Reduced subthreshold swing in a vertical tunnel FET using a low-work-function live metal strip and a low-k material at the drain

• Kalai Selvi Kanagarajan and
• Dhanalakshmi Krishnan Sadhasivan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 713–718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.59

• in an increased flow of i(t) in the device. In the drain–channel region, low-k SiO2 is used. This not only reduces the drain region but also reduces the charge held in the parallel-plate capacitor (gate–drain). Hence, it reduces the undesirable Cgd. Device structure, parameters, and simulation models

• for the simulations. The same models and experimental data have been used for the simulation of proposed structure, and the results are compared. Results and Discussion Electron concentration and electric field The electron concentration for a VTFET with dual low-work-function live strip and a low-k

Enhancing higher-order modal response in multifrequency atomic force microscopy with a coupled cantilever system

• Wendong Sun,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Yanan Chen,
• Zhipeng Dou,
• Rui Lin,
• Peng Cheng,
• Xiaodong Gao,
• Quan Yuan and
• Yifan Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.57

• effect of higher-order modes has not been compared with traditional cantilever beams. Therefore, further simulation analyses and experiments are required to validate the practical application of this model. In this work, all research is based on an enlarged macroscale cantilever, which was proportionally

• the modal response of microscale cantilevers in real-world environments. Comprehensive and realistic simulation and experimentation were conducted to provide a more thorough investigation. Comparing the modal response capability with traditional cantilever beams confirmed the enhanced effect of higher

• the higher-order modal response of the coupled system gradually increases, which will improve the sensitivity of the detection and promote the development of multifrequency AFM utilizing higher-order modes of the cantilever to image sample properties. Finite element analysis Model size and simulation

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• sampling parameters of the discrete time signal of the thermal fluctuations are: Tw ≃ 53 s, fs = 156.250 kHz, Ts = 1/fs = 6.4 μs, δf ≃ 19 mHz, yielding a buffer of N ≃ 8.4 × 106 samples. Numerical Simulations The simulation of AFM experiments affected by stochastic noise and its consequences on the

Directed growth of quinacridone chains on the vicinal Ag(35 1 1) surface

• Niklas Humberg,
• Lukas Grönwoldt and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 556–568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.48

• -phase on Ag(35 1 1) will also be labeled A–D. A corresponding LEED image (θQA = 0.65 ML) and a simulation are displayed in Figure 5a and Figure 5b, respectively. The spot positions in the LEED image are identical to those of the LEED image of QA on Ag(100) and, in principle, all four domains are seen

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• 0.96–2.03. The MLP yielded the highest values of sensitivity between 1.13 and 2.57. IFPTML-LDA for N2D3S simulation In this section, we employed the IFPTML-LDA technique to calculate the probability values for some selected cases of N2D3Ss. The linear model was chosen for its simplicity and the slight

• improvement of the non-linear model. The value of probability p(N2D3Sin)cdj.cnj was obtained for N2D3Ss, created by the combination of the i-th ADi and the n-th NPn, which are likely to have a desired level of biological activity under both assay conditions cdj and cnj. This simulation experiment involved in

• assays. In addition, the simulation also contained cytotoxicity assays against multiple cell lines, the type of NPs, their coating, and the time of each assay. In this context, we calculated a total of Ntot = NNDDs·NNP = 22·218 = 4796 values of probability, which were able to predict successfully

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• explained, based on a simple model of the physics involved. Then experimental results are presented, which are quite surprising and call for an extension of the simple model. A more advanced model simulating the FEBIE-assisted sidewall modification is proposed. The simulation results are shown to be in good

• modification – proof of principle simulation Low-energy electrons are assumed to be most effective in the dissociation process. The reason is that low-energy electrons interact more efficiently with molecules than high-energy electrons. One dissociation channel is dissociative electron attachment (DEA), which

• , section S1 for more details on the simulation). Sidewall slope evolution under FEBIE To experimentally study the modification of the sidewalls of a FEBID structure, carbon structures were first deposited on a silicon substrate with a 20 nm gold–palladium layer and a 5 nm titanium adhesion layer. The

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• fragmentation of NWs during the heat treatment. Molecular dynamics model of the NW: (a) initial conditions, (b) results of the compression cycle, (c) results of the tensile deformation; (d) amorphization of the central part of the NW as a result of heat-treatment cycles: TEM image (left) and MD simulation frame

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• ]. Pharmacokinetic analysis of curcumin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles after oral delivery in mice demonstrated a 20-fold decrease in dose requirement compared to natural curcumin [140]. Both experimental and molecular dynamics simulation studies suggested an optimal ferulic acid (an antioxidant in plants

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• kinetically favorable process occurs in alternating sequences related to thermal and stress fluctuations inducing nanocrack formation [37][44]. Yang et al. [45] have shown a simulation of the stress vs strain behavior in NCG films at different temperatures and strain rates. Interestingly, the curve looks

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• disorder with ion irradiation conditions, the RBS-c data were analyzed and the damage depth distribution (i.e., finite-difference frequency-domain, FDFD, as a function of depth) was extracted by using the simulation code “De-channelling In Crystals And Defect Analysis (DICADA)” [35]. The RBS-c results show

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• typical inductor for all three nanowire widths at their lowest eigenfrequency in the range of 18–28 GHz, where we see the current node located in the center of the meander. Figure 3b shows the microwave simulation of the entire circuit, including the shunt inductance formed from a short nanowire. At the

• simulation and experiment. Electrical mode From the measured normal-state resistance of our nanowires and the measured thickness and width, we find a sheet resistance R□ = 243 Ω/□, corresponding to a resistivity of ρn = 365 μΩ cm. We monitor the microwave response during cool-down and estimate a critical

• Lk,□ = 36 pH/□, with the current node at the center of the nanowire. The frequencies land in the range of 18–28 GHz. (b) Simulation of the first resonant mode of the entire structure, using a nanowire width w = 200 nm. On resonance, the current density is uniformly distributed in the meandering

Quantitative wear evaluation of tips based on sharp structures

• Ke Xu and
• Houwen Leng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 230–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.22

• sample matrix. This process was repeated until all points on the sample matrix had been scanned. The resulting image comprised the recorded height information of the tip apex. Figure 4 illustrates the two tip shapes used in the simulation, a blunt tip with a tip diameter of 20 nm at a distance of 5 nm

• , representing the vertex in the image. Additionally, we label the two data points located 5 nm vertically away from the highest point as points D and F. The distance between point D and point F is 10 nm, which matches the tip diameter of the sharp tip located 5 nm from the apex. The simulation results show that

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• explanation of the theoretical model developed to study the interaction between protein and lactose with metals, as well as the rationale behind the parameterization scheme used. Subsequently, we discuss the simulation results and analyze the individual adsorption affinities predicted for molecules

• level of description to the complete mesoscale model of the corona. Figure 3 shows the parameterization and simulation workflow, outlining different stages and components involved in the study. All-atoms short-range interaction modelling results All-atom metadynamics simulations were conducted using

• orientations of each protein treated as different potential adsorbates to allow for a more physically realistic model of corona formation for anisotropic proteins. In brief, a standard kinetic Monte Carlo routine is used to advance the simulation from one event, collision of an incoming adsorbate with the NP

Ferromagnetic resonance spectra of linear magnetosome chains

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.15

• nanoparticles; numerical simulation; Introduction Magnetotactic bacteria are living organisms that grow within themselves magnetite nanoparticles called magnetosomes [1][2][3][4]. In contrast to chemically synthesized magnetite nanoparticles [5][6], magnetosomes have a perfect crystal structure, a narrow size

• [1][2][3][4][7][8][9][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] accumulated to date for assemblies of magnetosome chains. Numerical Simulation Consider a dilute assembly of linear chains of magnetosomes consisting of Np spherical nanoparticles of average diameter D. Dynamics of the unit magnetization vector

• resolved for angles θ ≥ 75°. To summarize the numerical simulation data obtained for oriented assemblies, in Figure 3a we show the angle dependence of the resonance FMR field, Hres(θ), for linear chains with various average particle diameters. It is interesting to note the noticeable dependence of the

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• efficient reduction of electron temperature down to 65 mK from a base temperature of 300 mK [22]. Here we present improved simulation results in comparison with [24] and the first results of fabrication and measurements, using YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) Josephson junction (JJ) oscillators, of a dichroic multiabsorber

• of numerical simulation. The aim of the optimization was to bring the absorption bandwidth in line with the current requirements for the LSPE receiving system. According to these requirements, the width of the absorption line should be 20% of the operating frequency for the 210 GHz channel and 10% of

• The results of measurements correspond to the simulation results rather well. There is a certain mismatch, which can be explained by the substrate thickness deviation from the desired value as well as improper barrier thickness due to variations in oxidation time, so the CEB SIN tunnel junction

A bifunctional superconducting cell as flux qubit and neuron

• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Pavel V. Pikunov,
• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1116–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.92

• ) = . Let us estimate the Landau–Zener transition probability at the moment of the first levels’ convergence, which corresponds to the time tLZ for diabatic dynamics (when Δ → 0) of level crossing (dashed lines in inserts in Figure 2a,b). As clearly seen from the simulation, the anticrossing effect occurs

• , respectively. (b) The region of parameters where the transfer characteristic is close to a sigmoidal shape with a standard deviation of SD < 10−4. In the white area, even at zero temperature, the standard deviation is larger then SD = 10−4. The system parameters used in the simulation were A = 4π, a coupling

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• tunnelling microscopy. However, experimental data provide only partial insight into the formation of interfaces, and the interpretation of microscopic images is often ambiguous. Various simulation techniques can be used to resolve the uncertainties and reveal mechanisms stabilizing the observed interfaces

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• to the flexible center of the membrane and clamped edges, and it is not attributed to the variation of induced photovoltage. The simulation results of the same device (Figure 3d) confirm the shape and range of displacement mapping over the active area. It is instructive to note that ideally the

• displacements of the light-driven membrane are in good agreement with the simulation results. Moreover, time-dependent AFM was used to investigate position-dependent and size-dependent displacement of piezoelectric actuators driven by an electrical bias. Deviations from the expected membrane behavior stress the

• 5.6 × 5.6 mm2 are mapped. The dashed black circle marks the hole etched on the backside of the silicon substrate. (b) The surface photovoltage of each measured point. (c) Displacement normalized to the corresponding photovoltage at each point. (d) Simulation results of the same sample. Color map of

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for CO₂ storage: A review

• Ha Huu Do,
• Iqra Rabani and
• Hai Bang Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 964–970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.79

• amount of absorbed CO2 was significantly improved. Notably, the optimal Mg-MOF-74/graphene-based composite yielded a high CO2 adsorption capacity of 8.4 mmol·g−1 at 298 K and 1 bar. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation for CO2 storage prediction Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation is an

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• new research techniques and methodologies that enabled detailed investigation of biological archetypes. High-detail microscopy, analysis systems, and novel simulation tools helped to decode the secrets of nature, while new fabrication techniques helped to transfer these findings into technical

• suspension feeding in common Crustacea. The results show that a system combining long and short setae with different mechanical properties has the best performance. The numerical simulation can in future be easily adapted to other systems and therefore be used for biomimetic developments (e.g., in the field

Ultralow-energy amorphization of contaminated silicon samples investigated by molecular dynamics

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 834–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.68

• simulations [39]. Molecular dynamics setup The simulation system is made of a box periodic in X and Y dimensions, and aperiodic in the Z dimension. It contains a sample of 5248 atoms (silicon and a thin layer of water molecules). The simulations are performed using the LAMMPS molecular dynamics code on the

• selected 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 83° with respect to the surface normal to cover the full range. We will specifically elaborate the discussion of the grazing incidence angles, which are of interest regarding the applications of ultralow-energy Ar ion beams. The innovative parts of the simulation

• implantation of higher-energy argon ions. To elaborate the analysis of the amorphization coefficient, we plotted the variation of the thickness for each region of interest for all simulation conditions. In Figure 3, we show the evolution of the slab thickness for the amorphous and partially amorphous regions

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• minimize the Dember effect since its contribution becomes significant only under high-injection conditions [20]. KP modelling In order to analyse the experimental characterization, scanning KP simulation was performed using the ATLAS software from Silvaco Inc. [21], controlled by the in-house software

• . Additionally, the detected surface potential change related to the space charge region at the GaInAsP:Zn/GaInAs:Zn interface is higher and closer to the simulation. As described in the Experimental section (“Kelvin probe force microscopy”), the SPV can be calculated by applying Equation 2 to the experimental

Humidity-dependent electrical performance of CuO nanowire networks studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Juris Katkevics,
• Jana Andzane,
• Raitis Sondors,
• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Kiryl Niherysh,
• Yelyzaveta Rublova and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 683–691, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.54

• analysis (FRA) “Fit and Simulation 1.7”, which uses a non-linear least squares methods defined elsewhere [35]. For the impedance spectra, error values of the Kramers–Kronig complex test (Pseudo chi square) were in the interval from 1.55 × 10−4 to 1.0 × 10−3, “pseudo chi square real” was less than 1.0 × 10

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• these tips are also rather soft and flexible, similar to attachment hairs in insects showing high adhesion at the tips [58]; for in-depth reviews, see [59][60][61]. In contrast, the tips of the long setae did not emit blue signals. The simulation presented here takes into account the actual physical

• note that the large steps in the curves are not caused by the accuracy of the calculations, but appear only as an “optical illusion” due to the presentation of the figure in limited size. In fact, each step is one of the consumption avalanches that appear quasi-periodically during the simulation. At

• simulation are summarized in Figure 6. As seen directly from the plots, the well-pronounced threshold angle is ϕmin = −0.375π. Below this threshold, there is practically zero food consumption. Paradoxically, the quantity of ingested particles is even smaller than in the reference system without setae, that