Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on graphite anodes and HOPG [14][15][16], Li metal [17] and on cathode materials [18][19] as well as the changes in particle size during ageing [19][20]. Other AFM modes used for the analysis of ageing are, for example, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and

• location. Additionally, since in a dry argon atmosphere no water meniscus is available to serve as electrolyte, side reactions are avoided. Further information of the non-Vegard expansion related influences is given in the supporting information in [34]. It is possible that the ESM signal is not solely

• capacity loss from first charge to first discharge is attributed to surface layer generation (anode: solid electrolyte interface, SEI; cathode: solid permeable interface, SPI) on both electrodes, since they were rinsed before the full-cell assembly. After the first cycle, the capacity stays constant (not

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• thermodynamically unstable and require stabilization. The sol stability can be increased by coating the GNPs with a ligand layer. As a result, the particle surface acquires the properties of the stabilizing agent under use. These stabilized GNPs can be lyophilized and become much less sensitive to electrolyte

Electrochemically derived functionalized graphene for bulk production of hydrogen peroxide

• Munaiah Yeddala,
• Pallavi Thakur,
• Anugraha A and
• Tharangattu N. Narayanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 432–442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.34

• decreases from G-M1 to G-M4 (where G refers to graphene and M1, M2, M3, and M4 refer to the respective molarity of the electrolyte used for the exfoliation), and the elemental composition calculated from the survey spectrum of the materials revealed that the degree of oxygen functionalization varies from

• its layered nature (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). Here the thickness variation is confirmed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the results are given in Figure S3. This indicates that with an increase in the concentration of the electrolyte, the thickness is increased from 40 nm to

• 140 nm (Figure S3), which corresponds with the TEM analysis [43] and BET-based surface area data. Hence from the TEM, BET, and AFM analysis, it can be concluded that the electrolyte concentration is important for the electrochemical exfoliation assisted synthesis of ultrathin graphene layers, and the

Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic performance of 0D/2D CuO/tourmaline composite photocatalysts

• Changqiang Yu,
• Min Wen,
• Zhen Tong,
• Shuhua Li,
• Yanhong Yin,
• Xianbin Liu,
• Yesheng Li,
• Tongxiang Liang,
• Ziping Wu and
• Dionysios D. Dionysiou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 407–416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.31

• . The transient photocurrent was measured with two Interface 1010E electrochemical workstations (Gamry, USA) using Na2SO3 (0.2 M) and Na2S (0.2 M) solutions with a volume ratio of 1:1 as electrolyte under LED lamp (λ = 470 nm) irradiation for 20 min. The samples were prepared as follows: Firstly, 10 mg

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• ), the capacitance of which originates from the electrostatic adsorption of reversible ions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, and pseudocapacitors, for which the capacitance arises from reversible Faradaic reactions correlating with electroactive species [7][8]. Compared to EDLCs, pseudocapacitors

• but also provide 3D pathways for fast electrolyte ion diffusion and electron transport. To date, Ni foam [27], copper grid [28] and titanium mesh [29] have been mostly selected as collectors, whereas the high cost of these materials limited their practical application. Carbon aerogel (CA) has been

• nanofibers of CA, which could provide diffusion channels for electrolyte ions and could be a conductive substrate to serve as a backbone; the second consists of interlaced NiMoO4 nanorods and acts as a bridge in the ternary hierarchical structure, which offers a large surface area for loading of active

Simple synthesis of nanosheets of rGO and nitrogenated rGO

• Pallellappa Chithaiah,
• Madhan Mohan Raju,
• Giridhar U. Kulkarni and
• C. N. R. Rao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 68–75, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.7

• voltammetry and CD experiments with three-electrode system using 1 M H2SO4 as electrolyte (Figure 8). CV curves of rGO and H-rGO at different scan rates from 5 to 200 mV·s−1 vs Hg/Hg2SO4 are shown in Figure 8a and Figure 8b, respectively. These curves show increase in current density with decreasing scan rate

• glassy carbon working electrode (3 mM), a platinum wire counter electrode and a Hg/Hg2SO4 reference electrode with 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The specific capacitance (SC) of rGO and H-rGO was calculated from CV curves, according to Equation 1: where ∫IdV is the area under the CV curve, m is the mass of the

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• measurements under controlled electrolyte transport, employing a rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) setup (section 2 in “Results and Discussion”). We will compare the ORR performance with those of the previously reported TiON@NCS and TaON@NCS composite materials. A more detailed account of the electrochemical

• with higher reaction temperatures. 2 Electrochemical and electrocatalytic results The electrocatalytic ORR activities of the amorphous and graphitized N-doped carbon materials in acidic electrolyte (0.5 M H2SO4) are compiled in Figure 8, showing (Figure 8a,d) the ORR current densities, (Figure 8b,e

• frits from the main cell. The RHE itself consists of a Pt plate in a glass tube containing the respective electrolyte used for the measurement and a H2 bubbler. In the following, all potentials will be quoted versus that of the RHE. The potential was controlled by a bi-potentiostat (Pine Instruments

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• ) electrolyte into/from a Sb-modified electrode shows a positive shift (400 mV) of the onset potential of Mg deposition compared to that of a bare Au electrode. From the charge of the Mg deposition, we find that the ratio of Mg to Sb is 1:1, which is somewhat less than expected for the Mg3Sb2 alloy. Keywords

• formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer in Li systems. One of the main challenges in the commercialization of Mg-ion batteries is the incompatibility of the magnesium anode with the electrolytes because of the formation of this Mg2+ film. Recently, Sb has been suggested as an alternative

• electrodeposited Bi0.88Sb0.12 alloy by Arthur et al. [7]. However, the capacity declines to 215 mAh/g after 100 cycles with an electrolyte mixture of ethylmagnesium chloride, diethylaluminum chloride and anhydrous THF. A detailed, fundamental study of magnesium deposition/dissolution at a Sb-modified Au electrode

Polyvinylpyrrolidone as additive for perovskite solar cells with water and isopropanol as solvents

• Chen Du,
• Shuo Wang,
• Xu Miao,
• Wenhai Sun,
• Yu Zhu,
• Chengyan Wang and
• Ruixin Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2374–2382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.228

• photoanode and CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br) as light absorbing material to derive perovskite dye-sensitized solar cells with conversion efficiencies of 3.81% (X = I) and 3.13% (X = Br). However, the corrosion of the perovskite material used in the electrolyte results in a poor stability of the devices [5]. In July

Adsorption and desorption of self-assembled L-cysteine monolayers on nanoporous gold monitored by in situ resistometry

• Elisabeth Hengge,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Rupert Bachler,
• Alexander Dennig,
• Bernd Nidetzky and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2275–2279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.219

• commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode (saturated KCl with a 3 M KNO3 salt bridge), relative to which all potentials will be stated in the following. Whenever the cell electrolyte was changed, the setup was immersed in distilled water for several hours for rinsing. Dealloying was performed in 0.1 M HClO4

• . After this desorption peak, significantly higher currents flow near the upper potential limit (Figure 2b, dashed red and grey curves), which are assigned to cysteine oxidation in the solution [18] as the desorbed cysteine is now dissolved in the electrolyte. The double-layer capacitance now amounts to

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• discharge products (Li2S2 and Li2S) and sulfur result in a slow charge and discharge process and a low specific capacity [3]. Intermediate products of battery charge and discharge (Li2Sn, where 3 ≤ n ≤ 8) are soluble in the electrolyte and can also migrate to the lithium metal anode and precipitate there [4

• . However, the capacity of carbon and sulfur composite cathodes generally fades rapidly during long-term cycling, because the carbon materials can provide only inferior physical adsorption to the polar Li2Sn [16]. Once Li2Sn is solvated, it dissolves easily in the electrolyte from the electrode surface and

• -type cell (CR 2032) in an argon-filled glove box (O2 < 0.1 ppm, H2O < 0.1 ppm). The electrolyte was 1 M bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt (LiTFSI) dissolved in a mixed solution of dimethyl ether (DME) and 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) (1:1, v/v) with 2 wt % LiNO3. The recharge properties and cyclic

Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based organic photovoltaic cells

• Olivia Amargós-Reyes,
• José-Luis Maldonado,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• María-Elena Nicho,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Juan Nicasio-Collazo,
• Irving Caballero-Quintana and
• Concepción Arenas-Arrocena

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2238–2250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.216

• acetonitrile using 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) as the electrolyte at a scan rate of 100 mVs−1, and each solution was purged with N2 prior to measurement. UV–vis characterization was performed through thin films of the PTB7:PC71BM active layer with and without FeS2 NCs at different

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• growth of crystal grains on the surface of the fibers for both LiFePO4 and Li5Ti4O12. The fiber diameter is less than 1 μm, and the grain size is between 200 and 300 nm. There are numerous channels between the fibers. This structure is beneficial for the penetration of electrolyte and the contact between

• active substances and electrolyte. The resistance of Li+ during charging and discharging of the battery decreases, and the internal structure of the material cannot collapse of deform easily. Thus, the structure of the material remains unchanged even after many cycles [40][41]. TEM images of the LiFePO4

• and high charge–discharge reversibility. Battery performance The two free-standing electrodes were assembled to a full battery with the prepared electrolyte membrane (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1), and the rate and the cycling performance of the battery were tested. From the charge

Ultrathin Ni_1−xCo_xS₂ nanoflakes as high energy density electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors

• Xiaoxiang Wang,
• Teng Wang,
• Rusen Zhou,
• Lijuan Fan,
• Shengli Zhang,
• Feng Yu,
• Tuquabo Tesfamichael,
• Liwei Su and
• Hongxia Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2207–2216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.213

• electrical conductivity. Developing ultrathin nanostructured materials is critical to achieving high electrochemical performance, because they possess rich active sites for electrochemical reactions, shortening the transport path of ions in the electrolyte during the charge/discharge processes. This paper

• ]. Currently, carbon-based electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are commercially available, but they exhibit only a low energy density because of physical charge storage processes due to the adsorption/desorption of ions at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces [3]. These drawbacks have hindered further

• corresponding nickel–cobalt oxides with the same material morphology. The assembled ASC also exhibits a superior energy density and high rate capability in a 2 M KOH aqueous electrolyte, making it a promising electrode for SCs. Experimental Materials Nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O), cobalt nitrate

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• to human life, medical, and health monitoring, the development of biosensors has received significant attention. For example, for the detection of bisphenol A, which is suspected as an endocrine disruptor, Piro et al. produced a nanoarchitectonic electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor with

• moisture, which results in the generation of internal stress. An optode sensor to visually detect cesium ions in domestic water and seawater, comprised of a calix[6]arene derivative, responsive dye KD-M1337, and cation exchanger. An electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor with anti-bisphenol A

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• computed tomography (CT) imaging in vitro. The gold-coated cowpea mosaic virus (Au-CPMV) particles were generated by the electrostatic adsorption of positively charged electrolyte on the virus capsid with the subsequent incubation and reduction of anionic gold complexes. Au-CPMV particles as a CT contrast

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe₂O₃ for all-solid-state supercapacitors

• Shengming Zhang,
• Xuhui Wang,
• Yan Li,
• Xuemei Mu,
• Yaxiong Zhang,
• Jingwei Du,
• Guo Liu,
• Xiaohui Hua,
• Yingzhuo Sheng,
• Erqing Xie and
• Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

• carbon cloth (0.2 m2·g−1). The pore size distribution (Figure S4b, Supporting Information File 1) shows that most pores have a size of 40–50 nm. The high surface area, and the mesopores can help the ion diffusion between electrode and electrolyte. The morphologies of CNT@Fe2O3 were further examined by

• as a reference electrode, CC-CNT@Fe2O3 as the binder-free working electrode and 2 M KOH as the electrolyte. Figure 4a shows cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of the CC-CNT@Fe2O3 electrode at scan rates of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 mV·s−1, from which visible redox peaks can be seen. The reduction peak at

• ca. −1.1 V and the oxidation peak at ca. −0.7 V can be attributed to the reaction between Fe3+ and K+ in the electrolyte [21][31]. When plotting log i versus log v of the redox peaks according to the empirical Randles–Sevcik equation [32][33], the slope can be determined to be about 0.58, indicating

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• and Li2S2 at the electrode/electrolyte interface, shortening the service life and rendering poor coulombic efficiency, and (iii) large volumetric changes during charge/discharge, destroying the conductive network of the electrode and causing capacity decay [11][12][13][14][15]. To overcome these

• issues, researchers have adopted various techniques, such as optimization of the cathode material [16][17][18], incorporation of electrolyte additives [19], and protection of the anode [20]. Recently, much attention has been directed to the development of a functional separator, which serves as an

• treated with a Li2S6 electrolyte (1.0 M/0.1 M LiTFSI/LiNO3 in DOL and DME (1:1 v/v)) via immersion for 12 h; the Li2S6-treated TiO2/GO material was then obtained after centrifugal separation and vacuum drying. Raman and FTIR studies of the Li2S6-treated TiO2/GO material clearly show the existence of an S

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• flow batteries like zinc/bromine, the electrical energy in VRFBs is completely stored by the electrolyte in an external tank. Thus, in VRFB systems, the power and energy can be decoupled, that is, to store more energy, only the tank size needs to be increased. Moreover, since the system uses only a

• the HER taking place at the negative electrode due to the very low amount of oxygen functional groups. Moreover, the Nafion 117 membrane used for higher current density cycling leads to an electrolyte imbalance. A detailed investigation is still required to understand the overall mechanism of the

• molar sulfuric acid (Sigma Aldrich). In order to obtain the V3+ electrolyte for the negative half-cell reaction, both tanks were filled with the same volume of the V4+ electrolyte and then potentiostatically charged at 1.7 V in a 10 cm−2 flow cell. The reduction to V3+ was determined as complete when

Effects of surface charge and boundary slip on time-periodic pressure-driven flow and electrokinetic energy conversion in a nanotube

• Mandula Buren,
• Yongjun Jian,
• Yingchun Zhao,
• Long Chang and
• Quansheng Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1628–1635, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.158

• charge-dependent slip; Introduction Micro- and nanofluidic devices [1] have a wide range of applications in science and engineering, e.g., liquid pumping and energy conversion. In many of these devices, a pressure gradient is often used to manipulate the transport of electrolyte solutions in

• contact with an electrolyte solution, most of them acquire surface electric charge [2] due to ion adsorption and acid–base reactions [3]. The charged surface attracts counterions and repels co-ions in the nearby electrolyte solution, and hence an electric double layer (EDL) with net charge density forms

• in the nearby electrolyte solution. The flow of electrolyte solution actuated by the pressure field generates both a streaming current and a streaming potential. The streaming current in a nanochannel can offer a simple and effective way to convert the mechanical energy to electric energy [4]. The

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• values of 1–8 wt %, high specific surface area values of up to 2150 m2·g−1 (at a N content of 1.6 wt %) and large pore volume values of up to 0.9 cm3·g−1. The materials were tested as electrodes for supercapacitors in aqueous 1 M Li2SO4 electrolyte (100 F·g−1), organic 1 M TEA-BF4 (ACN, 83 F·g−1) and

• carbon materials can be functionalized with heteroatoms such as nitrogen, which was reported to affect the electrical conductivity [39][40][41][42], the energy storage capacity, and the wettability of the electrodes with electrolyte [43][44][45]. Commonly, nitrogen is inserted into the carbon framework

• aqueous Li2SO4, organic TEA-BF4 in acetonitrile, and an ionic liquid EMIM-BF4 electrolyte. Results and Discussion Characterization and mechanochemical treatment of PU Polyurethane is a polymer formed by polyaddition of diisocyanates R1(–NCO)2 with polyols R2(–OH)n. It is characterized by the resulting

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• nanoarchitectonics (controlled single atom/ion transfer) to regulate the number of dopant atoms in one-dimensional solid electrolyte nanodots (α-Ag2+δS) [127]. The nanoarchitectonic construction of one-dimensional nanowires from II–VI semiconductors was demonstrated for the use as wavelength division multiplexer as

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• acid; oxygen reduction reaction; phosphoric acid treatment; PN-doped carbon catalysts; polymer electrolyte fuel cells; Introduction The widespread application of fuel cells as clean energy sources is the most desirable way of realizing a low-CO2-emission society. In conventional polymer electrolyte

• 200 μg·cm−2). A reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a glassy carbon plate were employed as reference and counter electrodes, respectively. The electrolyte was a 0.5 M solution of H2SO4 in deionized water. Prior to the measurements, dissolved oxygen in the acid solution was purged by bubbling

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• ]. Moreover, Mo can occupy multiple oxidation states, which enables a pseudo-capacitive charge transfer by insertion of electrolyte ions, such as Li+, Na+, K+ and H+ [28][29]. Upon cycling, MoS2 sheets can restack resulting in a decreased surface area, which is then followed by poor capacitive performance

• electrode that comes into contact with the electrolyte solution S. The calculation was performed using equation: C = (2·I) / (S·U/t). The calculated values are summarized for each discharging current in Table 1. Charging–discharging curves of MoS2-based composite paper obtained using the chronoamperometry

• the following Equation 3) and the decomposition of the electrolyte followed by the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer [18][20]. The prominent anodic peak at ≈2.5 V results from the conversion of Li2S to sulfur and lithium ions (see the following Equation 4) [20]. During the

Hierarchically structured 3D carbon nanotube electrodes for electrocatalytic applications

• Pei Wang,
• Katarzyna Kulp and
• Michael Bron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1475–1487, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.146

• energy conversion and storage, since they, in addition to their nonpolluting nature and low operating temperature, run on an easily handled and cheap liquid fuel. However, the slow kinetics of methanol oxidation at the anode and the methanol crossover through the electrolyte membrane from anode to

• voltammograms were recorded at a scan rate of 20 mV s−1 in the potential range of 0.05–1.1 V vs RHE after CO adsorption in N2-purged 0.1 M HClO4 solution for ECSA determination as well as investigation of CO tolerance as shown in Figure 9. HClO4 was used as the electrolyte for these investigations instead of

• oxygen functional groups as anchoring sites. Afterwards, Fe nanoparticles were grown on the oxidized GC by double pulse deposition [57] in 0.005 M FeSO4·7H2O (≥99.5%, Roth, Germany) and 0.5 M MgSO4·7H2O (pure, Roth, Germany) aqueous solution. MgSO4 simply serves as a conducting electrolyte to avoid high