On the application of 3d metals for C–H activation toward bioactive compounds: The key step for the synthesis of silver bullets

• Renato L. Carvalho,
• Amanda S. de Miranda,
• Mateus P. Nunes,
• Roberto S. Gomes,
• Guilherme A. M. Jardim and
• Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1849–1938, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.126

• Streptomyces lasaliensis cultures [195]. The synthesis succeeded in five steps, each one of them in good yields, including the cobalt-catalyzed C–H bond addition (Scheme 37D). One year later, the same group described a unique cobalt-Cp* catalyzed C(sp2)–H amidation technique [196] applied to thiostrepton (125

Synthesis of legonmycins A and B, C(7a)-hydroxylated bacterial pyrrolizidines

• Wilfred J. M. Lewis,
• David M. Shaw and
• Jeremy Robertson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 334–342, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.31

• address: MSD UK Discovery Centre, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom 10.3762/bjoc.17.31 Abstract A one-flask, two-step procedure from 3-amino-2-methyl-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-1-one affords the Streptomyces secondary metabolites legonmycins A and B – three

• a chemical and biosynthetic perspective. Their emergence dates back to 1977 with a patent filing from The Upjohn Company describing an unidentified ‘antibiotic 354’ isolated as a fermentation product of Streptomyces puniceus subsp. doliceus; spectroscopic characterization, including 1H NMR data, was

• , was also reported in 1980 [10]. Following a 23-year hiatus, two papers submitted within two weeks of each other reported, respectively: (1) the isolation from Streptomyces sp. UMA-044 and characterization of NP25302, that differs from bohemamine in lacking the 6,7-epoxide functionality [11] and (2

¹⁹F NMR as a tool in chemical biology

• Diana Gimenez,
• Aoife Phelan,
• Cormac D. Murphy and
• Steven L. Cobb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 293–318, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.28

• , complex mixture, such as a culture medium, using 19F NMR. The earliest example of the technique being applied in this was in the discovery of fluoroacetate and 4-fluorothreonine in cultures of the bacterium Streptomyces cattleya [111]. 19F NMR became a cornerstone for investigating the biosynthesis of

• shift changes due to minor structural differences, the observation of new fluorinated compounds in crude culture supernatants is possible. 19F NMR analysis of cultures of the bacterium Streptomyces sp. MA37, which was isolated from a Ghanian soil sample, revealed several new resonances in addition to

Progress in the total synthesis of inthomycins

• Bidyut Kumar Senapati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 58–82, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.7

• Bidyut Kumar Senapati Department of Chemistry, Prabhat Kumar College, Contai, 721404, India, Tel.: +91 8145207480 10.3762/bjoc.17.7 Abstract The inthomycin family of antibiotics, isolated from Streptomyces strains, are interesting molecules for synthesis due to their characteristic common oxazole

• -interrupted oxazolyltriene unit is conjugated to a chiral β-hydroxycarbonyl center of an amide functionality. Inthomycin A ((+)-1), the first member of the inthomycin family, was isolated by Omura’s group from the strain of Streptomyces sp. OM-5714 in 1990 [1]. Then, the following year, Henkel and Zeek had

• reported the reisolation of inthomycin A ((+)-1) and the first isolation of inthomycin B ((+)-2) from the strain of Streptomyces sp. Gö 2, and proved inthomycin A ((+)-1) to be identical with phthoxazolin A ((+)-1) [2]. Later, the reisolation of inthomycin B ((+)-2) and inthomycin C ((–)-3) was reported by

On the mass spectrometric fragmentations of the bacterial sesterterpenes sestermobaraenes A–C

• Anwei Hou and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2807–2819, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.231

• enzymatic conversion of the correspondingly 13C-labelled isoprenyl diphosphate precursors with the sestermobaraene synthase from Streptomyces mobaraensis. The main compounds sestermobaraenes A, B, and C were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), allowing for a deep mechanistic

• investigation of the electron impact mass spectrometry (EIMS) fragmentation reactions of these sesterterpene hydrocarbons. Keywords: isotopes; mass spectrometry; reaction mechanisms; sesterterpenes; Streptomyces mobaraensis; Introduction The sestermobaraenes A–F (1–6) and sestermobaraol (7) are a series of

• bacterial sesterterpenes that were recently discovered by us from the actinomycete Streptomyces mobaraensis through a genome mining approach (Figure 1) [1]. All seven compounds are produced by a canonical terpene synthase, representing the first reported sesterterpene synthase of the classical type I from

Nocarimidazoles C and D, antimicrobial alkanoylimidazoles from a coral-derived actinomycete Kocuria sp.: application of ¹J_C,H coupling constants for the unequivocal determination of substituted imidazoles and stereochemical diversity of anteisoalkyl chains in microbial metabolites

• Md. Rokon Ul Karim,
• Enjuro Harunari,
• Amit Raj Sharma,
• Naoya Oku,
• Kazuaki Akasaka,
• Daisuke Urabe,
• Mada Triandala Sibero and
• Yasuhiro Igarashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2719–2727, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.222

• [1]. More than 10,000 secondary metabolites have been isolated from actinomycetes, accounting for almost 45% of all known microbial secondary metabolites. Particularly, 70% of them were isolated from the genus Streptomyces, the dominant genus commonly found in terrestrial environments [2]. The number

Recent synthesis of thietanes

• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1357–1410, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.116

A cyclopeptide and three oligomycin-class polyketides produced by an underexplored actinomycete of the genus Pseudosporangium

• Shun Saito,
• Kota Atsumi,
• Tao Zhou,
• Keisuke Fukaya,
• Daisuke Urabe,
• Naoya Oku,
• Md. Rokon Ul Karim,
• Hisayuki Komaki and
• Yasuhiro Igarashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1100–1110, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.97

• , National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NBRC), Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan 10.3762/bjoc.16.97 Abstract Aside from the well-studied conventional actinomycetes such as Streptomyces, the less investigated genera of actinomycetes also represent a promising source of natural products. Genome

• widely used as an indicator of the taxonomic position of prokaryotes. It was believed that a high similarity of the 16S rRNA gene sequence implied the closeness or even the identity in other sets of genes including secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes. However, our recent analysis of Streptomyces

• actinomycetes” refers to non-Streptomyces actinomycetes [12] and the representative genera, such as Micromonospora, Actinomadura, Nocardia, Actinoplanes, and Saccharothrix, which are no longer rare in terms of difficulties in isolation, already provided thousands of new metabolites [13][14]. Meanwhile, the

Understanding the role of active site residues in CotB2 catalysis using a cluster model

• Keren Raz,
• Ronja Driller,
• Thomas Brück,
• Bernhard Loll and
• Dan T. Major

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 50–59, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.7

• , Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.16.7 Abstract Terpene cyclases are responsible for the initial cyclization cascade in the multistep synthesis of a large number of terpenes. CotB2 is a diterpene cyclase from Streptomyces

Bacterial terpene biosynthesis: challenges and opportunities for pathway engineering

• Eric J. N. Helfrich,
• Geng-Min Lin,
• Christopher A. Voigt and
• Jon Clardy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2889–2906, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.283

• expression is the most widely used method to study complex terpenoid biosyntheses. Since many bacterial terpenoid BGCs are actinomycete-derived, terpene BGCs are often expressed in model Streptomyces hosts, such as Streptomyces albus, Streptomyces avermitilis, Streptomyces coelicolor, and Streptomyces

• lividans, under the control of exogenous promoters [92][93][94]. To minimize the cellular resource competition and facilitate cleaner analysis, many of these hosts have been engineered to remove native secondary-metabolite BGCs and for optimized terpene precursor supply [1][95][96][97]. Like Streptomyces

Current understanding and biotechnological application of the bacterial diterpene synthase CotB2

• Ronja Driller,
• Daniel Garbe,
• Norbert Mehlmer,
• Monika Fuchs,
• Keren Raz,
• Dan Thomas Major,
• Thomas Brück and
• Bernhard Loll

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2355–2368, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.228

• , Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel 10.3762/bjoc.15.228 Abstract CotB2 catalyzes the first committed step in cyclooctatin biosynthesis of the soil bacterium Streptomyces melanosporofaciens. To

• exclusively belong to class I TPSs. A few exceptions exist, for example the terpentedienyl-diphosphate synthase from Kitasatospora griseola [19], which belongs to class II, and PtmT1 from Streptomyces platensis in the platensimycin gene cluster [20], which is neither characteristic for class I nor class II

• cyclooctatin biosynthetic gene cluster in particular the TPS CotB2 from the soil bacterium Streptomyces melanosporofaciens MI614-43F2 (Figure 1) [31]. Cyclooctatin 5, with its distinct 5–8–5 ring motif, belongs to the fusicoccane diterpenoids that encompass a wide range of bioactivities, such as bacteriostatic

Phylogenomic analyses and distribution of terpene synthases among Streptomyces

• Lara Martín-Sánchez,
• Kumar Saurabh Singh,
• Mariana Avalos,
• Gilles P. van Wezel,
• Jeroen S. Dickschat and
• Paolina Garbeva

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1181–1193, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.115

• /bjoc.15.115 Abstract Terpene synthases are widely distributed among microorganisms and have been mainly studied in members of the genus Streptomyces. However, little is known about the distribution and evolution of the genes for terpene synthases. Here, we performed whole-genome based phylogenetic

• analysis of Streptomyces species, and compared the distribution of terpene synthase genes among them. Overall, our study revealed that ten major types of terpene synthases are present within the genus Streptomyces, namely those for geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, epi-isozizaene, 7-epi-α-eudesmol, epi-cubenol

• , caryolan-1-ol, cyclooctat-9-en-7-ol, isoafricanol, pentalenene and α-amorphene. The Streptomyces species divide in three phylogenetic groups based on their whole genomes for which the distribution of the ten terpene synthases was analysed. Geosmin synthases were the most widely distributed and were found

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs): a useful access to the synthesis of benzo-fused γ-lactams

• Edorta Martínez de Marigorta,
• Jesús M. de Los Santos,
• Ana M. Ochoa de Retana,
• Javier Vicario and
• Francisco Palacios

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1065–1085, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.104

• from Phalaris coerulescens (Figure 3). Likewise, maremycins [13] and spirotryprostatin B [14] have been isolated from marine Streptomyces and from the fermentation broth of Aspergillus fumigatus. Among benzo-fused γ-lactam chemical entities, natural and synthetic isoindolinones are a prominent class of

Mechanistic investigations on multiproduct β-himachalene synthase from Cryptosporangium arvum

• Jan Rinkel and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1008–1019, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.99

• configuration of 1. For 1, C-5 was targeted by (1R)- and (1S)-(1-13C,1-2H)GPP [28], which were enzymatically elongated with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) by farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) from Streptomyces coelicolor [29] with a known stereochemical course [30] (Figure S4, Supporting Information File 1

Stereochemical investigations on the biosynthesis of achiral (Z)-γ-bisabolene in Cryptosporangium arvum

• Jan Rinkel and
• Jeroen S. Dickschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 789–794, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.75

• terpinyl cation has been investigated using deuterium labelling, demonstrating different stereochemical courses in the plant Salvia officinalis [8][9] and in the bacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus [10]. Also the highly unusual methylated sesquiterpene sodorifen (4) possesses a mirror plane [11] making any

Lectins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis – rarely studied proteins

• Katharina Kolbe,
• Sri Kumar Veleti,
• Norbert Reiling and
• Thisbe K. Lindhorst

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.1

• Streptomyces olivaceoviridis) [77][78]. This secreted protein was crystallized in 2010 by Patra et al., however, a three-dimensional structure has yet to be resolved [79]. Recently Nogueira et al. detected high titers of IgG antibodies against sMTL-13 in sera from TB patients, a response found to be diminished

• shown as blue arrows. B) sMTL-13 (aa28-155), encoded by Rv1419, showed with 100% confidence sequence similarity to a ricin B-like lectin of Streptomyces olivaceoviridis, the sequence identity was 22%. C) Known domain structure of HBHA (Rv0475): Transmembrane domain (TM), coiled coil domain, and heparin

Protein–protein interactions in bacteria: a promising and challenging avenue towards the discovery of new antibiotics

• Laura Carro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2881–2896, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.267

• of rapamycin) [34]. This natural product, isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, was one of the first protein–protein interaction stabilizers reported: it first binds to its receptor (i.e., FKBP12) with high affinity, after which the FKBP12-rapamycin complex will associate with TOR resulting in

• displayed no activity [67]. Historically, natural products have been one of the most fruitful sources to obtain antibacterial lead compounds [5][68][69]. Griselimycin, a cyclic depsidecapeptide isolated from Streptomyces sp., was discovered fifty years ago, nonetheless, due to its poor pharmacokinetic

Synthesis of a leopolic acid-inspired tetramic acid with antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria

• Luce Mattio,
• Loana Musso,
• Leonardo Scaglioni,
• Andrea Pinto,
• Piera Anna Martino and
• Sabrina Dallavalle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2482–2487, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.224

• , as they possess biologically validated structures, which could become suitable leads in drug discovery [2]. Recently, our research group reported the first total synthesis of leopolic acid A (Figure 1), a fungal metabolite from a terrestrial-derived Streptomyces sp. isolated from the rhizosphere of

Synthesis of eunicellane-type bicycles embedding a 1,3-cyclohexadiene moiety

• Alex Frichert,
• Peter G. Jones and
• Thomas Lindel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2461–2467, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.222

• the plant Vellozia magdalenae [6]. Recently, prehydropyrene (6) was discovered as biosynthetic intermediate towards the diterpene hydropyrene from the Gram-positive bacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus [7]. The six- and ten-membered rings of eunicellane diterpenoids can be either cis or trans fused

Synthesis of spirocyclic scaffolds using hypervalent iodine reagents

• Fateh V. Singh,
• Priyanka B. Kole,
• Saeesh R. Mangaonkar and
• Samata E. Shetgaonkar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1778–1805, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.152

• pathway for the synthesis of the naturally occurring antibiotic platensimycin (154) which is isolated from Streptomyces platensis. In this report, 6-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone-4-ethylene ketal (153) was synthesized by intermolecular oxidative cyclization of 7-methoxy-α-naphthol (152) with ethylene glycol

β-Hydroxy sulfides and their syntheses

• Mokgethwa B. Marakalala,
• Edwin M. Mmutlane and
• Henok H. Kinfe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1668–1692, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.143

• exemplified by leukotriene E4 (8) isolated from the mast cells and extensively studied for allergy and asthma [11]. Another example is grisemycin (9) from Streptomyces griseus M268, which contains an unusual ether-bridged system and a methylsulfinyl substituent [12]. Cyclothiocurvularin (10), isolated from

Lanyamycin, a macrolide antibiotic from Sorangium cellulosum, strain Soce 481 (Myxobacteria)

• Lucky S. Mulwa,
• Rolf Jansen,
• Dimas F. Praditya,
• Kathrin I. Mohr,
• Patrick W. Okanya,
• Joachim Wink,
• Eike Steinmann and
• Marc Stadler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1554–1562, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.132

• masked as a hemiketal in bafilomycins, e.g., in bafilomycin A1 [11][12][13][14]. Bafilomycins are a family of macrolide antibiotics isolated from actinobacteria such as Micromonospora and Streptomyces species [11]. They are specific inhibitors of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) [15]. The most studied compound

Two new 2-alkylquinolones, inhibitory to the fish skin ulcer pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum, produced by a rhizobacterium of the genus Burkholderia sp.

• Dandan Li,
• Naoya Oku,
• Atsumi Hasada,
• Masafumi Shimizu and
• Yasuhiro Igarashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1446–1451, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.122

• sizes of B. cepacia ATCC25416, Paraburkholderia terrae DSM 17804, and Caballeronia glathei DSM50014 are 8.61, 10.1, and 8.64 Mbp, respectively, which are comparable to 9.05 Mbp for Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and 9.14 Mbp for Myxococcus xanthus DK 1622, both known as representatives of prolific

An overview of recent advances in duplex DNA recognition by small molecules

• Sayantan Bhaduri,
• Nihar Ranjan and
• Dev P. Arya

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1051–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.93

On the design principles of peptide–drug conjugates for targeted drug delivery to the malignant tumor site

• Eirinaios I. Vrettos,
• Gábor Mező and
• Andreas G. Tzakos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 930–954, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.80

• anthracycline discovered that was extracted from Streptomyces peucetius, a species of actinobacteria, at the beginning of the 1960s. Shortly after, the isolation of doxorubicin (Dox) from a mutated Streptomyces strain was accomplished. Anthracyclines are consisted of a tetracyclin aglycon part and a daunosamine