Comparing blends and blocks: Synthesis of partially fluorinated diblock polythiophene copolymers to investigate the thermal stability of optical and morphological properties

• Pierre Boufflet,
• Sebastian Wood,
• Jessica Wade,
• Zhuping Fei,
• Ji-Seon Kim and
• Martin Heeney

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2150–2163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.205

• hot (80 °C) chlorobenzene gave the number average molecular weight (Mn) of P3OT-b-F-P3OT 2:1 as 55 kg/mol against polystyrene standards. Although this is higher than the theoretical Mn (ca. 39 kg/mol for a monomer:catalyst ratio of 200:1), it is likely due to the removal of lower molecular weight

• oligomers during Soxhlet extraction as well as the known overestimation of molecular weight for polythiophenes when measured by GPC against polystyrene standards [50][51]. Accounting for the purification, the Mn of P3OT-b-F-P3OT 2:1 is in reasonable agreement with the ratio of H and F blocks as determined

• , using two PL mixed B columns in series, and calibrated against narrow polydispersity polystyrene standards. Films for PESA, UV–visible absorption and Raman spectroscopy, were prepared by spin-coating from hot (ca. 150 °C) solution in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (5 mg/mL) at 3000 rpm for 2 minutes. Dropcast

Synthesis and characterization of benzodithiophene and benzotriazole-based polymers for photovoltaic applications

• Desta Gedefaw,
• Marta Tessarolo,
• Margherita Bolognesi,
• Mario Prosa,
• Renee Kroon,
• Wenliu Zhuang,
• Patrik Henriksson,
• Kim Bini,
• Ergang Wang,
• Michele Muccini,
• Mirko Seri and
• Mats R. Andersson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1629–1637, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.160

• measurment was performed at 135 °C. The concentration of the samples was 0.5 mg/mL, which was filtered (filter: 0.45 μm) prior to the analysis. The relative molecular masses were calculated by calibration relative to polystyrene standards. Square-wave voltammetric measurements were carried out on a CH

Cp₂TiCl/D₂O/Mn, a formidable reagent for the deuteration of organic compounds

• Antonio Rosales and
• Ignacio Rodríguez-García

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1585–1589, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.154

• multiple applications of the deuterated compound such as the enhancement of the metabolic stability of pharmaceutical drugs, the use of internal standards for mass spectrometry, the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways, and the study of reaction mechanisms and selectivity control reactions. In an effort to

• cyclization using reagents that are cheap, abundant and environmentally friendly. Certainly, this new methodology of deuteration will contribute to the synthesis of new deuterated organic compounds with applications as internal standards, pharmaceutical drugs and new materials, among others. Conclusion In

3,6-Carbazole vs 2,7-carbazole: A comparative study of hole-transporting polymeric materials for inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells

• Wei Li,
• Munechika Otsuka,
• Takehito Kato,
• Yang Wang,
• Takehiko Mori and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1401–1409, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.134

• GULLIVER 1500 equipped with a pump (PU-2080 Plus), an absorbance detector (RI-2031 Plus), and two Shodex GPC KF-803 columns (8.0 mm I.D. × 300 mm L) based on a conventional calibration curve using polystyrene standards. Tetrahydrofuran (40 °C) was used as a carrier solvent at the flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1

Efficient syntheses of climate relevant isoprene nitrates and (1R,5S)-(−)-myrtenol nitrate

• Sean P. Bew,
• Glyn D. Hiatt-Gipson,
• Graham P. Mills and
• Claire E. Reeves

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1081–1095, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.103

• standards has hindered a comprehensive understanding of IPN climate chemistry, there has been progress in a number of laboratory, field and theoretical studies that have focused on probing their formation, kinetics, yields and decomposition. By way of example, Teng et al. investigated the branching ratio (α

• suite of nitroxyalkylperoxy radicals. Worthy of note and a fundamental reason for initiating the UEA study was the fact that Schwantes et al. make reference to the fact that “synthetic standards are not available, the CIMS sensitivities for most of the isoprene nitrates formed in this work are not known

• %, interestingly the concentration of organic nitrates was found to be highly dependent on the relative humidity and seed aerosol acidity. Worthy of note this report also highlighted that “unfortunately, standards are unavailable for the expected organic nitrate products (derived from α-pinene)“ this, again

Biosynthesis of α-pyrones

• Till F. Schäberle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 571–588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.56

• positions of olefinic double bonds were isolated in the headspace extracts and unambiguously assigned by comparison to authentic standards [37]. Co-cultivation experiments of T. asperellum and Arabidopsis thaliana without physical contact resulted in smaller but vital and robust plants. Therefore, 29 was

Amino-functionalized (meth)acryl polymers by use of a solvent-polarity sensitive protecting group (Br-t-BOC)

• Helmut Ritter,
• Monir Tabatabai and
• Markus Herrmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 245–252, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.26

• × columns with 10,000, 1,000 und 100 Å). The system was calibrated with polystyrene standards with a molecular range from 575 g/mol to 3,114,000 g/mol. THF was used as eluent at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1. Materials Commercial reagents and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck and Fluka. If not

Simple activation by acid of latent Ru-NHC-based metathesis initiators bearing 8-quinolinolate co-ligands

• Julia Wappel,
• Roland C. Fischer,
• Luigi Cavallo,
• Christian Slugovc and
• Albert Poater

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 154–165, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.17

• ), respectively. Gel permeation chromatography was used to determine molecular weights and the polydispersity index (PDI). The measurements were run in THF against a polystyrene standard using following arrangement: a Merck Hitachi L6000 pump, separation columns of Polymer Standards Service (5 µm grade size) and

• chromatography (GPC) against polystyrene standards). Tensile test values for shoulder test bars initiated with complexes 1–4. Supporting Information Crystallographic data for complexes 2a and 2b have also been deposited with the CCDC, nos. 1439204 and 1439205, and can be obtained free of charge from http

Synthesis and photophysical characteristics of polyfluorene polyrotaxanes

• Aurica Farcas,
• Giulia Tregnago,
• Ana-Maria Resmerita,
• Pierre-Henri Aubert and
• Franco Cacialli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2677–2688, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.288

• presented only 11% coverage. The physical properties of the investigated copolymers are listed in Table 1. The polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) and molecular weight distributions (Mn) of polymers obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis using Pst standards and THF as eluent, are presented in

• of methyl groups [48]. Secondly, could be assigned to the differences of the hydrodynamic radii of the polyrotaxane rod-like backbones and standards. Furthermore, the polarity and backbone stiffness of polyrotaxanes can deviate strongly from those of Pst. The higher Mw/Mn of 3·TM-βCD and 3·TM-γCD

• . The FTIR (KBr pellets) spectra were obtained on a Bruker Vertex 70 spectrophotometer. The molecular weights of copolymers were determined by GPC in THF by using a Water Associates 440 instrument and polystyrene (Pst) calibrating standards. DSC was performed with a Mettler Toledo DSC-12E calorimeter

Life lessons

• Jonathan R. Nitschke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2350–2354, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.256

• standards, and how to write one. We kept going in lab, seeking to generate new results of the kind that could underpin a successful UK grant proposal. The story of P4 encapsulation [10] garnered substantial positive attention, and an invited Nature Q&A piece on systems chemistry [11] probably helped, too

Synthesis, structure, and mechanical properties of silica nanocomposite polyrotaxane gels

• Kazuaki Kato,
• Daisuke Matsui,
• Koichi Mayumi and
• Kohzo Ito

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2194–2201, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.238

• using RI detection and PEG standards. The flow rate was 0.4 mL/min. Synthesis of acryloyl modified polyrotaxane (Acryl-PR) Three grams of PR previously dried under vacuum was dissolved in anhydrous DMSO (60 mL). 2-Isocyanatoethyl acrylate (9 mL) and dibutyltin dilaurate (90 μL) were added and stirred at

Cross-metathesis of polynorbornene with polyoctenamer: a kinetic study

• Yulia I. Denisova,
• Maria L. Gringolts,
• Alexander S. Peregudov,
• Liya B. Krentsel,
• Ekaterina A. Litmanovich,
• Arkadiy D. Litmanovich,
• Eugene Sh. Finkelshtein and
• Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1796–1808, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.195

• and tetrahydrofurane for PCOE as a solvent, the flow rate of 1 mL/min, sample volume of 100 μL, and sample concentration of 1 mg/mL. The molar mass and its dispersity (Ð) were calculated by a standard procedure relative to polystyrene standards. Light scattering was studied on a Photocor Complex

Grubbs–Hoveyda type catalysts bearing a dicationic N-heterocyclic carbene for biphasic olefin metathesis reactions in ionic liquids

• Maximilian Koy,
• Hagen J. Altmann,
• Benjamin Autenrieth,
• Wolfgang Frey and
• Michael R. Buchmeiser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1632–1638, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.178

• index detector. For calibration, polystyrene standards with 800 < Mn < 2,000,000 g/mol were used. ICP–OES measurements were carried out using a Spectro Acros device (Ametek GmbH; Meerbusch, Germany). Calibration was done with Ru standards containing 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 ppm. Mass spectra were recorded

Robust bifunctional aluminium–salen catalysts for the preparation of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides

• Yuri A. Rulev,
• Zalina Gugkaeva,
• Victor I. Maleev,
• Michael North and
• Yuri N. Belokon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1614–1623, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.176

• Spectrometry Service Unit using ESI and MALDI ionization methods. GPC was carried out using a set (PSS SDV High) of 3 analytical columns (300 × 8 mm, particle diameter 5 µm) of 1000, 105 and 106 Å pore sizes, plus guard column, supplied by Polymer Standards Service GmbH (PSS) installed in a PSS SECcurity

• polystyrene standards supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. General procedures for compounds (4–10) 3-(tert-Butyl)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4) Prepared as described in previous work [24]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 11.77 (s, 1H), 9.85 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.00–6.95 (m, 1H), 1.45 (s

• referenced to polystyrene standards. Synthesis of cyclic and polycarbonates. Synthesis of salen ligands 8a and 8b. The preparation of aluminum complexes 1, 2 and 10. Possible formation of a dinuclear complex from 1 by treatment with H2O and Et3N. Coupling of CO2 and styrene oxide promoted by complexes 1, 2

The enantioselective synthesis of (S)-(+)-mianserin and (S)-(+)-epinastine

• Piotr Roszkowski,
• Jan. K. Maurin and
• Zbigniew Czarnocki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1509–1513, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.164

• standards for HPLC analysis, racemic derivatives 7–10 and 1 were made (Scheme 1). Compounds 7–9 were insoluble in hexane/2-propanol mixture, a typical mobile phase for HPLC analysis on an OD-H column. Therefore chromatographic analysis was done for amines 10 and 1 only. For mianserin satisfactory resolution

Consequences of the electronic tuning of latent ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts on their reactivity

• Karolina Żukowska,
• Eva Pump,
• Aleksandra E. Pazio,
• Krzysztof Woźniak,
• Luigi Cavallo and
• Christian Slugovc

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1458–1468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.158

• corresponding polymer was characterized by a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 557.0 kg·mol−1 (polydispersity index, PDI = 1.9) as examined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in THF against poly(styrene) standards. Initiator 15 gave 93% monomer-conversion and the resulting polymer exhibited a Mn of

Chiroptical properties of 1,3-diphenylallene-anchored tetrathiafulvalene and its polymer synthesis

• Masashi Hasegawa,
• Junta Endo,
• Seiya Iwata,
• Toshiaki Shimasaki and
• Yasuhiro Mazaki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 972–979, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.109

• flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Polystyrene standards with a narrow distribution of molecular weight (Mw: 580–377, 400) were used for molecular weight calibration. Synthesis of 8: To a solid mixture of dried CuI (5.7 g, 30 mmol) and LiBr (2.6 g, 30 mmol) was added dropwise acetyl ester 7 (6.7 g, 15 mmol) in

N-Alkyl derivatives of diosgenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside; synthesis and antimicrobial activity

• Agata Walczewska,
• Daria Grzywacz,
• Dorota Bednarczyk,
• Małgorzata Dawgul,
• Andrzej Nowacki,
• Wojciech Kamysz,
• Beata Liberek and
• Henryk Myszka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 869–874, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.97

• Standards Institute (CLSI) for 8–15 and 17 as well as for 7 hydrochloride are summarized in Table 2 and Table 3. The latter was added as the reference since its high in vitro activities and in vivo efficacy were proved [53]. The determined MIC values indicate that compounds explored have rather poor if any

Glycodendrimers: tools to explore multivalent galectin-1 interactions

• Jonathan M. Cousin and
• Mary J. Cloninger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 739–747, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.84

• concentration of the dendrimer (220:1, 9:1, or 3:1 ratio of galectin-1 to dendrimer, respectively). Fluorescent microsphere standards (FluoSpheres Fluorescent Microspheres, Molecular Probes) and image analysis software (Pixcavator 6.0) were used for size quantifications. The results from the fluorescence

• microsphere standards (200 nm, 1000 nm, and 10000 nm reported diameter) (FluoSpheres Fluorescent Microspheres, Molecular Probes) and image analysis software (Pixcavator 6.0). At a constant concentration of galectin-1 (40 µM), aggregate size was measured at ratios of galectin-1 to glycodendrimer of 220:1, 9:1

• /glycodendrimer aggregates at varying stoichiometries. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 160: Experimental procedures, fluorescent micrographs of fluorescent standards and calibration curve, and statistical analysis of fluorescent microscopy results. Acknowledgements We would like to

Design and synthesis of novel bis-annulated caged polycycles via ring-closing metathesis: pushpakenediol

• Sambasivarao Kotha and
• Mirtunjay Kumar Dipak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2664–2670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.280

• spectra) and CDCl3 (δ = 77.0 ppm, 13C NMR spectra) as internal standards. IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet Impact-400 FTIR spectrometer. HRMS were determined on a Micromass Q-ToF spectrometer. Materials Grubbs’ 1st and 2nd generation and Grubbs–Hoveyda catalysts were purchased from Aldrich, Milwaukee

Synthesis and characterization of a hyper-branched water-soluble β-cyclodextrin polymer

• Francesco Trotta,
• Fabrizio Caldera,
• Roberta Cavalli,
• Andrea Mele,
• Carlo Punta,
• Lucio Melone,
• Franca Castiglione,
• Barbara Rossi,
• Monica Ferro,
• Vincenza Crupi,
• Domenico Majolino,
• Valentina Venuti and
• Dominique Scalarone

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2586–2593, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.271

• oven at 70 °C. DMF solutions of the samples (3 mg/mL) were filtered through 0.45 μm PTFE membrane filters. Calibration was obtained with PEG/PEO molecular weight standards. All Raman measurements were carried out on dried samples deposited on a glass slide in air and at room temperature. Spectra were

Synthesis of graft polyrotaxane by simultaneous capping of backbone and grafting from rings of pseudo-polyrotaxane

• Kazuaki Kato,
• Katsunari Inoue,
• Masabumi Kudo and
• Kohzo Ito

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2573–2579, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.269

• chromatography (SEC) with a calibration curve using PEG standards. The standard polymers for the calibration of the molecular weights by SEC were purchased from Polymer Source Inc. α-Cyclodextrin (α-CD) was purchased from Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co. Ltd. 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) was purchased from

• calibrated using CHCl3 (7.26 ppm) or DMSO (2.50 ppm) as internal standards. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra were recorded on Nicolet 4700 (Thermo Electron Co., Ltd.) equipped with a diamond attenuated total reflection (ATR) accessory (DurasamplIR II, SensIR

• Technologies Technologies) in air. SEC was performed on TOSOH HLC-8220 with two TSKgel Super AWM-H columns, with DMSO at 50 °C in the presence of 0.01 M lithium bromide as the eluent using RI detection and PEG standards. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. N-(3-PEG-n-propyl)gluconamide (PEG-GA) 3-Amino-n-propyl

Loose-fit polypseudorotaxanes constructed from γ-CDs and PHEMA-PPG-PEG-PPG-PHEMA

• Tao Kong,
• Lin Ye,
• Ai-ying Zhang and
• Zeng-guo Feng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2461–2469, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.257

• permeation chromatographic (GPC) measurements were carried out at 40 °C on a HLC-8320GPC (TOSOH, Japan) instrument using THF as eluent at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. All of the GPC data were calibrated using polystyrene (PS) standards. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were measured using

Oligomerization of optically active N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)mandelamide in the presence of β-cyclodextrin and the minor role of chirality

• Helmut Ritter,
• Antonia Stöhr and
• Philippe Favresse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2361–2366, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.246

• a Viscotek VE 3500 RI detector. The system was calibrated with polystyrene standards with a molecular range from 1,280 g/mol to 1,373,000 g/mol. Syntheses Synthesis of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)mandelamide (1) 7.61 g (50 mmol) Mandelic acid and 5.75 g (50 mmol) N-hydroxysuccinimide were dissolved in 150 mL

Multivalent glycosystems for nanoscience

• Thisbe K. Lindhorst

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2345–2347, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.244

• Series, I finally express the hope that the ethical standards that we have applied in our work will provide guidance and confidence, if our healthy world will once have to face the challenges of distrust, fanaticism and hate, as it is currently the case in many areas of this planet. Thisbe K. Lindhorst