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Search for "reaction kinetics" in Full Text gives 70 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.

High-pressure activation for the solvent- and catalyst-free syntheses of heterocycles, pharmaceuticals and esters

  • Kelsey Plasse,
  • Valerie Wright,
  • Guoshu Xie,
  • R. Bernadett Vlocskó,
  • Alexander Lazarev and
  • Béla Török

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1374–1387, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.102

Graphical Abstract
  • that could lead to molecular re-alignments during compression and decompression steps that are beneficial for reaction kinetics. Under optimized conditions, the products were isolated with good to excellent yields under a catalyst- and solvent-free environment (Scheme 3). The data in Scheme 3
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Published 02 Jul 2025

Recent advances in controllable/divergent synthesis

  • Jilei Cao,
  • Leiyang Bai and
  • Xuefeng Jiang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 890–914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.73

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  • control regioselectivity. It profoundly influences reaction kinetics, stability of intermediates, and reaction equilibria. Through precise temperature modulation, chemists can effectively steer the formation of regioisomers, often achieving desired selectivity with minimal alterations to other reaction
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Published 07 May 2025

Red light excitation: illuminating photocatalysis in a new spectrum

  • Lucas Fortier,
  • Corentin Lefebvre and
  • Norbert Hoffmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 296–326, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.22

Graphical Abstract
  • oxidize boronic acids such as 47, producing the corresponding alcohols 48 via a single-electron-transfer mechanism that leverages atmospheric oxygen (Scheme 13). While the initial photocatalytic results using NIR-irradiated 46 were promising, the overall reaction kinetics were relatively slow. In response
  • heptamethin chain have been proven to be the most effective photocatalysts for accelerating the aza-Henry reaction. The differing reaction kinetics and tests with 9,10-dimethylanthracene suggest that a cooperative mechanism involving both single-electron transfer and singlet oxygen generation via energy
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Published 07 Feb 2025

Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

  • Pablo Quijano Velasco,
  • Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
  • Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

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  • consisting of multiple independent parallel reactors. This parallelization enables the collection of high-fidelity data for reaction kinetics and optimization for at least six different chemical reactions. The major bottleneck in HTE synthesis lies in the challenge of isolating and purifying reaction
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Published 06 Jan 2025

A review of recent advances in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical late-stage functionalization classified by anodic oxidation, cathodic reduction, and paired electrolysis

  • Nian Li,
  • Ruzal Sitdikov,
  • Ajit Prabhakar Kale,
  • Joost Steverlynck,
  • Bo Li and
  • Magnus Rueping

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2500–2566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.214

Graphical Abstract
  • efficient method for C–H functionalization. The continuous flow setup allows for precise control over reaction conditions, enhanced mass transfer, and improved reaction kinetics, leading to higher efficiency and faster reaction times. In 2023, the Chiang group reported the photoelectrochemical homo-coupling
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Published 09 Oct 2024

Homogeneous continuous flow nitration of O-methylisouronium sulfate and its optimization by kinetic modeling

  • Jiapeng Guo,
  • Weike Su and
  • An Su

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2408–2420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.205

Graphical Abstract
  • -order (Equation 3) reaction kinetics, where xIO represented the conversion of IO and t denoted the reaction time. The outcome of these fittings is presented in Figure 3a for first-order and Figure 3b for second-order. Notably, the higher R2 observed in Figure 3a compared to Figure 3b suggests that the
  • . Determining the apparent reaction kinetics The variation in the conversion of IO (xIO) as the function of time (t) at different temperatures (30 °C, 35 °C, 40 °C) and H2SO4 mass fractions (88%, 90%, 92%, 94%, 96%, and 98%) is depicted in Figure S3 in Supporting Information File 1 and subsequently modeled
  • concentrations. Determining the intrinsic reaction kinetics Given the strong correlation between the observed HNO3-based reaction rate constant and the H2SO4 mass fraction, intrinsic reaction constants independent of H2SO4 concentrations were determined to study the intrinsic kinetics of the reaction. Previous
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Published 24 Sep 2024

Evaluating the halogen bonding strength of a iodoloisoxazolium(III) salt

  • Dominik L. Reinhard,
  • Anna Schmidt,
  • Marc Sons,
  • Julian Wolf,
  • Elric Engelage and
  • Stefan M. Huber

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2401–2407, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.204

Graphical Abstract
  • significantly slower activation, which results in an amide consumption of only ca. 30% after 4 hours. To quantify the activity differences of these XB donors, the reaction kinetics were fitted according to a pseudo-first-order rate. Only selected periods (the first four data points within the first 1.5 hours of
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Published 23 Sep 2024

Improved deconvolution of natural products’ protein targets using diagnostic ions from chemical proteomics linkers

  • Andreas Wiest and
  • Pavel Kielkowski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2323–2341, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.199

Graphical Abstract
  • CuAAC due to its rapid reaction kinetics, robustness, and relatively small steric hindrance of the terminal alkyne, which is usually attached to the probe core scaffold to form an alkyne probe [5][63]. Once the covalent bond between the probe and protein is formed, the cells are lysed, and the probe
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Published 12 Sep 2024

Catalysing (organo-)catalysis: Trends in the application of machine learning to enantioselective organocatalysis

  • Stefan P. Schmid,
  • Leon Schlosser,
  • Frank Glorius and
  • Kjell Jorner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2280–2304, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.196

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Published 10 Sep 2024

Metal-free double azide addition to strained alkynes of an octadehydrodibenzo[12]annulene derivative with electron-withdrawing substituents

  • Naoki Takeda,
  • Shuichi Akasaka,
  • Susumu Kawauchi and
  • Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2234–2241, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.191

Graphical Abstract
  • indicates that the formed double azide adduct is 6a, which is consistent with our previous report [18]. The double azide addition was further investigated by changing the reaction temperature. The rate constant was determined by the temperature-dependent 1H NMR spectra in CDCl3. The reaction kinetics
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Published 04 Sep 2024

Factors influencing the performance of organocatalysts immobilised on solid supports: A review

  • Zsuzsanna Fehér,
  • Dóra Richter,
  • Gyula Dargó and
  • József Kupai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2129–2142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.183

Graphical Abstract
  • and changes in the reaction kinetics. The non-covalent immobilisation of chiral organocatalysts can also be carried out within deep eutectic solvents (DESs). Very recently, a cinchonidine-squaramide organocatalyst was immobilised in three types of natural DESs, namely betaine/sorbitol/water, betaine
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Published 26 Aug 2024

Benzylic C(sp3)–H fluorination

  • Alexander P. Atkins,
  • Alice C. Dean and
  • Alastair J. J. Lennox

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1527–1547, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.137

Graphical Abstract
  • and oxidation potentials. Electrochemical methods Synthetic electrochemistry is a powerful tool offering excellent control over reaction kinetics and selectivity [86]. Electrochemical oxidation has been demonstrated as an efficient means for generating benzylic cations, allowing for the introduction
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Published 10 Jul 2024

Enhanced reactivity of Li+@C60 toward thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition by encapsulated Li+ Lewis acid

  • Hiroshi Ueno,
  • Yu Yamazaki,
  • Hiroshi Okada,
  • Fuminori Misaizu,
  • Ken Kokubo and
  • Hidehiro Sakurai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 653–660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.58

Graphical Abstract
  • approaches have diligently explored the details of reaction kinetics, quantitatively elucidating the impact of encapsulated Li+ on the reactivity of the outer fullerene cage as a specialized “encapsulated” Lewis acid catalyst [10][11]. While previous studies have revealed valuable insights, such as
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Published 25 Mar 2024

Optimizations of lipid II synthesis: an essential glycolipid precursor in bacterial cell wall synthesis and a validated antibiotic target

  • Milandip Karak,
  • Cian R. Cloonan,
  • Brad R. Baker,
  • Rachel V. K. Cochrane and
  • Stephen A. Cochrane

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 220–227, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.22

Graphical Abstract
  • acceptors like 2b, which have acyl groups protecting the C6 position, the reaction kinetics become sluggish, resulting in low conversion rates or no conversion [36][39]. Results and Discussion In our studies, the initial glycosyl donors and acceptors (Figure 2; compounds 1a–g and 2a,b) were synthesized
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Published 06 Feb 2024

Selectivity control towards CO versus H2 for photo-driven CO2 reduction with a novel Co(II) catalyst

  • Lisa-Lou Gracia,
  • Philip Henkel,
  • Olaf Fuhr and
  • Claudia Bizzarri

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1766–1775, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.129

Graphical Abstract
  • ). The reaction kinetics was evaluated in photocatalytic systems containing 0.025 mM of 1, since the amount of produced CO should be sufficient to be detected by GC-BID, even after a very short time from starting the reaction. As shown in Figure 5, in the first four hours, the formation of CO presents a
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Published 17 Nov 2023

Benzoimidazolium-derived dimeric and hydride n-dopants for organic electron-transport materials: impact of substitution on structures, electrochemistry, and reactivity

  • Swagat K. Mohapatra,
  • Khaled Al Kurdi,
  • Samik Jhulki,
  • Georgii Bogdanov,
  • John Bacsa,
  • Maxwell Conte,
  • Tatiana V. Timofeeva,
  • Seth R. Marder and
  • Stephen Barlow

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1651–1663, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.121

Graphical Abstract
  • spin resonance [14] or using dissociation and dimerization barriers from reaction kinetics and variable scan-rate electrochemistry, respectively [54]) and where F is the Faraday constant. Similarly, at least for cases where the reactive hydrides of 1H derivatives are ultimately lost as H2, the strength
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Published 01 Nov 2023

Selective and scalable oxygenation of heteroatoms using the elements of nature: air, water, and light

  • Damiano Diprima,
  • Hannes Gemoets,
  • Stefano Bonciolini and
  • Koen Van Aken

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1146–1154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.82

Graphical Abstract
  • on the rate than acids and bases and both the anion and cation appear to influence the reaction kinetics. A deliberate choice of salt can either significantly improve the kinetics or quench the reaction. The latter might be exploited e.g., in late-stage functionalization strategies in order to
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Published 31 Jul 2023

C3-Alkylation of furfural derivatives by continuous flow homogeneous catalysis

  • Grédy Kiala Kinkutu,
  • Catherine Louis,
  • Myriam Roy,
  • Juliette Blanchard and
  • Julie Oble

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 582–592, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.43

Graphical Abstract
  • compared to [Ru3(CO)12] at 200 °C (Table 1, entries 3 and 4). This can be attributed, as mentioned above, to the slightly faster reaction kinetics of the [Ru3(CO)12] catalyst compared to that of comp1. Nevertheless, the better solubility of comp1 in toluene allows to get around the problems of
  • as (pre)catalyst. These Ru(0) aggregates are therefore active, but the reaction kinetics are slower. While this observation is not a strict confirmation of our hypothesis regarding the formation of a monometallic complex, it is still consistent with it. Second optimization with a continuous flow
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Published 03 May 2023

Heterogeneous metallaphotoredox catalysis in a continuous-flow packed-bed reactor

  • Wei-Hsin Hsu,
  • Susanne Reischauer,
  • Peter H. Seeberger,
  • Bartholomäus Pieber and
  • Dario Cambié

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1123–1130, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.115

Graphical Abstract
  • efficiency of the nickel cycle in metallaphotoredox reactions. It is therefore not surprising that a larger acceleration of the reaction kinetics in flow versus batch was observed for the C–O coupling as opposed to the C–S coupling. Conclusion In summary, we developed a packed-bed reactor for
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Published 29 Aug 2022

Automated grindstone chemistry: a simple and facile way for PEG-assisted stoichiometry-controlled halogenation of phenols and anilines using N-halosuccinimides

  • Dharmendra Das,
  • Akhil A. Bhosle,
  • Amrita Chatterjee and
  • Mainak Banerjee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 999–1008, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.100

Graphical Abstract
  • of mechanochemistry, Toda et al.’s “grindstone chemistry” [48] has also been proved as a useful technique for various organic transformations [49]. It is generally carried out by hand-grinding which is not only a labor-intensive process but also raises some concerns on the reaction kinetics
  • through p-position leading to the formation of the thermodynamically stable halo derivative via a σ-complex formation. The high concentration of substrates and reagents in the close proximity in this solvent-less process and grinding force could be the other reasons for the fast reaction kinetics. The
  • observed in the case of salicylic acids or anthranilic acids leading to 2,4,6-trihalo derivatives when 3 equiv of NXS were used. PEG-400 plays a key role for faster reaction kinetics and to afford better regioselectivity. Almost exclusive p-selectivity was observed for the aromatic substrates with free
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Published 09 Aug 2022

Palladium-catalyzed solid-state borylation of aryl halides using mechanochemistry

  • Koji Kubota,
  • Emiru Baba,
  • Tamae Seo,
  • Tatsuo Ishiyama and
  • Hajime Ito

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 855–862, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.86

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  • faster reaction kinetics than those under conventional solution-based conditions because of the high concentration; further, the experimental operations can be carried out in air. Considering these achievements, including our recent success in solid-state cross-coupling chemistry, we envisioned that this
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Published 18 Jul 2022

Structural basis for endoperoxide-forming oxygenases

  • Takahiro Mori and
  • Ikuro Abe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 707–721, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.71

Graphical Abstract
  • showed similar reaction kinetics and verruculogen productivity to those of wild type FtmOx1. Interestingly, the Y68F variant generated an unidentified product, which was recently determined to be 26-hydroxyverruculogen [75]. Based on these observations, they proposed an alternative reaction mechanism. In
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Published 21 Jun 2022

Inductive heating and flow chemistry – a perfect synergy of emerging enabling technologies

  • Conrad Kuhwald,
  • Sibel Türkhan and
  • Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 688–706, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.70

Graphical Abstract
  • further catalyzes this reaction, complete conversions with low carbon formation could be obtained at low flow rates. At higher flow rates, reaction kinetics was the limiting factor. Later, it was found that by doping the alloy with small amounts of copper, almost complete conversion (95%) could be
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Published 20 Jun 2022

Shift of the reaction equilibrium at high pressure in the continuous synthesis of neuraminic acid

  • Jannis A. Reich,
  • Miriam Aßmann,
  • Kristin Hölting,
  • Paul Bubenheim,
  • Jürgen Kuballa and
  • Andreas Liese

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 567–579, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.59

Graphical Abstract
  • recycling steps, and were characterized regarding the reaction kinetics (initial rate) and scalability (different lab scales) in a batch reactor. The reaction kinetics were studied in a continuous flow reactor. A high-pressure circular reactor (up to 130 MPa) was applied for the investigation of changes in
  • under investigation [9][10][11]. For this study, the enzymatic synthesis was chosen for its simple reaction sequence (Figure 1) and high selectivity. Different research groups already described the reaction kinetics of the epimerase and aldolase at ambient pressure [5][8]. In this study, the rate
  • stability investigations, it can be concluded that both selected enzyme preparations have adequate stability for the continuous application under high pressure. Kinetics Reaction kinetics were first measured for the immobilized epimerase. In the absence of inhibitors or backward reactions, the reaction rate
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Published 20 May 2022

Mechanistic studies of the solvolysis of alkanesulfonyl and arenesulfonyl halides

  • Malcolm J. D’Souza and
  • Dennis N. Kevill

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 120–132, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.13

Graphical Abstract
  • molecule, makes what was already a rather controversial area of reaction kinetics even more complicated and controversial. The reader wanting more detail is referred to the above mentioned comprehensive review entitled “Solvolysis Revisited” [31]. 2. Application of simple and extended forms of the Grunwald
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Published 17 Jan 2022
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