Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• observed; height and stem diameter of plants fertilized with CLIMf2-U5M and CLIMf3.5-U5M materials were larger than in those materials modified with DAP alone. This behaviour is consistent with the proposed surface coating mechanism of urea, where it acts as a physical barrier to limit the disproportionate

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• correlation coefficient (r). Schematic presentation of polycatechol polymerization. (a) Anticipated mechanism of ʟ-tyrosine and ʟ-dopamine polymerization and (b) proposed non-covalent interactions between monomers in oxidative polymerization of ʟ-dopamine and hydroxylated ʟ-tyrosine. Figure 1 was redrawn from

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• . Core nanodot unit To describe the basic operational mechanism of the ferroelectric reservoir introduced in Figure 1, we now examine its elementary building block, the ferroelectric nanodot. Figure 2 illustrates the structure and the nonlinear switching behavior of a single nanodot under external

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• mechanism. While, in femtosecond pulses, due to their ultrashort nature, the energy is deposited instantaneously into the material. This enables non-thermal ablation, where ionisation and photomechanical effects dominate the material’s response [163][164]. The role of temporal beam shaping in PLAL In this

• ]. At high laser fluences, the phase explosion mechanism can occur. The comparison of the different pulse durations, typical parameters, and the associated PLAL mechanisms are summarised in Table 1. Regarding the values displayed in Table 1, the same optical system is assumed consisting of a processing

Calculation of the dynamic stiffness of a cantilever under torsional oscillation

• Keita Nishida,
• Yuuki Yasui and
• Yoshiaki Sugimoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 303–308, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.21

• : atomic force microscopy; dynamic stiffness; energy dissipation; friction; torsional oscillation mode; Introduction Friction serves as a fundamental mechanism of energy dissipation [1]. While friction typically arises from direct mechanical contact between surfaces, energy dissipation can also occur even

• underlying deformation mechanism. Here, we calculated the dynamic stiffness of cantilevers with tips in torsional oscillation using the equivalent spring-moment of inertia model. Then we found that the dynamic stiffness should be modified by 21–23% when the tip is considered. Dissipated energy is derived

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• devices [23][24][25]. To modify quasiparticles relaxation mechanism, one of the most promising strategies involves engineering hybrid heterostructures in which the superconducting layer (S) is brought into contact with a normal metal (N) or a ferromagnetic layer (F). Several studies have shown that, in S

• the flux-flow instability is strongly influenced by the quality of the sample edges, the estimation of an intrinsic quasiparticle relaxation time from Equation 1 is justified only when the field dependence of the critical current evidences a dominant edge-barrier pinning mechanism. In this regime, the

• magnetic field, HSAT, that is, the field beyond which the jumps disappear and the transition to the normal state occurs smoothly. The values are = 0.9 T and = 1.2 T. To gain insight into the pinning mechanism at play, the behavior of the critical current density Jc = Ic/wd as a function of the external

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• ][11][12], which first demonstrated tip-induced electrochemical modification of semiconductor surfaces and even early device structures [13]. These STM works established the fundamental mechanism later adopted and expanded by AFM-based approaches. LAO utilizes an AFM to generate localized oxidation

• technique. 2.1 Mechanism of LAO The key to LAO lies in the formation of a nanoscale water meniscus between the AFM tip and the sample surface, as depicted in Figure 1b. Under ambient humidity, the water layer serves as an electrolyte, enabling electrochemical reactions. When a positive voltage is applied to

• field, achieved by assembling the heterostructures on conductive graphite flakes. They suggest that the mechanism of electrical breakdown may play a more significant role than previously assumed, potentially overshadowing the electrochemical reactions traditionally attributed to the process. Although

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• are currently explored for various biomedical applications, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and the improvement of antiviral drug delivery systems [5][6]. In some cases, the antimicrobial properties of NPs lead to creation of new “nano-antimicrobial” materials [7]. The mechanism by which

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• the observed reaction rate under otherwise kinetically favorable conditions [52]. Second, excessive catalyst loading can promote recombination or quenching of reactive oxygen species generated on the Au/rGO surface. As demonstrated in the proposed ODH mechanism (Figure 14), Au/rGO activates O2 to form

• , which were not retained by the used MN 615 1/4 cellulose filter paper with 4.0–12.0 µm pore sizes [53]. These results unambiguously demonstrate that the reaction proceeds via a truly heterogeneous catalytic mechanism, with Au nanoparticles remaining immobilized on the rGO support throughout the reaction

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• ambient route as the main mechanism for oxidation of the Cu, where oxygen is penetrating through/underneath the graphene. The corresponding depth profile plots for the four samples are shown in Figure 3e. The extent of oxygen permeation under the graphene is similar for the three samples where oxygen was

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles of nanocarriers in clinical applications [15]. The functional mechanism of CRNs (Figure 2) is designed to enhance the selectivity and efficacy of anticancer drug delivery systems, along with their behaviour in response to the acidic environment of

• performance in targeted and controlled drug delivery (Table 1). The detailed mechanism of CRNs in response to various environmental stimuli is described in Figure 3. 2.1 pH-responsive charge-reversible nanocarriers When exposed to the acidic cancer microenvironment (pH 6.5–6.8), CRNs undergo a pH-sensitive

• lysosomes. Upon bond cleavage, the nanoparticles undergo a surface charge shift by exposing cationic groups, which significantly enhances cellular adsorption and uptake. This charge-switching mechanism, exemplified by PEG-b-poly(ʟ-lysine)-hydrazone- doxorubicin micelles from the cited study, enables

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• (nonincubated with cells). The experiments were performed three times on at least six replicates from each sample. Cell uptake assessment of nanoliposomes in the presence of transport pathways inhibitors In order to determine the exact mechanism of cellular internalization, uptake experiments were also

• intensive but excels in fractionating samples under optimal flow and separation conditions. This method is distinguished by gentle separation conditions and a wide operational range. Unlike conventional chromatography, AF4 does not utilize a stationary phase. The separation mechanism involves a longitudinal

• . Cell uptake assessment of nanoliposomes in the presence of transport pathway inhibitors In order to have insights into the mechanism of internalization of the NLs, as well as to better understand and correlate with previously presented quantitative results for cell internalization at 37 °C, uptake

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• is a semi-empirical model that encompasses release profiles of drugs through polymeric chains when the governing mechanism is a combination of Fickian and non-Fickian mechanisms: where Q is the amount of dose released at time t, k is the release rate constant, and n is the exponent. 2.3.5 Atomic

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• charge storage mechanism in rGO materials cannot be described as a typical “staging mechanism”. Conclusion In this paper, the authors presented preliminary data on variants of the thermal reduction of reduced graphene oxide paper for an optimized synthesis as an electrode material. The applied methods

• partial elimination occurred with the preservation of the ketone-related band near ≈1800 cm−1. Thus, the charge storage mechanism via redox reactions involving these functionalities was enabled, promoting the application of the material as lithium- or sodium-ion energy storage material [54]. Moreover, the

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• ], the underlying mechanism still needs to be explored. Conclusion – Remarks and Perspectives The field of research on chiral plasmonic nanostructures (cPNSs) is rapidly expanding. The colloidal synthesis of cPNSs using chiral molecules has reached a stage where new shapes are being developed to target

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors operate through a simple and effective mechanism in five key steps: (i) An electromagnetic field at the metal–dielectric interface excites coherent electron oscillations in the metal; (ii) this leads to the generation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs; i.e., oscillating

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• integration into antenna slots without the need for microwave feed lines (e.g., microstrip or coplanar lines), thus simplifying the design and preventing signal degradation at higher frequencies [12]. Furthermore, the natural electron cooling mechanism in CEBs [13][14][15] is highly suitable for operation

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• key mechanism in remote lakes besides direct input [7]. Groundwater modeling methods have been instrumental in describing the transport and fate of contaminants, including MPs, in subsurface environments. Numerical methods such as MODFLOW coupled with transport methods such as MT3DMS and RT3D are

• glaciers has been identified as a distinct mechanism for MPs in the ecosystems of the Himalayas. MPs trapped in glacier ice are released as it melts, subsequently entering freshwater streams and lakes downstream [23]. Recently sampling in Pangong Lake and Beas catchment [2] has linked MP presence to

• them are new electrochemical technologies, membrane separation technologies, microbial technologies, and AOPs. The efficiency, mechanism, strengths, weaknesses, and applications of each technology are utilized to assess each technology. These technologies are indicative of the multidimensional

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• approximately 20%, unlike the one order of magnitude in the case of graphene. Our understanding is that, in the h-BN junctions with and without Stone–Wales defect, the dominant transport mechanism is tunneling, which is not affected significantly by interaction of the h-BN with Stone–Wales defect with the Pt

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• bacterial cell wall and cell disruption when the NCs enter into the cell [39]. Thus, induction of apoptosis in bacterial cells occurs, resulting in an inevitable antibacterial mechanism of action. The data shows that the synthesized NCs in the study can be used as an antimicrobial agent in various

• radicals by donating electrons, thereby stabilizing these reactive species and mitigating potential cellular damage. The primary mechanism of action for the synthesized nanoparticles in this study is likely to involve electron donation to the DPPH radical [50]. Consistent with the DPPH results, the FRAP

• scavenging data, the FRAP outcome supports a dual-mechanism antioxidant model (both radical quenching and electron transfer). This suggests that the surface chemistry of AgSbS2 NCs effectively mediates both redox and radical-based pathways, making them promising candidates for applications requiring moderate

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• (Figure 2B–D). With the free vibration amplitude of the eigenmode being low, this inherent damping mechanism ensures that superimposed vibrations do not significantly perturb the peak force magnitude during tip–sample interaction. Second, the dedicated signal processing scheme detailed in Section

• processes [6][26], complementing the absolute force measurements obtained from the quasi-static PeakForce feedback loop. This dual-mechanism approach enables the detection of a broad range of near-surface properties, including elastic modulus, viscoelasticity, and dissipation, greatly enhancing material

• -eigenmode oscillation acts as a highly sensitive sensor for detecting the aforementioned interaction gradients. Employing low oscillation amplitudes under modal vibration conditions is a well-established strategy that has been proven to further enhance sensitivity [26][27][28]. The underlying mechanism is

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• structures on their feet [1][2]. This bioadhesion mechanism has been studied extensively, especially for biomimetic adhesive applications [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Understanding these interactions presents a formidable challenge in biophysics and materials science due to the extremely small length and time

• final detachment. This two-stage detachment mechanism, where the pad peels off first, followed by the tip, is clearly visible in the contact profile, where the number of contacts sharply dropped to a non-zero plateau before eventually dropping to zero. The animations in Supporting Information File 2

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• pores. The pore formation on the shell surface is a potential mechanism for regulating the release of the core content [56][57]. A biomedical scaffold must possess suitable pore size and a high level of porosity. The porosity of the scaffold in tissue engineering applications should be adequate. A study

• of the core, suggests a viable mechanism for the controlled release of active ingredients through diffusion. The high surface hydrophobicity of the nanofibers, confirmed by contact angle measurements, reinforces their potential use in applications that require low tissue adhesion, such as non

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• of inspiration for developing biomimetic adhesives. However, a thorough understanding of their composition and operating mechanism is essential for advancing such applications. Sabellariid tubeworms are model organisms in bioadhesion research, and their adhesive system has been characterized in