Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• (Figure 2B–D). With the free vibration amplitude of the eigenmode being low, this inherent damping mechanism ensures that superimposed vibrations do not significantly perturb the peak force magnitude during tip–sample interaction. Second, the dedicated signal processing scheme detailed in Section

• “Experimental setup” effectively separates the composite cantilever deflection signal into two independent channels. The low-frequency path secures stable topographic feedback, while the high-frequency path preserves the eigenmode signals for material-sensitive detection. This combination of physical damping

• interaction forces, as supported by studies on multimodal AFM [26]. The higher dynamic stiffness of the third eigenmode, compared to the second, makes it less susceptible to damping by long-range surface forces (e.g., van der Waals forces). This allows it to sense the sharper gradients of short-range

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• damping from the ambient environment is not accounted for in Equation 1 and may also be responsible for a small percentage of the difference between the two calculations of the spring constants. However, our results highlight that the measurement of the cantilever’s plan-view dimensions and using these

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• respect to τ. The dimensionless damping coefficient is . The term represents the voltage normalized by the characteristic voltage . The parameter is the normalized amplitude of the critical current for junctions with the critical current Ic that differs from the reference normalization value . To

• series with one of its Josephson junctions connected to the ground plane. There are some operational regimes inherent to such a KICK governed by the value of this inductance and by the damping parameter of junctions within the transmission line. The damping parameter is a critical factor as it dictates

• the kinetic soliton’s propagation rate. As a preliminary step, we characterized the dependence of the kinetic soliton propagation velocity on the damping parameter of the connecting junctions, α (see Figure 1b). We define the velocity as the number of grounded junctions traversed per unit of

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• deflection ζ in response to a force F at the frequency Ω: where is the resonance frequency and Γ = η/meff the damping rate, with meff, k and η being, respectively, effective mass, stiffness, and damping coefficient of the eigenmode. A key figure of merit of a force transducer is its force sensitivity

• sensor design, this detection principle will be capable of operating at the fundamental limit of minimum added noise. Achieving this performance limit is a prerequisite for improved force sensitivity with ultralow temperature and ultralow damping mechanical modes. Alternatively, the lower noise of the

• LC resonator realized from a single layer of Nb–Ti–N and a Pt–C tip deposited at the cantilever apex. (d) Experimental setup. The scanner box is suspended from the 10 mK stage with soft springs. Folded copper braids provide thermalization and additional mechanical damping. The digital synthesizer and

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• metamaterials, even more complex and tailored mechanical properties can be achieved at multiple length scales [15]. This integration enables the creation of materials with unprecedented combinations of stiffness, strength, damping, and other mechanical characteristics, offering enhanced performance and

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• force parameter and damping spin coefficient, respectively; χ(t), η(t) are white noise present in the description of atom motion processes and the behavior of their spins, respectively; and ωi is the multiplication value of the gyromagnetic ratio and the local magnetic field [22]. It has been known for

• equilibrated cobalt nanofilm were investigated. The duration of the second stage was 10 ps. In both stages, there were no external influences on the system. The thermodynamic and spin temperatures were maintained at 300 K, with temperature damping parameters of τt = τs = 0.01 ps. Magnetic energy and reduced

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• ). The molecular structural change can be retrieved through a differential pair distribution function (ΔPDF) given by: where , and exp(−kq2) with k a constant is a damping function to suppress high-frequency artifacts generated by the truncation of ΔsM(q, t) at qmin and qmax. What ΔPDF essentially

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• shape with tail damping, convoluted with a Gaussian function, which closely approximates a Gaussian/Lorentzian product function. Energy position, full width at half maximum, and area for fitted components of the XPS spectra of initial samples are collected in Table S1, Supporting Information File 1. (a

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• electrical drive frequencies. Thus, the experiments can be performed at almost arbitrarily high AC frequencies. The lower limit for the frequency range is given by the second resonance of the cantilever. Towards higher frequencies, the impedance of the electrical connection will introduce a damping of the

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• great importance. Defective CNFs are utilized to build composites with specific thermal conductivities as part of thermal insulation materials. They can also be used to make materials that combine strength and flexibility, for example, in electronics or damping devices. The presence of defects in CNFs

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• damping for vibration isolation. The sample holder (highlighted in blue in Figure 2a is inserted by locking the spring mechanism with the locking bellow and then fixed to the microscope by inflating the “reactor” bellow. The substrate can be heated from behind by electron bombardment using a tungsten

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• in significant changes in the film’s characteristics [19][20]. Roy et al. conducted a study on polycrystalline Fe3O4 films on Si and SiO2/Si substrates. Their findings revealed that the value of the Gilbert damping parameter is significantly higher in Fe3O4/Si films compared to Fe3O4/SiO2/Si films

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• -augmented plane-wave basis (PAW) [31][32]. Dispersion forces are included through Grimmes D3 method [33] with Becke–Jonson damping [34] (IVDW = 12). Further, we include non-spherical contributions from the gradient corrections inside the PAW spheres (LASPH = .TRUE.). For all slab calculations, the lowest

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• state for long durations and only need to be reformed occasionally. Energy damping: Depending on the structural layers for the biomimetic adhesives, there could be significant internal energy damping for energy absorption, that is, highly viscoelastic fibers and energy dissipation as heat during

The effect of age on the attachment ability of stick insects (Phasmatodea)

• Marie Grote,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 867–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.72

• investigation using fluorescence microscopy. Resilin-containing structures within the claws could potentially work as damping mechanisms to reduce wear and risk of damage [69]. Claws are presumed to be more resistant to wear than the soft and pliable adhesive pads [68][71]. Most claw breakages were observed at

Enhancing higher-order modal response in multifrequency atomic force microscopy with a coupled cantilever system

• Wendong Sun,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Yanan Chen,
• Zhipeng Dou,
• Rui Lin,
• Peng Cheng,
• Xiaodong Gao,
• Quan Yuan and
• Yifan Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.57

• . More details about the derivation process can be found in [19]. The final result for the transfer function G of the infinite product expansion is obtained as: where s is the (complex) Laplace variable, and m is the mass per unit length. EI and c are the flexural stiffness and the damping coefficient

• the coupling ability of the coupled system. In addition, it is inevitable that environmental damping has an effect on the results. Experimental exploration of optimal conditions Through preliminary sweeping experiments, we obtained the frequencies of the left-side length l at 1.50, 2.00, 2.50, 2.75

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• opposite direction (negative magnetic fields) It makes Heff on layer 2 negative even when µ0H is slightly positive; it becomes more negative during the downward sweep of µ0H. The damping term in the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert–Slonczewski equation increases as Heff becomes larger. Therefore, as long as

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• interferometric and beam-deflection detectors of motion are sufficient to resolve the thermal noise force determined by the damping of the cantilever eigenmode in thermal equilibrium with its environment. Operation in high vacuum and at cryogenic temperatures reduces this force noise, improving sensitivity to the

• temperature of the mechanical mode, and the damping coefficient is expressed as the product of the effective mass meff and the linewidth γm of the mechanical resonance. Decreasing temperature and damping improves force sensitivity. It is important to understand the sources of damping for cryogenic AFM, where

• cantilevers oscillate in vacuum. Force sensitivity will improve with smaller meff only if mechanisms of damping, such as clamping loss and surface effects, do not increase disproportionately. The detection scheme imprints the mechanical motion into the field of the microwave resonator, leading to motional

Ferromagnetic resonance spectra of linear magnetosome chains

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.15

• chain, the distance between the centers of neighboring particles, the mutual orientation of the cubic axes of particle anisotropy, and the value of the magnetic damping constant is studied. It is shown that FMR spectra of non-oriented chain assemblies depend on the average particle diameter at a fixed

• thickness of the lipid magnetosome membrane, as well as on the value of the magnetic damping constant. At the same time, they are practically independent of the number Np of particles in the chain under the condition Np ≥ 10. The FMR spectra of non-oriented assemblies of magnetosome chains are compared with

• of the i-th single-domain nanoparticle of the chain is governed by the stochastic Landau–Lifshitz equation [29][30][31][32], where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio, γ1 = γ/(1 + κ2), κ is the magnetic damping constant, is the effective magnetic field, and is the thermal field. The effective magnetic

Current-induced mechanical torque in chiral molecular rotors

• Richard Korytár and
• Ferdinand Evers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 711–721, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.57

• delivers the equation for a rotor in the limit m = 0. We have added a phenomenological damping term to the EOM (which does not follow from the conservative Lagrangian formalism). The damping term is zero in all numerical results of this work unless stated explicitly. When V = γ = 0, the equation expresses

• EOM dimensionless, where now the dots indicate differentiation with respect to and we defined , which is a quantity of the order of unity, and is a dimensionless damping rate. Notice the appearance of the small parameter , which, however, is here often multiplied by the large velocity . EOM for the

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• practically independently of one another. Thus, particles do not interact directly with each other in our model. However, each particle interacts with the setae via the liquid. Due to strong damping, each particle tends to equilibrate its speed with the local velocity of the liquid. This velocity, in turn, is

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• contributions to the plasmon damping of different scattering phenomena, the different scattering processes of the oscillating plasmons, and the screening between the plasmons and the restoring nuclear forces [33][34]. The proximity among LSPR-active nanoparticles is also a major factor. Indeed, combined effects

• Equation 3 to the general constitutive relation for a linear isotropic material given by Equation 4, we get the relation in Equation 5. εr is the relative permittivity of the material and ε0 the permittivity of free space. For frequencies close to ωp, the temporal duration of damping (quantified by the

• product of ωτ, where τ is the relaxation time of the free electron gas) is much higher than unity, thus leading to an approximation that there is no damping. Hence ignoring the damping term in Equation 5, we get It follows also that under plasmon resonance conditions ε1 < −εm, εm is the dielectric

A distributed active patch antenna model of a Josephson oscillator

• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 151–164, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.16

• sine-Gordon equation, It follows from Equation 1 and Equation 2, taking into account the ac-Josephson relation, V = (Φ0/2π)∂η/∂t. Equation 3 is written in a dimensionless form with space, = x/λJ, normalized by λJ,and time, = ωpt, by the Josephson plasma frequency, ωp. Here α is the QP damping factor

• saturation of the amplitude for α→0, although at a value of 4 instead of π. Thus, Equation 30 provides a simple and sufficiently good approximation for a significantly broader range of damping parameters than Equation 25. Input resistance For the practically most important velocity matching mode, kn = k

• radiative losses, Using definitions of α and Q, we can introduce a total damping factor where the total resistance is Thus, to include radiative losses, α and RQP in the equations above should be replaced by αtot and Rtot. For the n-th cavity mode resonance we obtain, For the most important velocity

Nonlinear features of the superconductor–ferromagnet–superconductor φ₀ Josephson junction in the ferromagnetic resonance region

• Aliasghar Janalizadeh,
• Ilhom R. Rahmonov,
• Sara A. Abdelmoneim,
• Yury M. Shukrinov and
• Mohammad R. Kolahchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1155–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.97

• characteristics of a φ0 Josephson junction in the ferromagnetic resonance region. We show that at small values of the system parameters damping, spin–orbit interaction, and Josephson-to-magnetic energy ratio, the magnetic dynamics is reduced to the dynamics of a scalar Duffing oscillator driven by the Josephson

• oscillations. The role of the increasing superconducting current in the resonance region is clarified. Shifting of the ferromagnetic resonant frequency and the reversal of its damping dependence due to nonlinearity are demonstrated by the full Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert–Josephson system of equations and in its

• oscillator describes several effects in other models, too [17]. One example are the resonance effects in the antiferromagnetic bimeron in response to an alternating current, which has applications in the detection of weak signals [15][18][19]. The Gilbert damping term is added phenomenologically to the