unexpected peaks in the survey spectrum across all substrates. In the C

• to all other surfaces. There was no difference in platelet adhesion between PDA–FDT–PFD, COC, and glass for donor A1, and glass had a significantly higher platelet adhesion than PDA–FDT–PFD and COC for donor A3. Representative SEM micrographs of clotted plasma on (A) BSA, (B) glass, (C) COC, and (D

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• . The FTIR and XPS results are in agreement. Raman spectroscopy was also carried out to confirm the presence of aromatic carbon atoms in the newly synthesized CDs. The D band was observed at 1150 cm−1, and the G band was observed at 1519 cm−1 (Figure 2f). The D band is associated with defects in the

• graphite lattice, while the G band is attributed to the vibrations of sp2-bonded carbon atoms in a 2D hexagonal lattice. The degree of defects in the CDs can be calculated from the relative intensity ratio (ID/IG) of two peaks of D band and G band. ID/IG was calculated to be approximately 0.69, indicating

• CDs is caused by particles of different sizes in the structures or emission traps on the surface [22]. Moreover, the fluorescence quantum yield of the synthesized CDs was calculated by the Parker–Rees equation: where D is the integrated area under the corrected fluorescence spectrum, n is the

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• graphene layers. (c) SHG spectra of H-stacked (2H) and R-stacked (3R) bilayer WSe2. (d) Output characteristic curves of the device shown in (b) under dark (black) and illuminated conditions (λ = 520 nm, red). Under 520 nm laser illumination, there is a significant short-circuit current of about 21.5 nA. (e

• saturation effect. A power law fit was applied, resulting in Iph ≈ P0.6. (c) Typical TRPC results of the graphene/3R WSe2/graphene device. The intrinsic photoresponse time of 2.8 ps was obtained through exponential fitting. (d) Probe power-resolved TRPC curves for the graphene/3R WSe₂/graphene heterojunction

• probe power. (d) Photoresponse intensity of heterojunction (red dots) and graphene region (black dots) as a function of probe power. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 20: Characterization of structure, SHG image, SEM and EDS images, Raman and PL spectrum of WSe2 and raw TRPC curves for

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• versus temperature (black dots) for the test samples: (a) A1, (b) A2, (c) A3, and (d) A4. The red curves show the fitting functions. The temperature dependence of resistance of sample C1 (blue squares), sample A4 (red triangles), and sample B1 (black dots). The transition widths of samples B1 and C1 are

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• delivery system (Figure 7C,D). The venom delivery systems of Hymenoptera are precise and efficient, inspiring the design of microinjection systems and targeted drug delivery methods that minimize collateral damage to surrounding tissues [170]. Drawing inspiration from the precision and efficiency of

• ). (B) Tap-jaw ants (Odontomachus troglodytes) (© 2024 Jonghyun Park). (C) Long-horned bees (Eucera nigrescens) (© 2020 Corinna Herr). (D) Beewolves (Philanthus triangulum) (© 2020 Johan Pretorius). (E) Sand wasps (Bembix rostrata) (© 2022 Piotr Lukasik). (F) Norton's giant ichneumonid wasp (Megarhyssa

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• microscopy (TEM) enables precise nanoparticle size and shape measurements. TEM images show that AuNR1 and AuNR2 have a rod-like shape with different sizes, whereas AuNS and AgNS are spherical (Figure 3a–d). The mean sizes of CTAB-AgNS and CTAB-AuNS are 27.4 ± 4.6 and 21.1 ± 3.6 nm, respectively (Figure 3e

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• less than 1.5 nm thickness and a flake size distribution from 18 to 308 nm. The calculated ratio between the intensity of the D (ID) and G (IG) bands of Raman is ID/IG = 0.85, indicating that the material has a high number of defects, an indirect indication of oxidation. The surface chemical

• analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of TA on the biodistribution of GO in nematode tissues. The unique signature of GO’s Raman spectra, with the two distinct D (≈1300 cm−1) and G (≈1600 cm−1) bands, enables the localization and identification of the material in biological tissues. Depth profile

• fingerprint region with 1734(1), 1625(2), 1390(3), 1230(4), and 1068(5) cm−1 bands, and TA-related bands at 1704(6), 1600(7), 1310(8), and 1180(9) cm−1; b) Raman spectra normalized by intensity of G band; High-resolution C 1s XPS analysis of c) GO and d) GO with TA (10 mg·L−1) showing the peaks of carbon sp2

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• ° angle of incidence, with a rough value of the distance in the RoI indicated. Cantilevers in the RoI have their visible edges surrounded by a solid line and their invisible edges surrounded by a dashed line. Panels (c) and (d) show the magnitude of displacement (in μm) from FEM simulations for cases

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• devices In the distal portion of the fore tibia of both sexes of Ischnura elegans, modified setae in the form of flag-shaped structures were visible (Figure 1a,c,d). They are located on the medial side of the tibia, and their number ranged from 7.08 ± 0.27 in males to 6.27 ± 0.24 in females. They measure

• about 210 µm in length and 44 µm in width and emerge from a well-developed socket (Figure 1b), which gives rise to a long seta, from which a concave cuticular lamina develops towards the medial side of the leg (Figure 1c,d). The border of the cuticular lamina showed indentations and appeared lobate

• . Note the border of the cuticular lamina (L) with indentations (arrows). (d) Grooming devices observed from the dorsal side of the tibia (Ti). Note that each grooming device is constituted of a long hair (H) from which a concave cuticular lamina (L) develops towards the medial side of the leg; arrows

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• interlayer has an effect on the crystallization of the Fe3O4 film. XRD patterns provide further information about the structural properties of a material, such as lattice constant (a), dislocation density (δ), and microstrain (ε). Bragg’s law was used to calculate the d-spacing of the Fe3O4(311) and Fe3O4

• following relation [27][28]: where a0 is the lattice parameter of bulk Fe3O4 (a0 = 8.397 Å [29]). Microstrain is a crucial factor that helps to analyze the existence of strain and deformation in thin films [30][31]. The d-spacing values of the Fe3O4(311) and Fe3O4(400) peaks of sample 3 are 2.514 and 2.085

• Å, respectively, which are smaller than those on SiO2 (2.527 Å) and MgO(100) (2.099 Å) substrates. These low d-spacing values can be caused by the microstrain in all Fe3O4 samples [27][28]. The Fe3O4 film grown on the multilayer structure is under a higher compressive strain of −0.70% and −0.67

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• (Figure 2b,c,d), both non-functionalized and functionalized SiO2NPs (0.5 mg·mL–1) remained stable in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS after a 24 h incubation period, showing only a subtle aggregation. Therefore, it is impossible to conclude that ZW promoted the colloidal stability of NPs since the non

• healthy cells after 24 h of incubation (Figure 4c,d). Moreover, SiO2NPs-ZW-FO were more internalized by tumor cells compared to non-functionalized NPs. A similar trend was observed for the experiments conducted within 3 h of incubation (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S10). It is important to

• ), respectively. Scale bar: 500 nm. d) DLS and zeta potential results for SiO2NPs, SiO2NPs-ZW, SiO2NPs-ZW-NH2, and SiO2NPs-ZW-FO samples. e) Results obtained by the elemental analysis technique. Values in mg of nitrogen present in 1 g of sample for each step of the synthesis. f) High-resolution XPS spectrum (C 1s