Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• -sectional scanning electron microscopy images can be found in [32]. The top view of the piezo/photodiode device is given in Figure 1a, where the inset represents the cross section of the device stack. Owing to the integration of PZT with silicon processing and operation at low voltages, this device can be

• inset represents the cross section of the device stack. (b) Time-dependent topography scan showing height variation under alternating illumination, and (c) corresponding time-dependent CPD under alternating illumination. (d) Temporal behavior of displacement and CPD obtained from averaging multiple

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

• Doan Nhat Giang,
• Nhat Minh Nguyen,
• Duc Anh Ngo,
• Thanh Trang Tran,
• Le Thai Duy,
• Cong Khanh Tran,
• Thi Thanh Van Tran,
• Phan Phuong Ha La and
• Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

• -emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) image of ZnO NRs exhibits nanorods with hexagonal cross section, well aligned with the glass substrate (Figure 1a). Figure 1b indicates that many spherical nanoparticles are formed on the ZnO NRs after spraying the CuO NP solution with a concentration of 0.05 M

Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations

• Michael R. Roenbeck and
• Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83

• across a full fiber cross section. The arrow (bottom left) denotes the longitudinal direction (i.e., fiber axis direction), while the lateral dashed line denotes the line profile in (c). (b) Stiffness map across a full fiber cross section. (c) Representative lateral topography and transverse stiffness

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• application in photothermal LFA. Size-dependent photothermal properties Gold nanoparticles have benefits in the field of diagnostics because of their high absorption cross section, LSPR, ease of preparation, stability, and variable surface chemistry [48]. Most importantly, the high number of synthesis methods

• to CC BY 4.0.). Comparison of absorption spectra of different sizes Au-nanorods (C). Maximum temperature raising profile with respect to absorption cross-section of Au-nanorods (D). (Figure 5C and D was reproduced from [48] (© 2022 J.-P. Sun et al., published by Elsevier, distributed under the terms

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• Nneutral are the number of colliding electrons (intensity of the electron current) and the density of the neutral precursor targets, respectively, L is the collision length, and σion is the cross section for the ion production. The experimental estimate of NCoL2−/NMnL2− from Figure 1 is around 15. This

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• measurements based on scanning probe microscopy (SPM) allow for the analysis of two-dimensional (2D) features at the surface and along a physical cross section of nanoscale semiconductor structures. Among the wide variety of SPM techniques available [3], Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is an application

• reach a higher doping level around 2.5 × 1019 cm−3. Before starting the KPFM analysis, the sample was cleaved, and a surface cleaning was carried out to expose a clean cross section. We performed a chemical treatment based on sequential ultrasonic baths of acetone, ethanol, and deionized water. The

• 5.75 eV. KPFM measurements were performed under dark conditions and under illumination on the cross section of the sample. The acquisition of VCPD/light enables the evaluation of the surface photovoltage (SPV), which is defined as the light-induced change of the contact potential difference at the

Thermal transport in kinked nanowires through simulation

• Alexander N. Robillard,
• Graham W. Gibson and
• Ralf Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 586–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.49

• each other. This results in an unusually large cross section at the knee and also aggravates potential sintering problems. This effect is related to wire length and radii as these factors determine when the wire will begin to merge onto itself at the knee. It is notable that the scale of the effects

• . The thermal conductance of these 2D systems was extrapolated to 3D by assuming a square cross section for the wire. In addition, we have varied the scattering rate to allow us to see how much ballistic transport impacts thermal conductance in the systems. The dashed purple line in Figure 5 shows the

• wider cross section at the knee. In the extreme cases towards 90° kink angle, the straight portions of the wire nearly contact each other and the result is a rather short, nearly straight wire with a large wire attached perpendicularly at the middle. As such, results for values above 65° of kink should

On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• application areas as an in-line process analysis and control method [9][10][11][12]. Raman spectroscopy is particularly suited to the analysis of graphitic materials because of the large scattering cross section of graphitic materials and the large amount of information obtainable from a single measurement

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

• Manuela Rebora,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Silvana Piersanti,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41

• ). Along the upper surface of the scale, the longitudinal ridges run orthogonal with respect to the herringbone pattern floor (Figure 4b,c,f,g). The cuticular microribs along the ridges appear in the cross section as small lateral globular bulges (Figure 4c,d,f,g). We did not observe any clear difference

• the rest of epidermal cells, are occasionally visible between them (arrows). The cuticular microribs (arrow heads) along the ridges (R) appear in the cross section as small lateral globular bulges. Tarsal black and white scales of Aedes albopictus female in a light microscope. (a) Dry white scales

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

• of the absorbance of a plasmonic nanoparticle is done by calculation of its optical cross sections and specifically the extinction cross section, which includes the absorption as well as the scattering cross section. A few examples of the same will be discussed to compare the differences that need to

• where the incident electric field is assumed to be spatially uniform. This assumption is valid only for wavelengths much larger than the particle size. The extinction cross section, which is the result of this modelling and which is an expression summing up absorption and scattering of the incident

• coefficient (σext) is introduced as: where Cext is the extinction cross section. On substituting for the polarizability, the final expression for the extinction cross section [57] for a spherical particle interacting with light is arrived at as where a and εm are the particle size and dielectric constant of

Batch preparation of nanofibers containing nanoparticles by an electrospinning device with multiple air inlets

• Dong Wei,
• Chengwei Ye,
• Adnan Ahmed and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 141–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.15

• expanding the practical application of functional nanofibers in the future. Diagram of EMAI (a); 3D diagram of the copper porous spinneret (b) and its corresponding longitudinal section (c) as well as cross section (d). EMAI spinning processes at different air flow rates (150 m3/h (a), 100 m3/h (b), 50 m3/h

Characterisation of a micrometer-scale active plasmonic element by means of complementary computational and experimental methods

• Ciarán Barron,
• Giulia Di Fazio,
• Samuel Kenny,
• Silas O’Toole,
• Robin O’Reilly and
• Dominic Zerulla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 110–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.12

• layer of silver. Applying a current through the silver layer results in increased heating at the constriction due to the reduced cross section. Consequently, given the dependence of the materials electric permittivity on temperature, the optical response will change locally. In this work, we have

Combining physical vapor deposition structuration with dealloying for the creation of a highly efficient SERS platform

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Walter Puglisi,
• Damien Thiry,
• Cristina Satriano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.10

• cross-section SEM images in Figure 1d–f). The top view images (Figure 1a–c) reveal the presence of dispersed hexagonal columns. A possible explanation for the formation of the hexagonal structure is due to the Guinier–Preston (GP) zone of the silver–aluminum alloy system [31]. The GP zone induces the

• images of the nanolayers are available in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1. The SEM micrographs of the dealloyed thin films are shown in Figure 2. After 10 min in HCl, pores appear on the top of the Ag–Al thin film (Figure 2a) whereas no changes are observed in the cross-section images (Figure 2e

• ). These small pores highlight the early dealloying stage and the propagating front at the grain boundaries [38]. After 30 min in HCl, bigger pores are formed (Figure 2b) and the cross-section image shows structures made of a porous and full layers (Figure 2f). After 60 min of dealloying, the initial

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

• Roger Cattaneo,
• Mikhail A. Galin and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

• . Each segment contains eight overlap-type JJs with the area 6 × 6 μm2. This can be seen from the close-up shown in the left panel of Figure 1a. The distance between nearby junction centers is 12 μm. A cross section of the junctions is sketched in the bottom-left panel of Figure 1c. The linear array

• array in (a) contains seven meandering sections with N = 1000 JJs in each. The linear array in (c) contains five straight lines with N = 332 JJs in each. The right panels represent corresponding closeups (top view). The bottom-left part in (c) shows a sketch of the junction cross section with Nb in

Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures

• Matthias Mail,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Lars Heepe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1370–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.113

• submerging the sample in 5 mm water depth. A top view image as well as a cross section of the air–water interface is shown. The dark parts in the top view image represent the MSM, the bright parts show the air–water interface in between. Also in the cross section the air–water interface is represented by the

• bright areas of the image while the MSM in between appear darker. It could be seen that the shape of the air layer is almost completely flat. c) Results of the measurement of the same sample after 2 weeks under water. Still the air–water interface is spanned between the tips of the MSM. The cross section

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• a well-defined geometry with a uniform rectangular cross section along their entire length. This particular morphology makes them a strong candidate for providing a thorough understanding of dimensionally confined transport phenomena, as presented in SnO2 NBs. Moreover, strain-induced polarization

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• center spider). Its fingerprint-like outmost surface structure has an approximately sinusoidal cross section with a periodicity of 200–300 nm and a height (amplitude) of approx. 200 nm. During the combing process, the nanofibers are pulled orthogonally over these nanoripples. It was shown that the

• identical with a laterally shifted sine function), that is, It has to be emphasized that, if the periodic modulation on the surface has a sinusoidal cross section but the fiber is not orthogonally oriented to these ridges, the cross section under an angle is still represented by a cosine function with same

• drawn in blue. Surface and fiber are mathematically modelled by two functions, f(x) and w(x), respectively. The cross section of the surface is sinusoidal with a period of 2λ and an amplitude of a. A fiber on top of the surface is deflected partially due to van der Waals interactions. The point of

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

Analytical and numerical design of a hybrid Fabry–Perot plano-concave microcavity for hexagonal boron nitride

• Felipe Ortiz-Huerta and
• Karina Garay-Palmett

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1030–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.90

• microcavity is also an open-access cavity. Conceptual design shows cross-section of hybrid plano-concave microcavity with a 2D hBN layer inside on top of a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR). Fabrication steps of hybrid microcavity. (a) hBN layer positioned on top of DBR. (b) Concave polymer shape is

• fabricated by direct laser writing process. (c) A silver layer is added on top of polymer. Cross-section of hybrid plano-concave microcavity shows the geometrical parameters and the two Gaussian modes inside. Spotsizes W02 and W2 for different values of R2 and L2. Transverse cut of Figure 4 through length L2

Numerical study on all-optical modulation characteristics of quantum cascade lasers

• Biao Wei,
• Haijun Zhou,
• Guangxiang Li and
• Bin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1011–1019, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.88

• equations (FRE) [18] as Equations 1–4 shows, where n0 is the cavity index, gc is the gain cross section, c is the speed of light. ΓP is the optical confinement factor per stage, α is the laser total loss. NP the total number of stages, 1/τk,i is the rate of electron scattered from subband k to subband i, 1

Theoretical investigations of oxygen vacancy effects in nickel-doped zirconia from ab initio XANES spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge

• Dick Hartmann Douma,
• Lodvert Tchibota Poaty,
• Alessio Lamperti,
• Stéphane Kenmoe,
• Abdulrafiu Tunde Raji,
• Alberto Debernardi and
• Bernard M’Passi-Mabiala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 975–985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.85

• are computed using the XSPECTRA code [34], which is a module in the Quantum-ESPRESSO computational package. In the code, the X-ray absorption cross section is modeled in terms of a transition operator coupling initial and final states, which are solutions of the KS equations. For the K-edge

• absorbing atom [34]. Within this pseudopotential approach, the final all-electron wave function is reconstructed from the pseudowave function by means of the projector augmented wave method [43]. The isotropic cross section has been found necessary to calculate XANES spectra, since our relaxed structural

• phase of Ni-doped zirconia is cubic. For a general symmetry, the isotropic electric dipole cross section is obtained by a linear combination of three cross sections calculated along three perpendicular directions of polarization, namely σ(0,0) = 1/3(σxx + σyy + σzz) [44]. In practice, the cross section

Design of a biomimetic, small-scale artificial leaf surface for the study of environmental interactions

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth,
• Lukas Schreiber and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 944–957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.83

• were measured using the cross-section tool (n = 20). Analysis of the chemical composition of wax Fresh leaves were cut from intact plants and immediately processed. To extract the epicuticular waxes of the greenhouse plants, three leaves per leaf age were combined for one replicate and dipped for 20 s

• image, (b) height image. The white line indicates where the cross section in (c) was made. (c) Cross section. On the left side of each image: glass after the removal of the coating, on the right side: structure of the wax coating. Chemical composition of wheat wax. GH: greenhouse plants (n = 15); OD

Efficient liquid exfoliation of KP₁₅ nanowires aided by Hansen's empirical theory

• Zhaoxuan Huang,
• Zhikang Jiang,
• Nan Tian,
• Disheng Yao,
• Fei Long,
• Yanhan Yang and
• Danmin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 788–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.69

• after liquid exfoliation. (e) Width histograms of KP15 nanowires after liquid exfoliation. Sizes of exfoliated KP15 nanowires. (a) Cross section of the KP15 nanowire marked in the upper right corner inset image. (b) Cross section of the KP15 nanowire marked in the upper right corner inset image. (c

• ) Cross section of the KP15 nanowire marked in the upper right corner inset image. (d) Cross section of the KP15 nanowire marked in the upper right corner inset image. Hansen parameters for the solvents [21]. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 10: Strong temperature-dependent Raman

Experimental and theoretical study of field-dependent spin splitting at ferromagnetic insulator–superconductor interfaces

• Peter Machon,
• Michael J. Wolf,
• Detlef Beckmann and
• Wolfgang Belzig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 682–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.60

• = e2/h is the conductance quantum, and G = σNA/d is the conductance of the film (in the direction perpendicular to the interface of cross section A). D and σN are the diffusion constant and the normal-state conductivity of the film, respectively. Note, that due to the normalization condition for

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• explained by the formation of hydrogen bonds between the oxygen-containing groups (methoxy and furyl groups) of BBR and the –OH group of glycerol in water [38]. Morphology and size distribution of BBR NPs The SEM image (Figure 3a) shows that pure BBR forms tightly agglomerated rods with rectangular cross

• section and different sizes in the micrometer range. After the antisolvent precipitation process, the size of BBR NPs was expected to be at the nanoscale. TEM observation shows that the BBR NPs had a uniform rectangular shape with sizes lower than 100 nm (Figure 3b). It also reveals a good dispersion of