The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• standard image processing techniques, kernel filters exist for functions such as edge detection, edge enhancement, noise reduction, and smoothing. In contrast, in CNNs, the parameters of the filters are not known a priori and the CNN model learns the best parameters during the training process to extract

• , decision making is strongly influenced by random noise and meaningless trends in the training data. This boosts performance on the training dataset, but results in poor generalization to new data. There are several approaches that can reduce over-fitting. Increasing the sample data set size helps reduce

• ][94], beginning with the more abundant examples of optical and electron microscopy, which will later be compared and contrasted with applications in SPM [95]. Strategies for obtaining training data Successful application of deep learning relies on the quality (e.g. signal/noise, resolution, and

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Reducing molecular simulation time for AFM images based on super-resolution methods

• Zhipeng Dou,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Rui Lin,
• Jianhai Wang,
• Peng Cheng and
• Zeyu Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 775–785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.61

• factors to 2× (25 × 25) and 3× (17 × 17), respectively, to construct super-resolution images. The peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR, expressed as the logarithmic decibel scale) and structural similarity (SSIM, value range is [0,1]) are used to evaluate the quality of the reconstructed image. The PSNR is

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• that might occur with other methods, such as heat and noise. Using this method, Uvet and others provided an innovative micro-UFO, which was suspended by diamagnetic levitation. After the micro-UFO reached a certain height, it could successfully track the maximum range of motion of the linear stage of

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• -correlated Gaussian noise: ⟨ξ(r,t)⟩ = 0, ⟨ξ(r,t)ξ(r’,t’)⟩ = σ2δ(r− r’)(t − t’); σ2 is the intensity of fluctuations. This source takes into account the effects of redistribution of adatoms at the microscopic level, describing the system at the mesoscopic level. Reaction term During condensation processes

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

Determining amplitude and tilt of a lateral force microscopy sensor

• Oliver Gretz,
• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Thomas Holzmann,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 517–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.42

• . Note that the program will not converge to a solution if eLIM is too small because of noise and factors such as drift. Another problem is the choice of starting values. To try different combinations with equal probability, random starting values within a definable interval were generated. Care has to

Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges

• Qingchun Wang and
• Wai Ting Siok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27

• has an excellent temporal resolution at the millisecond scale. ECoG data have a typical sampling rate of 1,000–3,000 Hz. This high temporal resolution offers an opportunity to observe the rapid dynamics of neural activities in precisely localized brain regions. ECoG has a much higher signal-to-noise

• ratio (SNR) than other modalities, such as fMRI or scalp EEG. The SNR of ECoG is 100 times higher than that of scalp EEG due to the reduction of environmental and physiological noise such as muscle contractions or skin potentials [42][46]. ECoG electrodes are characterised by a circular plate shape

• -noise ratio (Figure 5c, right). The real-time signals of cortical activities in different medical and drug-induced epileptic states were precisely measured when the iWEBS array was used in freely moving mice. Combined with optogenetic mapping techniques, long-range cortical interactions were

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• modulation setup. The spatial displacement of the focus modulates the signal [61] and the lock-in coupled detector provides an excellent signal-to-noise ratio for individual small scatterers. Figure 7d–f shows the extinction (sum of scattering and absorption) spectra corresponding to the tetramers in Figure

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• capability is the ability to record charge-compensated images on insulating samples such as biological specimen or polymers without requiring a conductive coating layer [2][3][4]. In addition, the ability to record images with high signal-to-noise ratio while using low beam currents (the HIM creates up to

• for ion microscopes. The dark-field STIM detector enables the imaging of very thin carbon nanomembranes with a high signal-to-noise ratio, which could not be achieved using the conventional ETD detector in the HIM. The evaluation of the contrast mechanism suggests that the detector is suitable for end

Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human–machine interaction

• Ata Jedari Golparvar and
• Murat Kaya Yapici

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.14

• 11.6 kΩ (at 1 kHz). Additionally, since the operation of the textile electrodes relies on charge flow, moisture and sweat can increase the interface conductivity of the skin electrodes and provide an even better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in long-term monitoring applications in contrast to “wet

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• units. The cellulose-based P-TENGs have the following electric output performance parameter values: Voc (approx. 196.8 V), Isc (approx. 31.5 μA), and power density of 16.1 W·m−2 [94]. As vast amounts of acoustic energy (e.g., from talking, traffic noise, and music) are normally not harvested, Wang group

Numerical analysis of vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip

• Kebei Chen,
• Zhenghui Liu,
• Yuchen Xie,
• Chunyu Zhang,
• Gengzhao Xu,
• Wentao Song and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 82–92, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.7

• the measurement. Therefore, we need to consider all physical parameters comprehensively. Firstly, it is necessary to reduce the influence of the long-range force, where Atip should be small enough. Secondly, fq should be high to minimize frequency noise [1]. However, there is a tradeoff between Atip

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• recorded with a frequency of 1 Hz. The spring constant of the cantilever was determined by a noninvasive thermal noise method. In the case of FDC experiments, the tip radius was estimated by fitting the reference measurements of glass and by applying the Hertz theory, as described in Supporting Information

Scanning transmission imaging in the helium ion microscope using a microchannel plate with a delay line detector

• Eduardo Serralta,
• Nico Klingner,
• Olivier De Castro,
• Michael Mousley,
• Santhana Eswara,
• Serge Duarte Pinto,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1854–1864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.167

• phenomena occurring during the projectile–target interaction and can increase the signal-to-noise ratio [23]. Since most likely a considerable fraction of the transmitted particles at this energy range is neutral [24][25], magnetic or electrostatic spectrometers cannot be used. Therefore, ion energy-loss

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

• Jianqi Dong,
• Liang Chen,
• Yuqing Yang and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

• (ZEISS Ultra 55), and a TEM (JEM-2100HR, JEM-1400 PLUS). The I–V characteristic curves were measured using a source table including a SR570 low-noise current preamplifier and a DS345 function generator. (a) Schematic diagram of the epitaxial structure. (b) STEM image taken of the AlGaN/AlN/GaN

Mapping of integrated PIN diodes with a 3D architecture by scanning microwave impedance microscopy and dynamic spectroscopy

• Rosine Coq Germanicus,
• Peter De Wolf,
• Florent Lallemand,
• Catherine Bunel,
• Serge Bardy,
• Hugues Murray and
• Ulrike Lüders

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1764–1775, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.159

• an electromagnetically shielded and electrically conductive tip [21]. This special tip enhances the microwave sensitivity and eliminates parasitic noise. The tip design and its properties are described elsewhere [25]. A gigahertz microwave signal travels through the tip and interacts with a local

• vertical PIN diode with the associated metallic contacts of the anode. Although the sMIM-R signal shows a low signal-to-noise ratio, it is still possible to differentiate metallic materials from semiconductor layers. Also, the conductivity continuity between the metallic contact and the p+ anode can be

• seen. The sMIM-C map clearly shows the complete architecture of the PIN structure with details of the anode contact and with very clear differences (in terms of contrast, layer location, and signal-to-noise ratio) between the P (p+ anode), I (lightly doped n-type epitaxial silicon), and N (n-type doped

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• curves on an uncompliant substrate, such as a silicon wafer. The spring constant could then be determined from the thermal noise spectrum [42]. Tip radii have been obtained through scanning a TGT1 test grating (NT-MDT Spectrum Instruments, Moscow, Russia) consisting of an array of sharp tips. The

Functional nanostructures for electronics, spintronics and sensors

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1704–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.152

• ” electronics for a superconducting computer where a low-noise cryogenic microwave amplifier as a read-out circuit of superconducting X-mon qubits is demonstrated. Also, in addition to the progress towards theoretical and experimental developments of a superconducting computer, this thematic issues also

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• information from the electric noise [9]. Similar advantages arise in sensor studies. In this case, Yanson point contacts are responsible for the unique properties of point-contact sensors, which make them different from the existing analogues. In sensor studies, the quantum properties of Yanson point contacts

Design of V-shaped cantilevers for enhanced multifrequency AFM measurements

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1525–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.135

• focused on finding the optimum for these geometrical dimensions of a V-shaped cantilever with the aim to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and, consequently, to enhance the second eigenmode phase signal. A numerical study is carried out to model the V-shaped cantilevers given the abovementioned

Helium ion microscope – secondary ion mass spectrometry for geological materials

• Matthew R. Ball,
• Richard J. M. Taylor,
• Joshua F. Einsle,
• Fouzia Khanom,
• Christelle Guillermier and
• Richard J. Harrison

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1504–1515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.133

• ZrO+ fragment at m/z 106 and the ZrO2+ fragment at m/z 122, signals became measurable significantly above the background noise. Figure 2 shows the same zircon sample as Figure 1, immediately after the first mass spectrum in Figure 2b and immediately before the second mass spectrum in Figure 2c. The

• conductivity across the sample surface, it can dampen the signal to a point where some elements fall below the background noise level. However, the primary beam is not designed for the rapid removal of material and if the applied coating is thicker than 5–10 nm, its removal can take an unreasonable amount of

• mica and the HIM–SIMS signal from a subregion of the same sample. Both isotopes of Li can be clearly seen in HIM–SIMS where no Li signal can be detected above background noise in the SEM–EDS data. The Fe signal is also shown, which should be inversely proportional to the Li signal as Fe and Li

A wideband cryogenic microwave low-noise amplifier

• Boris I. Ivanov,
• Dmitri I. Volkhin,
• Ilya L. Novikov,
• Dmitri K. Pitsun,
• Dmitri O. Moskalev,
• Ilya A. Rodionov,
• Evgeni Il’ichev and
• Aleksey G. Vostretsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1484–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.131

• str. 5, Moscow, 105005, Russia Dukhov Automatics Research Institute, (VNIIA), 22 ul. Sushchevskaya, Moscow, Russia, 127055 Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, PO Box 100239, D-07702 Jena, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.11.131 Abstract A broadband low-noise four-stage high-electron-mobility transistor

• amplifier was designed and characterized in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator at the 3.8 K temperature stage. The obtained power dissipation of the amplifier is below 20 mW. In the frequency range from 6 to 12 GHz its gain exceeds 30 dB. The equivalent noise temperature of the amplifier is below 6 K for

• the presented frequency range. The amplifier is applicable for any type of cryogenic microwave measurements. As an example we demonstrate here the characterization of the superconducting X-mon qubit coupled to an on-chip coplanar waveguide resonator. Keywords: cryogenic low-noise amplifier; high

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• metal–insulator–semiconductor or metal–insulator–metal capacitors with a high effective area on a small footprint. The high surface area of a silicon nanowire array can be used to fabricate ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) with a high signal-to-noise ratio. An ISFET is a pH sensing

Protruding hydrogen atoms as markers for the molecular orientation of a metallocene

• Linda Laflör,
• Michael Reichling and
• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1432–1438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.127

• in the constant-height mode (adapted from [22]). The orientations of the two geometries geo 1 and geo 2 are marked by solid green and dashed blue lines, respectively, and are included in all images with the respective orientation. (A five pixel averaging filter was applied to reduce noise within the

• to reduce noise within the frequency shift images. A slight tilt of the constant-height plane leads to a small modulation along the row. (f–i) Simulated NC-AFM images using a CO tip model. (k–n) Simulated NC-AFM images for a Xe tip model positioned with the tip backbone positioned at the same heights