A comparative study of the interactions of cationic hetarenes with quadruplex-DNA forming oligonucleotide sequences of the insulin-linked polymorphic region (ILPR)

• Darinka Dzubiel,
• Heiko Ihmels,
• Mohamed M. A. Mahmoud and
• Laura Thomas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2963–2974, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.314

• ]. Furthermore, quadruplex structures may interfere with the replication process because of their thermal and mechanical stability. Namely, the force required to unfold the quadruplex is larger than the one to block helicases [9][13], such that quadruplex structures reduce the activity of these enzymes to

• greater extent than the corresponding duplex DNA [14]. There is also evidence that longer ILPR sequences may form multiple quadruplex structures that interact with each other, and it was speculated that the observed increase in replication errors in minisatellite regions is related with these higher-order

Come-back of phenanthridine and phenanthridinium derivatives in the 21st century

• Lidija-Marija Tumir,
• Marijana Radić Stojković and
• Ivo Piantanida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2930–2954, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.312

• respect to other nucleotides. In addition, the observed selectivity towards poly(G) and poly(A) can be beneficial in biological applications for instance to influence the mRNA-function via binding to the poly(A) tail [62][63][64] and inhibition of the HIV-1 replication by targeting recognition of the

• ligands that bind DNA:RNA hybrid structures. Latter play crucial roles in a number of biological processes (transcription, reverse transcription [79], the priming of DNA prior to replication [81], participating in different types of enzymatic activity, notably telomerases [82] and HIV RNase). Ethidium

Encapsulation of biocides by cyclodextrins: toward synergistic effects against pathogens

• Véronique Nardello-Rataj and
• Loïc Leclercq

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2603–2622, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.273

• consequence, the bacterial DNA replication is inhibited. Moreover, the bacterial cytoplasmic membranes can also be damaged leading to cell lysis [81]. In contrast to solutions of silver ions, the biocidal efficacy of the silver nanoparticles is improved because of a high specific surface-to-volume ratio

Reversibly locked thionucleobase pairs in DNA to study base flipping enzymes

• Christine Beuck and
• Elmar Weinhold

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2293–2306, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.239

• has been attributed to their ability to form interstrand DNA cross-links. The resulting covalently linked bases block any machinery that relies on separating the strands of the DNA duplex, e.g., DNA damage repair, replication and transcription [1][2][3][4][5], which is exploited in using CENU

• helicases, which locally separate the two DNA strands, are important to enable vital cellular processes like DNA replication, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling and telomere maintenance [78][79][80][81]. Cross-linked DNA will not only provide a useful tool to study DNA binding and base flipping thermodynamics

OligArch: A software tool to allow artificially expanded genetic information systems (AEGIS) to guide the autonomous self-assembly of long DNA constructs from multiple DNA single strands

• Kevin M. Bradley and
• Steven A. Benner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1826–1833, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.192

• of OligArch can designate within a given target DNA construct specific regions that encode proteins; OligArch ensures that the expressed protein is unchanged by the reassembled sequence. Further, the user can enter “sequence-dependent” regions (such as promoters, replication origins, etc.), and the

Molecular recognition of surface-immobilized carbohydrates by a synthetic lectin

• Melanie Rauschenberg,
• Eva-Corrina Fritz,
• Christian Schulz,
• Tobias Kaufmann and
• Bart Jan Ravoo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1354–1364, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.138

• . Read out is performed with an array scanner using fluorescence microscopy or surface plasmon resonance. In recent years, microcontact printing (μCP) [21][22][23][24] has gained importance as a replication method for biological microarrays such as protein [25][26] and DNA microarrays [27][28][29][30

Glycosystems in nanotechnology: Gold glyconanoparticles as carrier for anti-HIV prodrugs

• Fabrizio Chiodo,
• Marco Marradi,
• Javier Calvo,
• Eloisa Yuste and
• Soledad Penadés

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1339–1346, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.136

• -containing glyconanoparticles were characterized and the pH-mediated release of the drug from the nanoparticle has been determined. The antiviral activity was tested by evaluating the replication of NL4-3 HIV in TZM-bl infected cells. The proof-of-principle presented in this work aims to introduce gold

• preventions, the strategies used to inhibit viral replication in human CD4+ T cells consist in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) [3] and the design of a vaccine that should protect people among all the different HIV strains [4][5]. Although great results have been obtained by the use of the

• the presence of multiple antiretroviral molecules on carbohydrate-coated gold nanoparticles could lead to a drug-delivery system and/or microbicides able to inhibit viral replication or to prevent sexual infection. We have previously demonstrated that glucose-coated gold nanoparticles are water

The myxocoumarins A and B from Stigmatella aurantiaca strain MYX-030

• Tobias A. M. Gulder,
• Snežana Neff,
• Traugott Schüz,
• Tammo Winkler,
• René Gees and
• Bettina Böhlendorf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2579–2585, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.293

• the context of antifungal compounds with around 50% of myxobacteria-derived natural products exhibiting such properties [10]. This activity of myxobacterial metabolites results from diverse modes of action, such as inhibition of DNA replication, transcription and translation, as well as interference

An overview of the synthetic routes to the best selling drugs containing 6-membered heterocycles

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2265–2319, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.265

The chemistry of isoindole natural products

• Klaus Speck and
• Thomas Magauer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2048–2078, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.243

• -cleavable complex they prevent the replication of DNA and act as efficient antitumor compounds [21]. The extraordinary bioactivity of indolocarbazoles has drawn a lot of attention from chemists and biologists. The biosynthesis of staurosporine (26) and rebeccamycin (28), both being the most prominent

Asymmetric synthesis of host-directed inhibitors of myxoviruses

• Terry W. Moore,
• Kasinath Sana,
• Dan Yan,
• Pahk Thepchatri,
• John M. Ndungu,
• Manohar T. Saindane,
• Mark A. Lockwood,
• Michael G. Natchus,
• Dennis C. Liotta,
• Richard K. Plemper,
• James P. Snyder and
• Aiming Sun

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 197–203, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.23

• improved solubilities relative to 1, particularly at acidic pH values, but also at pH 7.4. Conclusion We have extended our previously published work on host-directed inhibitors of myxovirus replication by preparing analogues that positively address the poor aqueous solubility of 1 (JMN3-003) while

Chemical–biological characterization of a cruzain inhibitor reveals a second target and a mammalian off-target

• Jonathan W. Choy,
• Clifford Bryant,
• Claudia M. Calvet,
• Patricia S. Doyle,
• Shamila S. Gunatilleke,
• Siegfried S. F. Leung,
• Kenny K. H. Ang,
• Steven Chen,
• Jiri Gut,
• Juan A. Oses-Prieto,
• Jonathan B. Johnston,
• Michelle R. Arkin,
• Alma L. Burlingame,
• Jack Taunton,
• Matthew P. Jacobson,
• James M. McKerrow,
• Larissa M. Podust and
• Adam R. Renslo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 15–25, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.3

• intracellular replication and differentiation of the T. cruzi parasite [17]. A variety of small-molecule cruzain inhibitors have been described, the majority of which act irreversibly by reaction with the catalytic cysteine in the enzyme active site [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. One of the earliest

Chemistry of polyhalogenated nitrobutadienes, 10: Synthesis of highly functionalized heterocycles with a rigid 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane moiety

• Viktor A. Zapol’skii,
• Jan C. Namyslo,
• Armin de Meijere and
• Dieter E. Kaufmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 621–628, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.69

• inhibitor Trovafloxacin (Figure 2) [8][9]. As a 4th generation topoisomerase inhibitor, this fluoroquinolone anticipates replication of the bacterial DNA [10]. Other azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives, for example with oxo-, oxazolidino-, quinolino-, oxobenzothiazolo[3,2-a]quinolino, or pyrrolidino

Directed aromatic functionalization in natural-product synthesis: Fredericamycin A, nothapodytine B, and topopyrones B and D

• Charles Dylan Turner and
• Marco A. Ciufolini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1475–1485, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.171

• topo-I and topo-II. These nuclear enzymes relax superhelical tension in DNA during replication, transcription and repair. They operate by reversibly breaking one (topo-I) or both (topo-II) strands in double-stranded DNA and unwinding the severed strand(s), thereby relieving torsional energy. Inhibition

Translation of microwave methodology to continuous flow for the efficient synthesis of diaryl ethers via a base-mediated S_NAr reaction

• Charlotte Wiles and
• Paul Watts

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1360–1371, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.160

• back pressure, which means that solvents such as acetonitrile (MeCN) can be readily employed at temperatures exceeding their atmospheric boiling point (81–82 °C), and upon replication of the investigation summarised in Figure 5, comparable results were obtained, illustrating that MeCN is a suitable

Chiral gold(I) vs chiral silver complexes as catalysts for the enantioselective synthesis of the second generation GSK-hepatitis C virus inhibitor

• María Martín-Rodríguez,
• Carmen Nájera,
• José M. Sansano,
• Abel de Cózar and
• Fernando P. Cossío

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 988–996, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.111

• stage of their life cycles, namely attachment to a host cell, replication of viral components, assembly of viral components into complete viral particles and release of viral particles able to infect new hosts cells. Inside the infected hepatocytes, structural E1 and E2 and non-structural proteins such

• as NS2, NS3 (which bear serine proteinase, helicase, and NTPase activities), NS4A, NS4B, NS5A (regulators of RNA replication), and NS5B (the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) are generated [2][3] and, in fact, constitute the main targets. At the moment, there are many drugs under clinical trial

• evaluation, the compounds targeting HCV replication being the most promising candidates to achieve a sustained virological response [1][4]. Several years ago, a high-throughput screening of the GlaxoSmithKline compound collection identified a series of small pyrrolidine molecules, e.g., 1 (Figure 1), able to

Symmetrical and unsymmetrical α,ω-nucleobase amide-conjugated systems

• Sławomir Boncel,
• Maciej Mączka,
• Krzysztof K. K. Koziol,
• Radosław Motyka and
• Krzysztof Z. Walczak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 34, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.34

• ]. Moreover, α,ω-nucleobase amide-conjugated molecules possess the tendency to form meta-stable complexes with DNA and thus can perturb the cell replication. For example, amide-linked heterodimer synthons consisting of acyclic nucleoside units and 5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxythymidine are PNA/DNA chimeras (V) [4

From discovery to production: Scale- out of continuous flow meso reactors

• Peter Styring and
• Ana I. R. Parracho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2009, 5, No. 29, doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.29

• a full analysis. By replication of the single reactor in parallel, the same chemistry can be achieved on a larger scale, on a small footprint and without the mass and heat transport limitations of reactor scale-out in batch. Keywords: catalysis; continuous flow; Kumada reaction; parallel; scale-out

• carried out on a single channel reactor on a pilot scale/small production reactor by simple replication of the original channel geometry in parallel. This was clearly demonstrated. Reactions optimised in a single channel are simply replicated in a 120-channel reactor. In the case of the Kumada reaction

N-1 regioselective Michael- type addition of 5-substituted uracils to (2-hydroxyethyl) acrylate

• Sławomir Boncel,
• Dominika Osyda and
• Krzysztof Z. Walczak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 40, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-40

• literature for acyclic nucleosides.[1] Acyclic units containing hydroxyl groups are capable of phosphorylation and building into a growing nucleic acid, thus perturbing its replication. Several acyclic nucleosides, like HEPT (1-[2-hydroxyethoxymethyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine),[2] or MKC-442 (1-ethoxymethyl-5