Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• was used with beam currents of 12, 38, and 140 pA. A writing strategy was employed wherein a 4 × 5 array of locations at a 200 nm pitch was exposed in a serial fashion. At each location, the electron beam remained for a different dwell time, starting with 0.5 ms and increasing by 1 ms at each further

• location. Exposure of each location within the 4 × 5 array is considered a single pass. After each pass, a waiting time of 10 ms was introduced, during which the beam was blanked and the precursor allowed to replenish the area of deposition. This entire process was repeated for 100 passes. Without the

• inclusion of a waiting time, minimal growth was observed for the first few pillars with the lowest dwell times. Figure 4a shows an array of the resulting pillars. For reference, a similar array of pillars was deposited from MeCpPtMe3 using the same parameters (Figure 4b), except for a higher chamber

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• mass-separated FIBs from a Co36Nd64 LMAIS to implant Co into Si at elevated temperatures, leading to metallic CoSi2 nanostructures down to 20 nm [13]. Ge nanowires could be grown by molecular beam epitaxy, via a vapor–liquid–solid process, on a Si substrate after formation of a regular seed array using

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• curves on an uncompliant substrate, such as a silicon wafer. The spring constant could then be determined from the thermal noise spectrum [42]. Tip radii have been obtained through scanning a TGT1 test grating (NT-MDT Spectrum Instruments, Moscow, Russia) consisting of an array of sharp tips. The

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• continuous films of low permeability cannot be patterned with the technique described here. In order to apply the technique, a gas-leakage path, for instance, in the form of an array of microholes, needs to be prefabricated in the films before irradiation. As an alternative to a continuous film, an array of

• ). White arrows in (a) indicate some nanoscale cracks. In (b), red and blue arrows indicate local surface elevations and erosions, respectively. Both images are taken at a 54° tilt angle of the sample stage. (a) Optical micrograph of an array of squares produced with He+/25 keV FIB in a 15 nm Au/200 nm

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• adsorption. This process changes the resistance of the point-contact array. Therefore, there is no need to provide special storage conditions for the sensor before the measurements. The nature of the active centers is such that, between measurements, the atmospheric nitrogen is able to completely block them

• humidity rises and the chemical composition of the gaseous medium changes. With an increase in humidity and temperature, the galvanic element, which is integrated in the point-contact gas-sensitive array and generates the electric field, is activated. The field initiates quantum-energy effects in the bulk

• previous one and it is caused by the desorption of the breath components and the return of atmospheric nitrogen molecules to the active centers. It is also initiated by the electric field of the galvanic cell integrated into the point-contact array. Yet, in this case, due to a decrease in humidity and

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• . Recently, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been invented, which offer an innovative combination between electrostatic induction and contact electrification. These devices are able to harvest mechanical energy from a vast array of sources, such as body motion [16][17][18][19], vibration [20][21][22

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• factor of R6G molecules on the pyramid structure was about 105. Wu et al. [26] machined nanohole array structures using EBL and lift-off methods. The diameter of the nanoholes ranged from 90 to 585 nm, and the gap between adjacent nanoholes ranged from 125 to 585 nm. An enhancement factor of 8 × 106 was

• processing methods, the precision of FIB processing technology is relatively high. However, FIB processing is an expensive and low-throughput technology. In addition, the processing time of a wide range of micro/nanostructures is long. Therefore, the low-cost and efficient preparation of array nanostructures

• ] manufactured graphene/Au nanodot array structures, which were used as SERS substrates. The diameter and gap distribution ranged from 30 to 42 nm and from 20 to 30 nm, respectively. In addition, a detection level of 10−9 mol·L−1 for R6G molecules was obtained using the aforementioned SERS substrates. Choi et al

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• -covered glass wafers to ensure all the internal walls had the same zeta potential. These microchannels were designed to include an inlet and an outlet liquid reservoir in which electrodes are placed, and an array of PDMS insulating posts located at the center of the channel (Figure 2b and Figure S1

• electrophoretic motions are in opposite directions. As the particles approach and enter the post array, they will be exposed to areas of a higher electric field, where the opposing forces will be equal in magnitude and will therefore yield an overall particle velocity of zero, causing the particles to become

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• with distinct periodicities and symmetries. The rectangular lattice of the X-shaped units corresponded to a densely-packed molecular array (black tetragon in Figure 2), with every unit representing one molecule. The quasihexagonal pattern with larger periodicity (dotted rhombus in Figure 2a) reflected

• . The molecules interdigitated in both the atetra and btetra directions, with two distinct interdigitation arrangements, inducing organizational chirality of the achiral pyrene units [48]. Based on the model of the assembly depicted in Figure 2b, the array was stabilized by intermolecular noncovalent

• the pyrene derivatives 1 and 3 on hBN/Cu(111), recorded with a tip of unknown termination. a) Array of the tetrasubstituted species 1 imaged at a bias voltage of –2.87 V (0.06 nA) and b) at 1.4 V (0.04 nA). c) Assembly of the cis-like derivative 3, imaged at 1.5 V (0.27 nA). The dashed contours

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• metal–insulator–semiconductor or metal–insulator–metal capacitors with a high effective area on a small footprint. The high surface area of a silicon nanowire array can be used to fabricate ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) with a high signal-to-noise ratio. An ISFET is a pH sensing

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• nanohole arrays with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets in a unique and flexible polyimide film for laser-gated pathogen inactivation. For the in vivo experiments, the patch was irradiated for 5 min with an LED array (940 nm, 10 W) and the patch surface temperature increased to 52 °C. These tests indicated

Thermophoretic tweezers for single nanoparticle manipulation

• Jošt Stergar and
• Natan Osterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1126–1133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.97

• refraction between the particle and the surrounding solvent is also required. For manipulation of smaller particles and molecules, typically, electrophoretic [4] and electrokinetic [5] forces are used, but they need sophisticated electrode geometries. A combination of optical tweezers and an array of

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• materials as candidates for photosensitizers in PDT [31][32]. An FLG and Ce6 hybrid nanomaterial (FLG-Ce6) was used as the photosensitizer in combination with a red light-emitting diode (LED) array as the photoactivation light source. The conjugated system of graphene π-electrons improves the performance of

• and even greater at 15 min of photoactivation, with no evidence of photobleaching in any system. For this reason, tests with C. albicans were carried out at 15 min of exposure time. The LED array used as the light source to photoactivate the FLG-Ce6 hybrid nanomaterial in the culture for the cellular

• photoactivation test, by exposing them to the LED array source. The samples were illuminated for 5, 10 and 15 min, and the fluorescence of the SOSG reporter was measured in each case. Photosensitizer effect of FLG-Ce6 and Ce6 in PDT against C. albicans We used the strain ATCC 90028 of C. albicans to evaluate the

Electrochemical nanostructuring of (111) oriented GaAs crystals: from porous structures to nanowires

• Elena I. Monaico,
• Eduard V. Monaico,
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki,
• Shashank Honnali,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Karin Leistner,
• Kornelius Nielsch and
• Ion M. Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 966–975, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.81

• nanostructures, including nanowires. Semiconductor nanowires, particularly III–V compound nanowires, show potential for their use as active components in solar cells [7][8][9][10], photodetectors [11], light-emitting diodes [12], transistors [13], and other applications. A uniform array of parallel nanowires

Extracting viscoelastic material parameters using an atomic force microscope and static force spectroscopy

• Cameron H. Parvini,
• M. A. S. R. Saadi and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 922–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.77

• knowledge about the nature of a given sample. There is a broad array of literature that covers spring–dashpot models and viscoelastic rheology, many of which provide helpful visualizations of the predicted material response [14][15][22]. Provided a relationship between model parameters and the material

• performed by creating an array from 0 to np in steps of 1 and multiplying by . Subtracting the repulsive potion of the deflection (drep) from zrep provides the tip position relative to its neutral point: The data utilized for fitting is the region where ztip is greater than zero, indicating the tip has

• begun penetrating the surface and coinciding with the start of force application on the sample. Trimming data before this point provides the final form of the time array t, the repulsive deflection drep, and the repulsive Z-Sensor values zrep utilized in the following sections. In the following, the

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• side channels of the microbath, to exploit capillary forces. The interference of the multiple beams produces an array of hot spots around the bath center, each forming a local trap. This property is clearly confirmed in the experiments and is registered in videos. We demonstrate the performance of a 2

• (Figure 5g). The detection waveguides are routed away from the center as a waveguide array and at the chip edge are merged into a multimode waveguide suitable for coupling to a multimode fiber. A thickness of 200 nm is appropriate for the Si3N4 layer, since it is just below the critical thickness that

• input waveguide of the chip using a fiber array unit (FAU) glued to its end. The chip is mounted on a sample holder. The FAU is aligned using manual translation stages for coarse alignment and piezoelectric stages for fine alignment. The polarization of the light coupled out by the fiber is

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

• controlled formation and properties. Random generation in the material using bubble strain-induced SPEs is also demonstrated in [125]. Focused ion beam irradiation was used to mill holes in the h-BN to achieve array-like SPEs around the perimeter of the holes [126]. This method yield is very high compared to

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• of the 1D TiO2–Ag nanostructures prepared to date are Ag-nanoparticle-coated TiO2 (ACT), in which the catalytic efficiency of the catalyst is greatly decreased when the Ag loading is increased to a certain extent. Wang et al. [29] used the hydrothermal method to prepare an array of TiO2 nanocolumns

• whose outside surface was then coated with Ag particles by chemical deposition. After seven deposition cycles, the catalytic efficiency of the as-prepared TiO2–Ag film decreased significantly. A similar decline in the catalytic efficiency was observed in a TiO2 nanocolumn array fabricated by

• then subjected to a second oxidation treatment under the same conditions as the first oxidation step. After an oxidation time of 60 s, a single-pass AAO template with a pore diameter of 40 nm, a pore pitch of 65 nm, and a pore depth of 150 nm was obtained. Ag-TNC array preparation: An array of TiO2

A novel dry-blending method to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of polymer templates for OTFT electrodes

• Xiangdong Ye,
• Bo Tian,
• Yuxuan Guo,
• Fan Fan and
• Anjiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 671–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.53

• of the silicon template etched into the source–drain groove structure. The pattern of the array with uniform and regular lines is presented in the upper left corner of Figure 2a. Figure 2b shows the groove morphology before filling with SiO2 nanoparticles. It is clear from the groove structure of

• 15 × 15 × 1 mm, with the structure of the array on the template surface in the upper right corner. Figure 3b shows the microstructure of the PDMS/SiO2 composite template. The width is uniform and the structure is complete, and the surface of the composite template is clean. The cross-sectional

High dynamic resistance elements based on a Josephson junction array

• Konstantin Yu. Arutyunov and
• Janne S. Lehtinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 417–420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.32

• effect. Keywords: dynamic resistance; Josephson junction array; nanoelectronics; quantum phase slip; superconductivity; Ti nanowires; Introduction The field of modern nanoelectronics is facing stagnation with respect to further miniaturization, deviating from Moore’s law [1]. Typically, two main reason

Formation of nanoripples on ZnO flat substrates and nanorods by gas cluster ion bombardment

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Bin Xing,
• Rakhim Rakhimov,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Chuansheng Liu,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 383–390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.29

• consequently very low probability of any composition change of the material under irradiation. Conclusion Using Ar+ cluster ion beam irradiation we have formed nanoripple array structures on ZnO single crystal substrates and facets of ZnO nanorods. The nanoripple formation is significantly governed by the

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• enabled the construction of complex architectonics through DNA origami [37]. The self-recognition characteristics of DNA allows the development of a wide array of DNA-based nanoarchitectures by employing an array of designer sequences and motifs. In the earliest designs, the Holliday junction structure of

• the dTn chain length and temperature [85]. The multichromophoric array of NDI and oligo-dTn assembled over a gold substrate showed photocurrent generation due to electron conduction because of the π‐stacked array of the NDI assembly. In their next design approach, two separate zinc binding systems, Zn

• photocurrent (Figure 7b). However, the randomly assembled array of DPPNDI–dT40 immobilized across the gold electrode was unable to generate any photocurrent response owing to ground-state CT complexation of DPP with NDI in their random arrangement (Figure 7c). Tanaka, Ono, and co-workers reported the

A review of demodulation techniques for multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 76–91, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.8

• multifrequency atomic force microscopy. The compared methods include the lock-in amplifier, coherent demodulator, Kalman filter, Lyapunov filter, and direct-design demodulator. Each method is implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) with a sampling rate of 1.5 MHz. The metrics for comparison include

• ; Kalman filter; Lyapunov filter; digital signal processing; field-programmable gate array (FPGA); Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) [1] has enabled innovation in nanoscale engineering since it was invented in 1986 by Binnig and co-workers. Atomic-scale topographical resolution is achieved by

Gold and silver dichroic nanocomposite in the quest for 3D printing the Lycurgus cup

• Lars Kool,
• Floris Dekker,
• Anton Bunschoten,
• Glen J. Smales,
• Brian R. Pauw,
• Aldrik H. Velders and
• Vittorio Saggiomo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 16–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.2

• was illuminated by a “solar-like” LED array, the cup reflection shifted to a more brownish colour (Figure 2 and video in Supporting Information File 3). The difference between the two light sources lies in the coverage of the visible spectra. Even though the flashlight is perceived as white light, its

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• ) capillary with 75 μm internal diameter (Beckam Coulter, Brea, USA) and a photodiode array detector operating at 214 nm. The capillary was first conditioned by successive rinsing steps (all performed at 20 psi): 5 min with 1 M HCl, 2 min with deionized water, 10 min with 0.1 M NaOH, 2 min with deionized