Visible-light-driven NHC and organophotoredox dual catalysis for the synthesis of carbonyl compounds

• Vasudevan Dhayalan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2584–2603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.200

• para-selectivity observed in Friedel–Crafts acylation. The authors anticipate expanding this strategy to other reaction processes, allowing the efficient development of transformative synthetic methods, constructing new chemical spaces for drug discovery, and modifying bioactive molecules (Scheme 13

Total syntheses of highly oxidative Ryania diterpenoids facilitated by innovations in synthetic strategies

• Zhi-Qi Cao,
• Jin-Bao Qiao and
• Yu-Ming Zhao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2553–2570, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.198

• Zhi-Qi Cao Jin-Bao Qiao Yu-Ming Zhao Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of MOE & School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, China 10.3762/bjoc.21.198 Abstract Innovations in synthetic methods and strategic design serve as the

• focuses on reviewing the efficient application of ring-construction methods and synthetic strategies in the total synthesis of highly oxidized Ryania diterpenoid natural products, emphasizing the pivotal role of novel synthetic methods and strategic innovations. Keywords: natural products; Ryania

• leveraging these complex molecular architectures continues to be a primary objective for synthetic chemists. Achieving this goal will require persistent innovation to transcend conventional synthetic paradigms and advance synthetic methods toward enhanced efficiency, precision, and sustainability

Transformation of the cyclohexane ring to the cyclopentane fragment of biologically active compounds

• Natalya Akhmetdinova,
• Ilgiz Biktagirov and
• Liliya Kh. Faizullina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2416–2446, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.185

• contraction of six-membered cycles in the synthesis of functionalized cyclopentane/enones, which are biologically active compounds. The main synthetic methods of ring contraction (ozonolysis–aldol condensation, ozonolysis–Dieckmann reaction, Baeyer–Villiger cleavage–Dieckmann reaction) and rearrangements

The high potential of methyl laurate as a recyclable competitor to conventional toxic solvents in [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions

• Ayhan Yıldırım and
• Mustafa Göker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2389–2415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.184

• synthetic methods for cycloaddition reactions. In this study, a series of natural organic compounds from diverse classes and an acetonide [129] derivative were selected for investigation, with a focus on their potential catalytic effects in relation to the alteration of cis/trans product distribution under

An Fe(II)-catalyzed synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine] derivatives

• Elizaveta V. Gradova,
• Nikita A. Ozhegov,
• Roman O. Shcherbakov,
• Alexander G. Tkachenko,
• Larisa Y. Nesterova,
• Elena Y. Mendogralo and
• Maxim G. Uchuskin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2383–2388, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.183

• e) [12]. The second category of synthetic methods relies on more accessible, non-pre-functionalized starting materials and stepwise assembly of the spirocyclic core. This strategy enables the synthesis of functionalized 3H-indoles, which can be further elaborated into structurally diverse products

Enantioselective radical chemistry: a bright future ahead

• Anna C. Renner,
• Sagar S. Thorat,
• Hariharaputhiran Subramanian and
• Mukund P. Sibi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2283–2296, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.174

• catalysis is discussed initially. This is followed by the recently emerging areas of transition-metal catalysis, photoenzymatic catalysis, and electrochemistry. Perspective Radical generation and reactions Synthetic methods based on free radical chemistry are some of the most efficient and powerful tools

Pd-catalyzed dehydrogenative arylation of arylhydrazines to access non-symmetric azobenzenes, including tetra-ortho derivatives

• Loris Geminiani,
• Kathrin Junge,
• Matthias Beller and
• Jean-François Soulé

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2234–2242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.170

• , most synthetic methods have focused on the preparation of symmetric derivatives [12][13]. Traditional approaches, such as oxidative coupling of anilines [14][15][16][17][18][19], reductive coupling of nitroarenes [20][21][22][23], or cross-coupling between anilines and nitroarenes have proven

Asymmetric total synthesis of tricyclic prostaglandin D2 metabolite methyl ester via oxidative radical cyclization

• Miao Xiao,
• Liuyang Pu,
• Qiaoli Shang,
• Lei Zhu and
• Jun Huang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1964–1972, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.152

• ester Although the efficiency of the first-generation asymmetric total synthesis strategy was limited, the development of synthetic methods during this work, particularly the transition-metal-mediated oxidative radical cyclization for stereoselective assembly of the cyclopentanol scaffold bearing the C8

Photoswitches beyond azobenzene: a beginner’s guide

• Michela Marcon,
• Christoph Haag and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1808–1853, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.143

• properties and tuneability while also outlining the most common synthetic methods for these compounds. Additionally, each chapter presents exemplary applications of the illustrated photoswitch classes, highlighting their practical relevance while inspiring the reader with new ideas in this field. For a more

• condensed with a (hetero)aromatic aldehyde in the presence of a base to yield 86 (Scheme 26) [81]. Iminothioindoxyl can be synthesised in the same way, using nitrosoarenes instead of aldehydes [90]. For several other synthetic methods, we refer to the excellent reviews by Konieczny and Konieczny [92] and

Catalytic asymmetric reactions of isocyanides for constructing non-central chirality

• Jia-Yu Liao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1648–1660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.129

• these notable accomplishments, this research field remains in its nascent stage with ample room for further exploration. First, existing studies have predominantly focused on the construction of axial chirality, while synthetic methods for other forms of non-central chirality, such as planar, helical

Calcium waste as a catalyst in the transesterification for demanding esters: scalability perspective

• Anton N. Potorochenko and
• Konstantin S. Rodygin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1520–1527, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.114

• industrial wastes not only contributes to reducing environmental impact, but also provides new opportunities for the development of sustainable synthetic methods in the chemical industry. Further research can be focused on optimizing the process and exploring the applicability of this catalyst in other

Reactions of acryl thioamides with iminoiodinanes as a one-step synthesis of N-sulfonyl-2,3-dihydro-1,2-thiazoles

• Vladimir G. Ilkin,
• Pavel S. Silaichev,
• Valeriy O. Filimonov,
• Tetyana V. Beryozkina,
• Margarita D. Likhacheva,
• Pavel A. Slepukhin,
• Wim Dehaen and
• Vasiliy A. Bakulev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1397–1403, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.104

• ]. These data [1][2][3][4][5] inspired researchers to expand the chemistry of these compounds and to search for new synthetic methods and chemical transformations [14][15]. Unlike the aromatic congeners, the chemistry of non-aromatic dihydro-1,2-thiazoles is less represented in the literature [16][17][18

High-pressure activation for the solvent- and catalyst-free syntheses of heterocycles, pharmaceuticals and esters

• Kelsey Plasse,
• Valerie Wright,
• Guoshu Xie,
• R. Bernadett Vlocskó,
• Alexander Lazarev and
• Béla Török

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1374–1387, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.102

• protocol was even applied in the elegant syntheses of platencin [30], and steroid derivatives [31]. Despite these encouraging applications, there is a broad area to be developed for the advancement of green synthesis efforts. Continuing our program on developing environmentally benign synthetic methods [32

Recent advances and future challenges in the bottom-up synthesis of azulene-embedded nanographenes

• Bartłomiej Pigulski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1272–1305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.99

• heteroaromatics are rare due to the limited synthetic methods available, although some N- or BN-nanographenes are known. An efficient synthesis of azulene−pyridine-fused heteroaromatics was reported by Swager and co-workers (Scheme 23) [105]. A series of monoazulene PAHs 174a–e was obtained from 1-nitroazulene

Synthetic approach to borrelidin fragments: focus on key intermediates

• Yudhi Dwi Kurniawan,
• Zetryana Puteri Tachrim,
• Teni Ernawati,
• Faris Hermawan,
• Ima Nurasiyah and
• Muhammad Alfin Sulmantara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1135–1160, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.91

• the various synthetic strategies employed in the construction of borrelidin fragments. By focusing on key intermediates and synthetic methods explored in recent literature, we have highlighted the feasibility and versatility of different approaches. These methods offer valuable insights into the

Salen–scandium(III) complex-catalyzed asymmetric (3 + 2) annulation of aziridines and aldehydes

• Linqiang Wang and
• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1087–1094, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.86

• derivatives were obtained under asymmetric catalysis with a Ni(II)–bisoxazoline complex [15] and a Nd(OTf)3/N,N'-dioxide/LiNTf2 delay catalytic system [16], respectively (Scheme 1b and c). However, further exploration for convenient asymmetric catalytic synthetic methods is still in demand because the former

• afford the pure product 3. The enantiomeric excess was determined using chiral HPLC analysis with a mixture of iPrOH and hexane as eluent. Oxazolidine-containing bioactive compounds. Asymmetric catalytic synthetic methods of oxazolidine derivatives. Scope of aziridines and aldehydes. Proposed reaction

Silver(I) triflate-catalyzed post-Ugi synthesis of pyrazolodiazepines

• Muhammad Hasan,
• Anatoly A. Peshkov,
• Syed Anis Ali Shah,
• Andrey Belyaev,
• Chang-Keun Lim,
• Shunyi Wang and
• Vsevolod A. Peshkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 915–925, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.74

• synthetic methods to access diazepines fused with other nitrogen-containing heterocycles towards their broader exploration in high-throughput screening for identifying new drug candidates. Traditional synthetic methods for producing medium-ring nitrogen-containing heterocycles often involve complex

Chitosan-supported CuI-catalyzed cascade reaction of 2-halobenzoic acids and amidines for the synthesis of quinazolinones

• Xuhong Zhao,
• Weishuang Li,
• Mengli Yang,
• Bojie Li,
• Yaoyao Zhang,
• Lizhen Huang and
• Lei Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 839–844, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.67

• ], but can also be readily converted into other functional compounds under specific conditions [4][5]. Due to their significant biological relevance and potential applications, numerous synthetic methods have been recently developed to synthesize these useful intermediates [6][7][8][9]. Among these

Entry to 2-aminoprolines via electrochemical decarboxylative amidation of N‑acetylamino malonic acid monoesters

• Olesja Koleda,
• Janis Sadauskis,
• Darja Antonenko,
• Edvards Janis Treijs,
• Raivis Davis Steberis and
• Edgars Suna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 630–638, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.50

• and the development of efficient synthetic methods to access these medicinally relevant structural motifs. Herein, we report an electrochemical synthesis of 2-aminoproline and 2-aminopipecolic acid derivatives 6 (Figure 1). Recently, we disclosed an electrochemical approach to tetrahydrofuran and

Photocatalyzed elaboration of antibody-based bioconjugates

• Marine Le Stum,
• Eugénie Romero and
• Gary A. Molander

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 616–629, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.49

• antibodies in disease detection and treatment is that they are adorned with functional units (e.g., fluorophores, radionuclides, toxic payloads) that must be efficiently and selectively installed through compatible synthetic methods. Dozens of ADCs have been approved for clinical uses, and to date all are

• functionalized nature of polypeptides/proteins demands exquisite selectivity to target specific sites on the macromolecule of interest. In addition to the requisite features of the chemical methods outlined above, there are key requirements for synthetic methods used in ADCs, which include high site-selectivity

• the agency of low-energy visible light with specific functional groups on biomolecules. This allows precise control over the conjugation process, enabling targeted modifications without affecting non-reactive sites. Although previous reviews have discussed the more traditional synthetic methods

Study of the interaction of 2H-furo[3,2-b]pyran-2-ones with nitrogen-containing nucleophiles

• Constantine V. Milyutin,
• Andrey N. Komogortsev and
• Boris V. Lichitsky

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 556–563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.44

• biological activity [1][2][3]. Among the numerous approaches using considered furanones as starting compounds the recyclization processes are of significant interest [4][5]. The important subclass of such synthetic methods is the interaction with nitrogen-containing reagents. In this case depending on the

Synthesis and characterizations of highly luminescent 5-isopropoxybenzo[rst]pentaphene

• Islam S. Marae,
• Jingyun Tan,
• Rengo Yoshioka,
• Zakaria Ziadi,
• Eugene Khaskin,
• Serhii Vasylevskyi,
• Ryota Kabe,
• Xiushang Xu and
• Akimitsu Narita

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 270–276, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.19

• of zigzag and armchair edges, which may serve as a key building block for obtaining multifunctional organic materials [7]. Since the initial synthesis of BPP by Scholl and Neumann [8], simplified synthetic methods for BPP have been reported over the past decades [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Recently, a

Heteroannulations of cyanoacetamide-based MCR scaffolds utilizing formamide

• Marios Zingiridis,
• Danae Papachristodoulou,
• Despoina Menegaki,
• Konstantinos G. Froudas and
• Constantinos G. Neochoritis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 217–225, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.13

• such, it is becoming increasingly essential for synthetic methods to align with a net-zero carbon future [2][3]. Therefore, advancing C1 chemistry remains a crucial endeavor for our group [4]. In synthetic organic chemistry, C1 compounds are usually installed using CO, CO2, HCO2H, CH3OH and CH4, which

Recent advances in organocatalytic atroposelective reactions

• Henrich Szabados and
• Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 55–121, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.6

• discovery and medicine [4]. However, a lack of reliable synthetic methods for their preparation hindered the broader application of axially chiral compounds. In recent decades, there has been increased interest in the catalytic syntheses of axially chiral compounds by catalytic [5][6], especially

Cyclodextrin-based rotaxanes for polymer materials: challenge on simultaneous realization of inexpensive production and defined structures

• Yosuke Akae

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3026–3049, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.252

• other synthetic methods: (1) the reaction can proceed on a 100 g scale in a 1 L flask and a 500 mL solution of water, sufficiently indicating the possibility of large-scale material applications; (2) the product contains only head-to-head structured [3]rotaxane, as confirmed by the X-ray crystal