TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• composite. The BET specific surface area of the TiO2/GO composite was determined to be 155.2 m2 g−1. Through the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) analysis, the pore size distribution of TiO2/GO shows that the majority of the pores are around 2.9 and 7.4 nm. The rich porosity not only provides abundant pore

• synthesized by selectively dissolving Al atoms from a Ti10Al90 alloy. It can be readily observed that the abundant nanowires and uniform nanopores, with a pore size of ≈40 nm, formed a sea-urchin-like structure. Furthermore, the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirms the homogenous

• mV. Schematic illustration of a Li/S battery with a TiO2/GO-coated functional separator. (a) XRD patterns of the as-spun and as-dealloyed Ti10Al90 alloy foils. (b) Raman spectra of TiO2, GO and the TiO2/GO composite. (c) TGA curve and (d) N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and pore size distribution

Nanoporous smartPearls for dermal application – Identification of optimal silica types and a scalable production process as prerequisites for marketed products

• David Hespeler,
• Sanaa El Nomeiri,
• Jonas Kaltenbach and
• Rainer H. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1666–1678, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.162

• (20% loading), and the curve with peaks are plotted (system overloaded, 25%). For AL-1 FP samples (the silica with the smallest pore size of 3 nm) only the overloaded curves are shown (12% and 15%). The comparison between DSC and XRD reveals that XRD was more sensitive to detecting crystallinity. In

• all overloaded systems, where peaks could be detected by XRD, no peaks could be seen in DSC. Thus, applying both methods in parallel was necessary. In conclusion, silica with a very small pore size of 3 nm are deemed to be less suitable. The loading of the other silica materials was generally between

• agglomerate, and in combination with their small pore size of 3 nm, the maximum loading is low (<12%). Better processability was observed for larger particles with larger pores and pore volume, where the best results among the silica materials studied was found with Syloid® XDP 3050. Due to the solubility

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• -derived carbon materials were investigated by N2 physisorption at −196 °C (Figure 2A), and the calculation of the pore size distributions was carried out under the assumption of slit and cylindrical pore geometry using quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT; Figure 2B). The sample PU-BM-800 (i.e

• materials. For each sample, the relative pressure range is given at the corresponding location. The calculation of the total pore volume was performed at a relative pressure of p/p0 = 0.95. Assuming slit and cylindrical pore geometry, the pore size distributions were calculated from the adsorption branch

• (measured at −196 °C) and (B, D) cumulative pore size distribution (PSD) using QSDFT with cylindrical/slit-shaped pores of the samples (A, B): PUPC-800-1 (cyan), PUPC-800-2 (blue), PUPC-800-3 (green), and PU-BM-800 (black) and the samples (C, D): PUUPC-1-800 (green), PUUPC-2-800 (blue), PUUPC-3-800 (grey

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• rejections of water pollutant surrogates from water [229][230][231]. Considering the high tuning capability of pore-size and functional groups decorating the inner pores of COFs, the separation membranes made out of COFs are promising for water purification technologies including desalination [232

• nanosheets. At 90% carbon tetrachloride content, the average pore size became ca. 400 nm. These integrated two-dimensional structures would be nanoarchitectonics pieces for the fabrication of sensitive sensors, organic solar cells, and miniaturized organic superconductors. As a functional development of two

High-temperature resistive gas sensors based on ZnO/SiC nanocomposites

• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Marina N. Rumyantseva,
• Alexander S. Frolov,
• Alexey D. Yapryntsev and
• Alexander M. Gaskov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1537–1547, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.151

• instrument (Micromeritics). Prior to this, all samples were evacuated at a temperature of 300 °C to 4 × 10−1 Pa for 3 h. Based on the nitrogen adsorption isotherms obtained, the specific surface area, volume, and average pore size were calculated using BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) and BJH (Barret–Johner

• controllers (Bronkhorst). Synthesis scheme of nanocrystalline ZnO, SiC and ZnO/SiC nanocomposite materials. SEM micrographs of polymer nanofibers containing polycarbosilane (a) and zinc acetate (b). SEM micrographs of annealed SiC (c) and ZnO (d). (e) SEM micrograph of ZnO/SiC_45 nanocomposite. (f) Pore size

BiOCl/TiO₂/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

• Minlin Ao,
• Kun Liu,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Zishun Li,
• Qian Peng and
• Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

• electron spectrometer was used to observe X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results. A monochromatic Al Kα source (1486.7 eV) and a 300 × 500 μm spot size was used to collect the spectra. In 77 K nitrogen atmosphere, the specific surface area and pore size distribution of the sample were determined by

• area, the higher the photocatalytic activity [33]. The specific surface area, pore size and pore volume of the samples were determined by N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. The results of BiOCl, diatomite, TiO2/diatomite and BTD are shown in Figure 2. In addition, the data of specific surface area

• diatomite, TiO2/diatomite and BTD have an H4-type hysteresis loop, indicating that all samples have a mesoporous structure. At the same time, the pore size distribution and average pore size also confirm that the samples have mesoporous structure. Figure 2b shows that the pore size distribution of BTD has a

Highly ordered mesoporous silica film nanocomposites containing gold nanoparticles for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Mohamad Azani Jalani,
• Leny Yuliati,
• Siew Ling Lee and
• Hendrik O. Lintang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1368–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.135

• ; Introduction Mesoporous silica nanomaterials with pore size between 2 to 50 nm [1] have been recently applied to the development of biomedical adsorbents [2][3][4], drug delivery systems [5][6][7], catalysts [8][9][10], as well as supports for metal nanoparticles [11][12][13] due to their large surface area

• , good thermal stability, high uniformity, and controllable pore size [1]. These nanomaterials with a hexagonal structure were independently discovered using a layered silicate kanemite as a template to form folded sheet materials (FSM)-16 [14] and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a cationic

• temperature (Table 1), indicating a small decrease of pore size and unit cell. For example, when the calcination temperature was changed from 190 to 250 °C in increments of 20 °C (Figure 4a, plots (a)–(d)), the position of the d100 diffraction peaks for the resulting mesoporous silica ([AuNPs]cal/silicahex

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• matrix and the sepiolite fibres as well as to an increase in the relative density that produces a decrease in porosity, commonly related to a smaller pore size and a lower tendency to collapse than in the case of larger macropores [48][49]. In contrast, a decrease in the compression modulus (1.4 MPa) was

• and current sources were set at 40 kV and 30 mA, respectively. Diffractograms were recorded at a goniometer speed of 0.5 s per step between 4° and 60° (2θ). The BET specific surface area and the pore size distribution (Barret–Joyner–Hallenda method) were determined from nitrogen adsorption/desorption

Playing with covalent triazine framework tiles for improved CO₂ adsorption properties and catalytic performance

• Giulia Tuci,
• Andree Iemhoff,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Lapo Luconi,
• Andrea Rossin,
• Vasiliki Papaefthimiou,
• Regina Palkovits,
• Jens Artz,
• Cuong Pham-Huu and
• Giuliano Giambastiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1217–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.121

• , consequently, optimize their gas-adsorption capacity. In addition, the control of the chemico-physical properties (i.e., pore-size distribution, specific surface area (SSA) and surface basicity) of the target samples is known to play a fundamental role in the control of their performance (activity and

• was determined with helium. The specific surface area (SSA) for each sample was determined by the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller method (BET) using data points at a relative pressure p/p0 between 0.05 and 0.3. The total pore volume was determined at a relative pressure of 0.98. The pore size distribution was

• equimolar mixtures (p-DCB/DCI, IV, and DCBP/DCI, V). Specific surface area, pore size distribution and N content (wt % loading and % of each N configuration) as measured for CTF1–5. CO2 adsorption uptake, isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst) and CO2/N2 selectivity values measured for CTF1–5 at comparison with

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• the response of the electrocatalyst towards the oxygen reduction reaction. Results and Discussion Effect of microporosity The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms and the pore size distributions obtained by applying the quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) are presented in Figure 1a

• between the carbon material and the activating agent results in materials with a more developed microporosity. In addition, the pore size of the samples is also broadened by increasing the contact time (Figure 1b). The reaction occurring during the physical activation of the samples removes carbon atoms

• Warburg impedance, indicating a higher resistance of the electrolyte ion diffusion into the porous structure, and hence, a lower value of limiting current density. These diffusion limitations are less evident for those samples with wider pore size, as pores act as diffusion channels favoring the kinetics

Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier

• Aniela Bittner,
• Angélique D. Ducray,
• Hans Rudolf Widmer,
• Michael H. Stoffel and
• Meike Mevissen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 941–954, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.95

• the bands, given in arbitrary units, and subsequent standardization on actin. rBCEC4 monolayer permeability rBCEC4 cells (90,000) were seeded per gelatin-coated Millicell® culture plate insert with 3 µm pore size (Merck Millipore, Germany) on days in vitro 0 (DIV0) and left to grow until monolayer

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• proportional with the pore size of the active electrode materials [14]. The synthesis of carbon materials with very high surface area and appropriate pore size suitable for supercapacitor electrodes is a major challenge. It has been shown that this could be achieved by addition of sacrificial polymers, which

• room temperature. The surface area and pore size analysis were performed using a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 instrument using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption theory. Degassing under high vacuum (10−6 mbar) at 200 °C was performed for samples before the surface area and pore size analysis

• , to study the porous structures and surface area, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and the pore size distribution were analyzed for the Cu/CuO/PCNF/TiO2 composites. To determine the performance of the supercapacitors, the surface area and pore size distribution are two important factors to provide

On the transformation of “zincone”-like into porous ZnO thin films from sub-saturated plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition

• Alberto Perrotta,
• Julian Pilz,
• Stefan Pachmajer,
• Antonella Milella and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 746–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.74

• ZnO [15][16]. Liang et al. [15] reported on the transformation of zincones deposited on TiO2 nanoparticles into porous ZnO via thermal treatment in the presence of air. Low surface area and wide pore size distribution (in the micropore and mesopore size range) were achieved. The surface area and the

• humidity, resulting in classical adsorption/desorption isotherms, generally categorized according to the IUPAC classification [45][46][47][48]. A type-I isotherm is associated with porous materials with a narrow distribution of pore size with a diameter below 2 nm (nanoporous or microporous materials), and

• al. [15] reported on the formation of mesoporous and microporous layers on nanoparticles coated with MLD zincone layers. In their contribution, the pore size distribution and surface area were reported as functions of the calcination temperature, showing a decrease in the overall porosity starting

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• mass of the non-porous carbide core [15]. According to the IUPAC classification, the isotherm can be classified as type Ia suggesting a highly (ultra-)microporous material [27]. The pore size distribution (PSD) of the material was evaluated by using the quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT

• (type Ib) isotherm, indicating a broad range of micropores. This is in accordance with pore size distributions obtained for TiC-CDC at 1200 °C [4][30]. The addition of 5 mg of nickel per gram of carbide (CDC-Ni5) already shows a pronounced influence on the resulting isotherm, which is a combination of

• a decrease in the adsorbed volume of N2 in the low-pressure range. The pore size distributions evaluated by the QSDFT model are displayed in Figure 6b. CDC-Ni0 displays mainly pores in the micropore regime (<2 nm). On the other hand, the CDCs produced with the aid of the nickel catalyst show pores

One-step nonhydrolytic sol–gel synthesis of mesoporous TiO₂ phosphonate hybrid materials

• Yanhui Wang,
• P. Hubert Mutin and
• Johan G. Alauzun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 356–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.35

• with the P/Ti ratio, leading to an increase of the specific surface area and a decrease of the pore size of the hybrid samples. For a P/Ti ratio of 0.2, the volume fraction of organic octyl groups exceeds 50%. The hybrid material becomes nonporous and can be described as amorphous TiO2 clusters

• of some macropores. As SEM images do not show the presence of macropores in TiP0.05 and TiP0.02 samples, these macropores likely correspond to pores between relatively small aggregates resulting from the grinding of the samples. The pore size distribution results confirmed the presence of mesopores

• 77 K with a Micrometrics TriStar 3000 apparatus; the specific surface area was determined by the BET method in the 0.05–0.25 P/P0 range. The mesopore volume and pore size distribution were obtained by the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method from the desorption branch. Solid-state 31P magic angle

Site-specific growth of oriented ZnO nanocrystal arrays

• Rekha Bai,
• Dinesh K. Pandya,
• Sujeet Chaudhary,
• Veer Dhaka,
• Vladislav Khayrudinov,
• Jori Lemettinen,
• Christoffer Kauppinen and
• Harri Lipsanen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 274–280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.26

• pores of size ≈600 nm; however, many-coupled branched NCs with hexagonal shape are formed when a patterned pore size of ≈200 nm is used. X-ray diffraction data is in agreement with the observed morphology. A mechanism is proposed to interpret the observed site-specific oriented/branched growth that is

• correlated to the pore size. As ordered NC arrays have the potential to generate new collective properties different from single NCs, our first demonstration of a cost effective and facile fabrication process opens up new possibilities for devices with versatile functionalities. Keywords: electrodeposition

• of a patterned pore size in controlling the growth of array vs branched ZnO NCs is shown. A mechanism based on the nucleation and growth is proposed to understand the oriented/branched twin ZnO NC morphologies. Experimental Growth of ZnO nanocrystals An electrodeposition technique was employed to

pH-mediated control over the mesostructure of ordered mesoporous materials templated by polyion complex micelles

• Emilie Molina,
• Mélody Mathonnat,
• Jason Richard,
• Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes,
• Martin In,
• Philippe Dieudonné,
• Thomas Cacciaguerra,
• Corine Gérardin and
• Nathalie Marcotte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.14

• ; hybrid organic–inorganic interface; mesoporous materials; nanostructured materials; polyion complex micelles; polyion electrostatic complexation; Introduction Due to their unique physicochemical properties originating from their uniform pore size and periodically arranged network at the mesoscale

• with H1-like hysteresis loop (IUPAC classification [34]) showing capillary condensation at a relative pressure p/p0 ranging from 0.42 to 0.70. This indicates that the structural mesoporosity presents a cylindrical pore geometry with a high degree of pore size uniformity. This is confirmed by the narrow

• pore size distribution (PSD) calculated from the adsorption branch by the NLDFT method (Figure S3 in Supporting Information File 1). Within that pH range, the mean pore diameter (dpore) and mesopore volume (Vmeso) slightly increase with pH (Table 1). When the synthesis was performed at 1.9 wt % of DHBC

New micro/mesoporous nanocomposite material from low-cost sources for the efficient removal of aromatic and pathogenic pollutants from water

• Emmanuel I. Unuabonah,
• Robert Nöske,
• Jens Weber,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 119–131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.11

• 150 °C for 20 h prior to analysis. The surface areas were calculated either by the single-point or multipoint Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method [24]. The pore size distributions were calculated using the quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methodology (part of the QuadraWin 5.05

• the specific surface areas or the pore volume is observed with increasing temperature. The specific surface areas are scattered at approximately 230 m2/g (Figure 1b), and the total pore volume scatters at approximately 0.23 cm3/g (Figure 1c). Pore size distributions (PSDs) were determined from the

Controlling surface morphology and sensitivity of granular and porous silver films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS

• Sherif Okeil and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2813–2831, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.263

• of argon and oxygen gas (8 sccm argon, 4 sccm oxygen gas flow at a power of 200 W for 15 min). Treatment of the so obtained oxidized silver film with pure argon rf plasma (argon flow rate 16.7 sccm, power 200 W, 15 min) results in a complex network of interconnected silver particles with large pore

• size (Figure 8a). This difference in morphology is already observed in the silver film oxidized by the argon/oxygen mixture when compared to the silver film oxidized by oxygen plasma alone (Figure S16a,d, Supporting Information File 1). The difference in the obtained morphologies can eventually be

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• and physical modifications of the PS nanostructures, since the complete removal of PMMA phase produces a hydrophobic PS surface whereas an irradiation at a pressure of 103 Pa caused the partial decomposition of the PS matrix with the modification of the material pore size and structure. By focusing on

• analogous PS-b-P4VP membranes, the results obtained for PS-b-PEO membranes evidenced that the pore dimensions of the PS-b-PEO membranes are not affected by the pH change (in contrary to PS-b-P4VP). Additionally, since the membranes with PEO moieties present hydroxy end groups, the pore size can be tailored

• ), where 2-propanol was determined to be the best solvent. As reported in Figure 4, the nanoporous thin membrane (i.e., pore size ≈20 nm) adheres to the macroporous substrate without any discontinuities. As reported in Figure 4d, the desired vertical alignment of the nanoporous system is maintained, even

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

Nanoconjugates of a calixresorcinarene derivative with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) fragments for drug encapsulation

• Alina M. Ermakova,
• Julia E. Morozova,
• Yana V. Shalaeva,
• Victor V. Syakaev,
• Aidar T. Gubaidullin,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Vladimir V. Zobov,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Olga B. Bazanova,
• Igor S. Antipin and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2057–2070, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.195

• filtrated through Millipore filter (pore size: 0.2 μm). The series of solutions was obtained through dilution. Preparation of substrate-loaded micelles of 3 Two basic methods were used to produce 3 + substrate micelles. Thin-film hydration Appropriate amounts of 3 and substrate (Dox, Orange OT, QC, RhB, see

• residual suspensions were filtered through Millipore filter (pore size: 0.2 μm) to remove free hydrophobic substrates (Dox, Orange OT, QC) or dialysed against water (molecular weight cutoff 1000 Da) for 1 h (hydrophilic RhB). The concentrations of Dox, Orange OT, QC, RhB in the obtained 3 + substrate

Synthesis of a MnO₂/Fe₃O₄/diatomite nanocomposite as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for methylene blue degradation

• Zishun Li,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Kun Liu,
• Jing Huang,
• Yueyang Xu,
• Qian Peng and
• Minlin Ao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1940–1950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.185

• surface chemical composition results obtained from the XPS analysis ensure the formation of Fe3O4 and MnO2, which further confirms the observation from the previous structural and morphological characterization. Figure 7 shows the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and corresponding pore-size

• /Fe3O4/diatomite. XPS spectra of as-synthesized MnO2/Fe3O4/diatomite: (a) full survey spectrum, high-resolution scans of (b) Fe 2p, (c) Mn 2p and (d) O 1s. (a) N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and (b) the corresponding pore-size distribution curves of diatomite, Fe3O4/diatomite and MnO2/Fe3O4/diatomite

The inhibition effect of water on the purification of natural gas with nanoporous graphene membranes

• Krzysztof Nieszporek,
• Tomasz Pańczyk and
• Jolanta Nieszporek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1906–1916, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.182

• separation relies strongly on the pore size and geometry. The presence of a strongly electronegative atom in the way of separated components may cause additional, probably undesirable effects. For example, during natural gas separation, the water molecules, which are present in the mixture, can lower the

Uniform cobalt nanoparticles embedded in hexagonal mesoporous nanoplates as a magnetically separable, recyclable adsorbent

• Can Zhao,
• Yuexiao Song,
• Tianyu Xiang,
• Wenxiu Qu,
• Shuo Lou,
• Xiaohong Yin and
• Feng Xin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1770–1781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.168

• calculated at a relative pressure range of 0.05–0.2. The pore size distribution was determined using nonlocal density functional theory (NLDFT) with the slit pore model using the adsorption branch of the nitrogen isotherm. The magnetic properties of the NPLs were investigated by a vibrating sample

• average pore size of all samples calculated from the adsorption branch using the NLDFT method is less than 25 nm, as shown in Figure 4C, which is in good agreement with the STEM observation (Figure 3D). After heat treatment at 800 °C, the BET surface area for the samples prepared at the initial dopamine

• hydrochloride concentrations of 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 g/L is calculated to be 59, 70, and 124 m2/g, respectively (Table S2, Supporting Information File 1). When the initial concentration of dopamine hydrochloride is decreased, the average pore size increases from 9.5 nm to 18.6 nm (Figure 4C and Table S2