Efficiency of electron cooling in cold-electron bolometers with traps

• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Vladimir A. Frost,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 896–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.80

• from 256 to 48 mK with an unavoidable threshold of 42 mK due to the residual Andreev current. For our measurements, new samples with CEB arrays were deposited, using the equipment of the Center for Quantum Technologies at NNSTU n.a. R.E. Alekseev. These samples have normal metal traps, as well as

• from 100 to 25 mK due to lower Andreev currents, thus decreasing our previous threshold [7] of 42 mK in the low-temperature range. For a better determination of the parameters, we have improved our fitting algorithm that takes into account both the leakage and Andreev currents and the sixth power of

Micro-structures, nanomechanical properties and flight performance of three beetles with different folding ratios

• Jiyu Sun,
• Pengpeng Li,
• Yongwei Yan,
• Fa Song,
• Nuo Xu and
• Zhijun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.75

• reaches a certain threshold, the hind wings would undergo passive deformation reducing the wing area, which results in decreased lift. A higher folding ratio of hind wings leads to easier deformation with increasing wind speed (Figure 6). When the wind speed reached a certain value (Figure 5B) and the

Optimizing PMMA solutions to suppress contamination in the transfer of CVD graphene for batch production

• Chun-Da Liao,
• Andrea Capasso,
• Tiago Queirós,
• Telma Domingues,
• Fatima Cerqueira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Jérôme Borme,
• Paulo Freitas and
• Pedro Alpuim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 796–806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.70

• ). The broader G phonon band observed for the B2 samples reveals that a significantly higher number of inter-band decay pathways are available due to a lower Pauli blocking threshold [23] (equivalent to twice |EF|), further indicating that the p-type doping caused by adsorbed PMMA is less intense for the

• transistor to reach an output voltage of 1 mV. Histogram distributions for the graphene channel resistances were plotted (using MATLAB scripts) to compare the effects of B2 and C4 PMMA-assisted graphene transfer on device performance. Based on our observations of the device performance, a threshold

Reliable fabrication of transparent conducting films by cascade centrifugation and Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of electrochemically exfoliated graphene

• Teodora Vićentić,
• Stevan Andrić,
• Vladimir Rajić and
• Marko Spasenović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 666–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.58

• of 3, 4, and 5 krpm, further diluting the solutions in different volumes of solvent, we reliably and consistently obtained films of tunable thickness. We show that there is a limit to how thin these films can be, which is imposed by the percolation threshold. The percolation threshold is

• centrifugation rate, which indicates films with a decreased density of large particles. We quantify the number of scattering centers by analyzing the dark-field images using the software imageJ. First, we set the brightness threshold for what counts as a scattering particle. As these are dark-field images

• , anything that is not completely dark is counted as a scattering particle. Thus, we set the threshold at a brightness value of 3 (on a scale from 0 to 255). Such an analysis yields results that are consistent with intuitive observation (Table 1). The film structure was further investigated with SEM, shown

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• can be found in Supporting Information File 1). Data volume thresholding aims to find an optimal value according the which the data is separated in two classes (background and objects). More specifically, each voxel becomes 0 if its original value is lower that the threshold value, or 1 if the

Approaching microwave photon sensitivity with Al Josephson junctions

• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Ladeynov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 582–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.50

• voltage is zero. This makes it easier to determine the lifetime in the numerical model. In this case, the JJ is considered to be switched if the phase exceeds a certain threshold value, usually chosen to the right of the position of the nearest maximum of the potential for a given bias current. There is a

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• values determined by STM are smaller than the areal density of ≈7 × 1017 m−2 and the pore diameter of 0.7 ± 0.1 nm determined using AFM [36]. This is mainly due to different imaging mechanisms and different threshold definitions used for pore determination. Finally, the evolution of electron-induced

A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures

• Irena Mihailova,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Marina Krasovska,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Valdis Mizers,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Andrejs Ogurcovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 424–436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.35

• H2O2. Table 2 shows the result of an amperometric study of real milk and mouthwash samples. As the possible amount of H2O2 can be below the detection limit, the samples were spiked with different amounts of H2O2 above the detection threshold and a standard sample recovery test was performed. It can be

Impact of device design on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of integrated Ru-terpyridine complexes

• Max Mennicken,
• Sophia Katharina Peter,
• Corinna Kaulen,
• Ulrich Simon and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 219–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.16

• increases linearly with the intensity of the irradiating light, while they exhibit on/off ratios of less than 1.01 for light intensities of 1 µW/cm2. We find an increase of the photocurrent through the Ru(MPTP)2–AuNP devices due to irradiation above a threshold voltage of about 0.4 to 0.5 V (Figure 6a

• needs a minimum energy of about 500 meV (Figure 6a), which is sufficient to initiate charge transport to the electrodes. Raising USD over this threshold voltage leads to a further increase in current. Consequently, we assume, that in Ru(MPTP)2–AuNP devices a plasmon-induced metal-to-ligand charge

Low-energy electron interaction and focused electron beam-induced deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)₆)

• Po-Yuan Shih,
• Maicol Cipriani,
• Christian Felix Hermanns,
• Jens Oster,
• Klaus Edinger,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 182–191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.13

• the underlying resonances. Thermochemical threshold energies are calculated at the DFT level of theory for carbonyl loss from Mo(CO)6 through DEA and discussed in relation to the current and previous studies. We present EDX analyses of the composition of FEBID deposits from Mo(CO)6 and compare the

• shows the calculated threshold values for the individual processes at the PBE0/ma-def2-TZVP level of theory. Qualitatively the ion yield curves observed in the current study offer the same overall picture as reported in the earlier studies, but there are also differences. The peak attributed to [Mo(CO)5

• ]− is in the current study and in the study by Pignataro and co-workers [20], observed at an energy of 0.4 eV and not at 2.2 eV as by Winters and Kiser [19]. Resonant electron capture at threshold is clear in the electron transmission spectra from Giordan et al. [18] indicating that in the study by

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• cone, the polymer jet initiation happens when the voltage reaches a threshold value at which the electrostatic forces overcome the surface tension of the polymer droplet. The increase of the applied voltage up to a particular value decreases the fiber diameter [21]. Huan et al. reported that at low

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• concentrations of over 200 µg/m3, even for periods of time, this will cause adverse effects on the respiratory system. Some studies have shown that NO2 concentrations over 500 µg/m3 can cause acute health effects. Although the lowest threshold for NO2 exposure with a direct effect on lung function in asthmatic

Influence of magnetic domain walls on all-optical magnetic toggle switching in a ferrimagnetic GdFe film

• Rahil Hosseinifar,
• Evangelos Golias,
• Ivar Kumberg,
• Quentin Guillet,
• Karl Frischmuth,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Mario Fix,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Florian Kronast and
• Wolfgang Kuch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.5

• film with out-of-plane easy axis of magnetization by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism photoelectron emission microscopy. Individual linearly polarized laser pulses of 800 nm wavelength and 100 fs duration above a certain threshold fluence reverse the sample magnetization, independent of the

• where the line of constant threshold fluence in the Gaussian footprint of the laser pulse comes close to an already existing domain wall. On the other hand, we identify the presence of laser-induced domain-wall motion in the toggle-switching event as a further cause for local deviations from purely

• ]. Due to the helicity-dependent absorption of the laser fluence in the sample as a consequence of magnetic circular dichroism and a sharp intensity threshold for toggle switching, this can also lead to helicity-dependent all-optical single-pulse switching [4][19]. Important for applications of all

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• certain threshold voltage can lead either to oxidation or reduction of the Fe, Co, or even Ce in the samples (depending on the sign of the applied potential). This would lead to an increase or decrease in the slope of the polarization curve. If the reaction is reversible, it would depend on the velocity

Cantilever signature of tip detachment during contact resonance AFM

• Devin Kalafut,
• Ryan Wagner,
• Maria Jose Cadena,
• Anil Bajaj and
• Arvind Raman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1286–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.96

• to improve their measurements. We shed light on this issue by deliberately pushing both our experimental equipment and numerical simulations to the point of tip–sample detachment to explore cantilever dynamics during a useful and observable threshold feature in the measured response. Numerical

• the first contact resonance frequency. With increasing drive amplitude, the response amplitude of the resonance peak increases, but the frequency of the resonance peak decreases, that is, a nonlinear softening effect. Once a certain drive amplitude threshold is crossed (approx. 3.0 mW photothermal

• amplitude, though the probe tip may remain in contact with the sample, the presence of higher harmonics and nonlinear softening of the resonance peak distorts measurements and should be taken as a signal of caution. If the operating amplitude continues to increase, it may exceed a threshold above which

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• reservoirs with nanopores, the non-Darcy phenomena are ubiquitous for liquid flows [125][126]. Especially, there is a threshold pressure gradient (TPG) which should be overcome for the onset of the liquid flow. Nonetheless, the generation mechanism of TPG remains ambiguous and unresolved. One of the possible

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• of energy to the system leaving the molecule in an excited electronic state. In the case of ionization, a fraction of the deposited energy is spent in overcoming the ionization threshold; another fraction is carried away by the ejected electron, while the remaining part is stored in the target in the

First-principles study of the structural, optoelectronic and thermophysical properties of the π-SnSe for thermoelectric applications

• Muhammad Atif Sattar,
• Najwa Al Bouzieh,
• Maamar Benkraouda and
• Noureddine Amrane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1101–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.82

• under 0.1 eV. Two unique absorption peaks of ε2(ω) can be observed from Figure 11b, which are marked as α and β for the π-SnSe alloy. It can be noticed that for the π-SnSe alloy, the ε2(ω) threshold point is equivalent to its energy bandgap which determines the energy extent to stimulate electron

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• expected from the calculations as the maximal Ga implantation concentration is below the critical threshold required to phase transform to Cu3Ga. The KAM and grain boundary evaluation do not show significant strain in these regions. The maximal number of defects and implantation concentration is lower for

• calculations suggest that a concentration of ≈36% of Ga can be found within these topographically higher regions which exceeds the required concentration threshold to form the Cu3Ga phase. In addition, a higher strain and defect density can be observed here suggesting significant crystal structure alterations

• Ga impurity concentration in the top layer which is above the Ga concentration threshold required to form a Cu3Ga phase. The Monte Carlo simulations suggest that 22 vacancies are created per incident ion. As a result, 9.4 × 1012 vacancies are created within the first 3 nm until the steady-state

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• indicate a higher probability that the image belongs to the second category and usually a classifier probability threshold of 0.5 is chosen to differentiate between the classes. Loss function The above output, together with the true labels of the images are used for calculating the error in the predictions

• process of forward and backward propagation is done many times until some accuracy/loss threshold is reached. The loss function has different formulae for different tasks. For example, binary-cross entropy, or categorical-cross entropy losses can be applied, respectively, for binary and categorical

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• limit, the TENG generates AC signals for power supply and analysis of vibration characteristics. When the vibration exceeds a threshold, the output signal becomes a DC signal and an alarm is triggered. To sum up, self-powered sensors based on NGs have great prospects as intelligent traffic sensors, and

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• beam milling that were inspected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this way, the microstructural effect of increasing the helium ion-induced defect density was probed, and threshold doses for a series of structural changes, such as amorphization and subsurface swelling, were established

• many samples can be performed. In fact, at doses below the threshold for nanobubble formation, the introduction of helium atoms into interstitial sites can be used to delicately induce strain into a crystal lattice, which can be leveraged for strain engineering. And at higher doses, localized and

• subsurface voids was indeed also observed [16]. Threshold doses for the formation of a subsurface dislocation band, for the onset of amorphization, and for the formation of nanobubbles and larger voids, were established (as shown earlier in Figure 1c). Tan et al. performed detailed TEM cross-sectional

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• multiple watershed functions to derive the projected particle area. For this, the area occupied by the nanoparticles is identified by doing a manual threshold, which creates a binary image. The particles on the edges of the images were excluded for data extraction. Finally, a histogram of the area

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• , hematological, urinary, physical, or morphological findings. Further studies, however, are needed to observe the threshold toxicity in other human organs upon increasing dosage and time exposure to AgNPs [130]. The toxicity of AgNPs has been evaluated in several studies; however, only a few researchers