Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• . Additionally, it reduces trap-state capture, forming a dual-pathway mechanism that improves overall device performance. This results in better interfacial energy-level alignment and reduced interfacial recombination, increasing the PCE from 16.20% to 19.25%. Under aging conditions of 25 °C and 30% RH for 30

• iodine vacancy (PbI2) accumulation at grain boundary cracks, slowing efficiency degradation from 55% to 19%. Thus, BEF-induced directional charge transport is the critical mechanism behind the improved performance and stability. Although HTL-based strategies for enhancing the BEF can, to varying degrees

• additional vertical BEF that promoted carrier separation and directional transport. In HTL-free devices, this modification increased Voc to ≈1.05 V and PCE to nearly 19%. The mechanism involves enhanced directional transport via the p–n homojunction-induced BEF, while reducing trap-state capture by lowering

Probing tribological evolution in atomically thin MoS₂ at different scales

• Xingzhong Zeng and
• Miao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 586–597, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.40

• atomic lattice site until the lateral force overcomes interfacial interactions, followed by an instantaneous “slip” to the next stable site [9]. This stick–slip motion is widely regarded as the elementary mechanism of energy dissipation in nanoscale friction, underpinning efforts to understand energy

• fundamental mechanistic understanding of sub-nanoscale stick–slip motion. The strengthening effect is a prevalent phenomenon observed in atomically thin 2D materials [18][19]. Its underlying mechanism is generally attributed to either the puckering effect or the evolution of interfacial contact quality, two

• suggested correlations with the in-plane motion of the AFM tip [11], as well as the interfacial contact area and contact geometry [12]. However, the intrinsic mechanism governing this sub-nanoscale friction behavior remains poorly understood, largely due to the lack of direct experimental observations and

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• intermediate organic products detected and the reaction route, it was determined that hydroxyl radicals, HO·, play the major role in the oxidation mechanism during the photodegradation reaction. To obtain more information about the photocatalytic oxidation mechanism of ketoprofen in this work, the importance

• 60 min of reaction, and 90% of the total carbon was mineralized. In addition, it was determined that hydroxyl radicals play an important role in the photocatalytic reaction mechanism. Experimental Material synthesis The synthesis of co-doped TiO2 was carried out through the sol–gel method. The

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• electrons is similar to that of protons. This result suggests a proton-coupled electron-transfer mechanism for CPR oxidation. Effect of scan rate and kinetic analysis The effect of scan rate on the electrochemical response of CPR at MIL-101/rGO(3.3)/GCE was examined over the range of 0.05–0.40 V·s−1 (Figure

• different concentration ratios. The oxidation mechanism of CPR at MIL-101/rGO/CGE. The composition for MIL-101/rGO. Comparison of the analytical performance of the proposed MIL-101/rGO/GCE with previously reported electrochemical sensors for CPR determination. Determination and recovery of CPR in commercial

Fractional shot noise of an SU(N) Kondo system

• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 515–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.34

• understanding a large variety of intricate many-body problems. Potential applications are also relevant. Let us just mention a few: The Kondo effect can be used, for example, as conductance control mechanism [5][17], in probing magnetic interactions [18], or, when polarized electrodes are connected, also for

Probing internal continua and atomic ultrafast charge transfer within size-controlled nanoparticles by post-collision interaction in core-hole clock spectroscopy

• Johannes Lütgert,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Nomi L. A. N. Sorgenfrei and
• Alexander Föhlisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 505–514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.33

• layers. The pronounced thickness dependence raises the question of the underlying mechanism responsible for the differences in the charge transfer times: Is the observed trend caused by changes in the quantum confinement, or does it arise from the coexistence of competing charge transfer channels? Charge

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• purely adiabatic descriptions. The mechanism of this process is still poorly understood and requires more detailed studies, particularly on surfaces of semiconductors. Another factor that affects the mechanism and kinetics of oxidation is the exothermicity of the reaction. The O2 incorporation into S

• vacancy clusters is highly exothermic and should be accompanied by dissipation of about 8.6 eV on the WS2 surface [62]. Modelling the mechanism of this dissipation is a complex problem. In addition to creating heat and electron–hole pairs, it may involve desorption of atoms and molecules, such as SO2 [60

• layers was predicted to be very high [62], hampering the vacancy diffusion mechanism. Nevertheless, a relatively thick native oxide layer can still form on otherwise stable HfS2 after plasma oxidation. In this process, O ions are believed to permeate through grain boundaries between small crystals and

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• , exploiting its cationic nature, which promotes electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged stratum corneum. This mechanism underlies its well-established bioadhesive behaviour, as well as its antimicrobial and wound-healing properties, which have been widely reported in the literature [32]. The

First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint

• Guomin Hua

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29

• mechanism can be attributed to the simultaneous improvements of oriented Young’s modulus and ductility of (CuxNi1−x)3Sn, achieved by Ni alloying. But higher Ni content beyond the thermodynamically stable domain of (CuxNi1−x)3Sn will deteriorate the interfacial mechanical properties by mechanical or

• /Cu interfaces reveal that the tensile moduli and UTS monotonically increase with the increase of Ni content. The work of adhesion and interfacial toughness increase with the increase of Ni content within the thermodynamically stable domain of (CuxNi1−x)3Sn; thus, the mechanism responsible for the

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• carrier for other heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Pb, Co or Ni into the cells – a so-called Trojan Horse mechanism. Using an ensemble learning approach that implements gradient boosting and bagging algorithms, four models were developed (i.e., a random forest, AdaBoost, Gradient Boost, and Extreme Gradient

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• reduced systemic toxicity [1]. Among emerging treatments, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has garnered considerable attention due to its minimally invasive nature, spatiotemporal control, and ability to selectively destroy tumor tissues while sparing healthy cells [2]. PDT operates through a unique mechanism

• one ROS type frequently triggers cascades leading to others, making the distinction primarily about the predominant mechanism rather than exclusivity. Efficacy and safety of PDT are largely determined by the PS’s properties [20]. An ideal PS must exhibit a high absorption coefficient in the near

• -fold higher tumor accumulation than their uncoated counterparts with identical cores, attributable solely to superior circulation half-life and EPR potentiation [82][83][84]. While EPR is a universal mechanism for nanocarriers, the significant enhancement provided by biomimetic coatings, particularly

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• observed; height and stem diameter of plants fertilized with CLIMf2-U5M and CLIMf3.5-U5M materials were larger than in those materials modified with DAP alone. This behaviour is consistent with the proposed surface coating mechanism of urea, where it acts as a physical barrier to limit the disproportionate

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• correlation coefficient (r). Schematic presentation of polycatechol polymerization. (a) Anticipated mechanism of ʟ-tyrosine and ʟ-dopamine polymerization and (b) proposed non-covalent interactions between monomers in oxidative polymerization of ʟ-dopamine and hydroxylated ʟ-tyrosine. Figure 1 was redrawn from

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• . Core nanodot unit To describe the basic operational mechanism of the ferroelectric reservoir introduced in Figure 1, we now examine its elementary building block, the ferroelectric nanodot. Figure 2 illustrates the structure and the nonlinear switching behavior of a single nanodot under external

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• mechanism. While, in femtosecond pulses, due to their ultrashort nature, the energy is deposited instantaneously into the material. This enables non-thermal ablation, where ionisation and photomechanical effects dominate the material’s response [163][164]. The role of temporal beam shaping in PLAL In this

• ]. At high laser fluences, the phase explosion mechanism can occur. The comparison of the different pulse durations, typical parameters, and the associated PLAL mechanisms are summarised in Table 1. Regarding the values displayed in Table 1, the same optical system is assumed consisting of a processing

Calculation of the dynamic stiffness of a cantilever under torsional oscillation

• Keita Nishida,
• Yuuki Yasui and
• Yoshiaki Sugimoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 303–308, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.21

• : atomic force microscopy; dynamic stiffness; energy dissipation; friction; torsional oscillation mode; Introduction Friction serves as a fundamental mechanism of energy dissipation [1]. While friction typically arises from direct mechanical contact between surfaces, energy dissipation can also occur even

• underlying deformation mechanism. Here, we calculated the dynamic stiffness of cantilevers with tips in torsional oscillation using the equivalent spring-moment of inertia model. Then we found that the dynamic stiffness should be modified by 21–23% when the tip is considered. Dissipated energy is derived

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• devices [23][24][25]. To modify quasiparticles relaxation mechanism, one of the most promising strategies involves engineering hybrid heterostructures in which the superconducting layer (S) is brought into contact with a normal metal (N) or a ferromagnetic layer (F). Several studies have shown that, in S

• the flux-flow instability is strongly influenced by the quality of the sample edges, the estimation of an intrinsic quasiparticle relaxation time from Equation 1 is justified only when the field dependence of the critical current evidences a dominant edge-barrier pinning mechanism. In this regime, the

• magnetic field, HSAT, that is, the field beyond which the jumps disappear and the transition to the normal state occurs smoothly. The values are = 0.9 T and = 1.2 T. To gain insight into the pinning mechanism at play, the behavior of the critical current density Jc = Ic/wd as a function of the external

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• ][11][12], which first demonstrated tip-induced electrochemical modification of semiconductor surfaces and even early device structures [13]. These STM works established the fundamental mechanism later adopted and expanded by AFM-based approaches. LAO utilizes an AFM to generate localized oxidation

• technique. 2.1 Mechanism of LAO The key to LAO lies in the formation of a nanoscale water meniscus between the AFM tip and the sample surface, as depicted in Figure 1b. Under ambient humidity, the water layer serves as an electrolyte, enabling electrochemical reactions. When a positive voltage is applied to

• field, achieved by assembling the heterostructures on conductive graphite flakes. They suggest that the mechanism of electrical breakdown may play a more significant role than previously assumed, potentially overshadowing the electrochemical reactions traditionally attributed to the process. Although

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• are currently explored for various biomedical applications, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and the improvement of antiviral drug delivery systems [5][6]. In some cases, the antimicrobial properties of NPs lead to creation of new “nano-antimicrobial” materials [7]. The mechanism by which

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• the observed reaction rate under otherwise kinetically favorable conditions [52]. Second, excessive catalyst loading can promote recombination or quenching of reactive oxygen species generated on the Au/rGO surface. As demonstrated in the proposed ODH mechanism (Figure 14), Au/rGO activates O2 to form

• , which were not retained by the used MN 615 1/4 cellulose filter paper with 4.0–12.0 µm pore sizes [53]. These results unambiguously demonstrate that the reaction proceeds via a truly heterogeneous catalytic mechanism, with Au nanoparticles remaining immobilized on the rGO support throughout the reaction

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• ambient route as the main mechanism for oxidation of the Cu, where oxygen is penetrating through/underneath the graphene. The corresponding depth profile plots for the four samples are shown in Figure 3e. The extent of oxygen permeation under the graphene is similar for the three samples where oxygen was

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles of nanocarriers in clinical applications [15]. The functional mechanism of CRNs (Figure 2) is designed to enhance the selectivity and efficacy of anticancer drug delivery systems, along with their behaviour in response to the acidic environment of

• performance in targeted and controlled drug delivery (Table 1). The detailed mechanism of CRNs in response to various environmental stimuli is described in Figure 3. 2.1 pH-responsive charge-reversible nanocarriers When exposed to the acidic cancer microenvironment (pH 6.5–6.8), CRNs undergo a pH-sensitive

• lysosomes. Upon bond cleavage, the nanoparticles undergo a surface charge shift by exposing cationic groups, which significantly enhances cellular adsorption and uptake. This charge-switching mechanism, exemplified by PEG-b-poly(ʟ-lysine)-hydrazone- doxorubicin micelles from the cited study, enables

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• (nonincubated with cells). The experiments were performed three times on at least six replicates from each sample. Cell uptake assessment of nanoliposomes in the presence of transport pathways inhibitors In order to determine the exact mechanism of cellular internalization, uptake experiments were also

• intensive but excels in fractionating samples under optimal flow and separation conditions. This method is distinguished by gentle separation conditions and a wide operational range. Unlike conventional chromatography, AF4 does not utilize a stationary phase. The separation mechanism involves a longitudinal

• . Cell uptake assessment of nanoliposomes in the presence of transport pathway inhibitors In order to have insights into the mechanism of internalization of the NLs, as well as to better understand and correlate with previously presented quantitative results for cell internalization at 37 °C, uptake

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• is a semi-empirical model that encompasses release profiles of drugs through polymeric chains when the governing mechanism is a combination of Fickian and non-Fickian mechanisms: where Q is the amount of dose released at time t, k is the release rate constant, and n is the exponent. 2.3.5 Atomic

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6