Heating ability of magnetic nanoparticles with cubic and combined anisotropy

• Nikolai A. Usov,
• Mikhail S. Nesmeyanov,
• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Natalia B. Epshtein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 305–314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.29

• ] and sufficiently high saturation magnetization [5]. However, only nanoparticles with a high specific absorption rate (SAR) in an alternating external magnetic field are suitable for magnetic hyperthermia. Therefore, a significant number of recent experimental studies [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14

• nanoparticles to generate heat in an alternating external magnetic field. According to the present calculations, for interacting magnetite nanoparticles with cubic or combined anisotropy, sufficiently high SAR values of the order of 250–350 W/g can be obtained for low values of magnetic field amplitudes, H0

• ][31] governs the dynamics of the unit magnetization vector of the ith single-domain nanoparticle of the cluster where γ is the gyromagnetic ratio, κ is phenomenological damping parameter, γ1 = γ/(1+κ2), is the effective magnetic field and is the thermal field. The effective magnetic field acting on

Electromagnetic analysis of the lasing thresholds of hybrid plasmon modes of a silver tube nanolaser with active core and active shell

• Denys M. Natarov,
• Trevor M. Benson and
• Alexander I. Nosich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 294–304, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.28

• Equation 14 of the present paper and its derivation). Denote by U the component of the magnetic field Hz. Assuming that the field is time-harmonic and depends on time as e−iωt, the LEP implies that the function U must satisfy the 2D Helmholtz equation with the corresponding refractive indices in each of

Relation between thickness, crystallite size and magnetoresistance of nanostructured La_1−xSr_xMn_yO_3±δ films for magnetic field sensors

• Rasuole Lukose,
• Valentina Plausinaitiene,
• Milita Vagner,
• Nerija Zurauskiene,
• Skirmantas Kersulis,
• Virgaudas Kubilius,
• Karolis Motiejuitis,
• Birute Knasiene,
• Voitech Stankevic,
• Zita Saltyte,
• Martynas Skapas,
• Algirdas Selskis and
• Evaldas Naujalis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 256–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.24

• additional supply source of precursor solution in an exponentially decreasing manner, exhibit the highest magnetoresistance and the lowest magnetoresistance anisotropy. The possibility to use these films for the development of magnetic field sensors operating at room temperature is discussed. Keywords

• : colossal magnetoresistance; crystallites; magnetic field sensors; MOCVD growth; nanostructured films; Introduction Perovskite manganite materials are an interesting topic of research since they can be applied as sensors for measuring the magnetic field due to the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR

• films consisting of columnar nanograins have already been successfully applied for the sensing of high pulsed magnetic fields (B-scalar sensor) [13][14]. Despite this development, the scalar (independent of field orientation) CMR effect under a low magnetic field is still a challenging goal towards

Magnetic-field sensor with self-reference characteristic based on a magnetic fluid and independent plasmonic dual resonances

• Kun Ren,
• Xiaobin Ren,
• Yumeng He and
• Qun Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 247–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.23

• , Tianjin 300222, China 10.3762/bjnano.10.23 Abstract A magnetic-field sensor with self-reference characteristic based on metal–dielectric–metal (MDM) plasmonic waveguides and a magnetic fluid (MF) is proposed and theoretically investigated. Independent dual resonances are supported by the coupled

• resonator–waveguide system. The physical mechanisms of dual resonances are analyzed by the temporal coupled-mode theory. The transmission response to an external magnetic field is explored by using the remarkable tunability of the refractive index of the MF. Based on the different dependence of two

• resonances on the external field, a magnetic-field sensor with self-reference characteristic is achieved. The magnetic-field nanosensor shows an excellent performance with a high sensitivity of 27 pm/Oe, i.e., 270 pm/mT. The proposed sensor takes advantage of the refractive-index tunability of the MF and the

Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films

• Alexander Gaul,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Timo Ueltzhöffer,
• Henning Huckfeldt,
• Hatice Doğanay,
• Johanna Hackl,
• Muhammad Imtiaz Khan,
• Daniel M. Gottlob,
• Gregor Hartmann,
• André Beyer,
• Dennis Holzinger,
• Slavomír Nemšák,
• Claus M. Schneider,
• Armin Gölzhäuser,
• Günter Reiss and
• Arno Ehresmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2968–2979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.276

• widths b of 5 μm, 2 μm, 1 μm, 500 nm, 200 nm and 100 nm were written by HIM in an external magnetic field, applied antiparallel to the initial EB field. For b ≥ 500 nm, the stripe repetition number was chosen to be N = 5, whereas for b < 500 nm, N = 10. The magnetic charge contrast of this pattern

• ] and to the fact that the unidirectional anisotropy of the EB has been mimicked by a local magnetic field. Since the DW charge states remain unaffected along the DW, a strong interaction between the corresponding demagnetization fields is present in the regions close to the domain vertices. As a result

• ferromagnetic (F) layer has been initialized by heating at 573 K for 90 min and subsequent cooling at a rate of 1 K·min−1 for 300 min to room temperature in an external magnetic field of 80 kA·m−1. HIM patterning A commercial HIM (Zeiss Orion Plus) has been modified with a sample holder allowing for the

Magnetic and luminescent coordination networks based on imidazolium salts and lanthanides for sensitive ratiometric thermometry

• Pierre Farger,
• Cédric Leuvrey,
• Mathieu Gallart,
• Pierre Gilliot,
• Guillaume Rogez,
• João Rocha,
• Duarte Ananias,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Emilie Delahaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2775–2787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.259

• 0.5 T dc magnetic field. The magnetic susceptibilities and products χT are presented as functions of the temperature in Figure 3. At 300 K, the value of χT for the compound [Gd(L)(ox)(H2O)] is 7.88 emu·K·mol−1, which agrees well with the theoretical value for spin-only S = 7/2 Gd3+ ions. The χT

• measurements were performed using a Quantum Design SQUID-VSM magnetometer. The static susceptibility measurements were performed in the temperature range of 1.8–300 K with an applied field of 0.5 T. Samples were blocked in eicosane to avoid orientation under magnetic field. Magnetization measurements at

Contactless photomagnetoelectric investigations of 2D semiconductors

• Marian Nowak,
• Marcin Jesionek,
• Barbara Solecka,
• Piotr Szperlich,
• Piotr Duka and
• Anna Starczewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2741–2749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.256

• , on the magnetic field as well as on the intensity and spatial distribution of illumination. The theoretical predictions agree with the results of the contactless investigations performed on non-suspended single-layer graphene. We use the contactless PME method for determining the dependence of

• method for determining these parameters in 2D semiconductors that is based on the photomagnetoelectric (PME) effect [10]. There are a few phenomena which are or may be called PME effects. For example, in semiconductors the simultaneous action of light and magnetic field evokes specific electromotive

• forces [10]. In the magnetic field, B, perpendicular to the photogenerated carrier concentration gradient, the diffusing electrons and holes are deflected in opposite directions. Their current flows in a third, mutually perpendicular direction. The PME response decreases with the increase of

Disorder in H⁺-irradiated HOPG: effect of impinging energy and dose on Raman D-band splitting and surface topography

• Lisandro Venosta,
• Noelia Bajales,
• Sergio Suárez and
• Paula G. Bercoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2708–2717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.253

• Design SQUID with RSO, in order to accurately measure any magnetic changes in the graphite samples, which are of the order of (or less than) 10−6 emu. The magnetic field was applied parallel to the graphene planes to diminish the contribution of the diamagnetic background. The samples were transferred

• after Raman characterization. Figure 4a shows the normalized magnetization M/Ms as a function of the magnetic field H for samples irradiated with an energy of 0.4 MeV (LE), low and high doses, together with the pristine sample, after subtracting the diamagnetic contribution inherent to graphite. Even

Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• diameter from 6 to 25 nm. The 25 nm and 44 nm diameter NPs show similar theranostic performance. In in vitro experiments we detected the death of 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells at a rate of 79 ± 8% after exposure to 25 nm Fe3O4–Au hybrids for 30 min in an ac magnetic field (AMF) with 261–393 kHz and 25 mT

• light scattering data (Table S1, Supporting Information File 1). The ability of magnetite NPs to increase the T2-contrast in MRI arises from the creation of huge magnetic field gradients, accelerating the relaxation rate of water protons in the vicinity of the NPs [56]. The correlation of r2-relaxivity

• with the size of Fe3O4 NPs and clusters of NPs has been thoroughly discussed in the literature. See for example [57][58][59][60]. These aggregates can be considered as magnetic volumes in which the dipole–dipole interaction between NPs produces a strong magnetic field gradient leading to the

Au–Si plasmonic platforms: synthesis, structure and FDTD simulations

• Anna Gapska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Paweł Syty,
• Wojciech Sadowski,
• Józef E. Sienkiewicz and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2599–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.241

• components parallel to the surface are much stronger than those of the perpendicular y-components. This effect is particularly clearly visible for the magnetic field. The calculated absorbance as a result of the FDTD/DFT simulation is shown in Figure 15. We can observe a quite good agreement with the

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• from MRI contrast agents to drug-delivery systems, local heat sources in magnetic hyperthermia therapy of tumors, magnetically assisted transfection of cells, and magnetic field-assisted separation techniques. Let us to note that MRI is already widely used in human medicine and several iron-oxide-based

• using a magnetic field allowing for easy separation and/or targeted delivery in the organism [26]. In this report, citrate-treated maghemite nanoparticles and a novel PHPMA-based surface coating were used to ensure biocompatibility, minimal immunogenicity and to provide reactive functional groups for

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• magnetic field. As a result, magnetic nanomaterials have drawn increasing attention. Nanocellulose incorporated with other magnetic nanomaterials is presented as an excellent composite adsorbent with magnetic properties. For example, a core–shell cellulose magnetite (Fe3O4) polymeric ionic liquid magnetic

• dioxide sample. The incorporation of magnetite was able to inhibit the photodegradation of the cellulose structure during UV irradiation and this hybrid structure demonstrated high catalyst recyclability using an external magnetic field. Nanoparticles generally tend to aggregate, leading to difficulties

High-temperature magnetism and microstructure of a semiconducting ferromagnetic (GaSb)_1−x(MnSb)_x alloy

• Leonid N. Oveshnikov,
• Elena I. Nekhaeva,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander B. Davydov,
• Mikhail A. Shakhov,
• Sergey F. Marenkin,
• Oleg A. Novodvorskii,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Boris A. Aronzon and
• Erkki Lahderanta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2457–2465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.230

• magnetization as function of the magnetic field for the sample GM3 (see Table 1) for magnetic field orientations parallel to the sample plane and perpendicularly to it. The presence of a well-pronounced hysteresis suggests that ferromagnetic ordering in these materials appears at T > 300 K. This is more evident

• agreement with values of Hc ≈ 130 Oe and Hsat ≈ 4 kOe obtained from SQUID data with the magnetic field oriented perpendicularly to the sample plane. Note, that the values of Hc and Hsat in Table 1 were obtained with the magnetic field oriented parallel to the sample plane. The difference between the values

• This work was partially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants #17-02-00262 and #16-03-00150) and by Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation (grant #16.2814.2017/PCh). (a) Magnetization as a function of the magnetic field for sample GM3 at T = 300 K. Measurements

Magnetism and magnetoresistance of single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires

• Andreea Costas,
• Camelia Florica,
• Elena Matei,
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Victor Kuncser and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2345–2355, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.219

• implication in the magnetoresistance behavior, which has to remain constant when passing the applied magnetic field through any vicinity of the switching field (Figure 2). In order to support theoretically the mechanism of a S–W-like coherent rotation in transversal geometry also for nanowires with diameters

• no field applied, the magnetization lies along the wire due to the strong shape anisotropy. The perpendicular magnetoresistance as a function of the induction of the magnetic field (left column) and the corresponding magnetization reversal in perpendicular geometry (right column) as calculated via

• Equation 5, for single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires of different Ni concentrations. Hysteresis loops showing the average magnetic moment of Ni atoms as a function of the applied magnetic field, obtained from SQUID magnetometry measurements at 300 K on arrays of Ni–Cu nanowires of different compositions (54 and 92

Performance analysis of rigorous coupled-wave analysis and its integration in a coupled modeling approach for optical simulation of complete heterojunction silicon solar cells

• Ziga Lokar,
• Benjamin Lipovsek,
• Marko Topic and
• Janez Krc

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2315–2329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.216

• the propagation of light inside each sublayer separately. The matrix size depends on the number of modes considered. Based on this matrix, complex vectors of the electric and magnetic field, E and H, inside each sublayer can be defined at the end of the calculation. Eigenvectors of the matrix define

Metal–dielectric hybrid nanoantennas for efficient frequency conversion at the anapole mode

• Valerio F. Gili,
• Lavinia Ghirardini,
• Davide Rocco,
• Giuseppe Marino,
• Ivan Favero,
• Iännis Roland,
• Giovanni Pellegrini,
• Lamberto Duò,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Luca Carletti,
• Andrea Locatelli,
• Aristide Lemaître,
• Dragomir Neshev,
• Costantino De Angelis,
• Giuseppe Leo and
• Michele Celebrano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2306–2314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.215

• the electric field, E0, polarized along the y-axis with respect to the reference system of Figure 2a. For the dispersion of the refractive index of Al0.18Ga0.82As we used the analytical model proposed in [39]. In Figure 2b,c both the electric and magnetic field enhancements are depicted, respectively

• ) Electric field vector map at 1550 nm for the proposed structure. b) Electric and c) magnetic field distribution in the hybrid nanoantenna at 1550 nm. d) The full multipolar decomposition of the first five contributing multipole moments: electric dipole (Pe), magnetic dipole (Md), toroidal dipole (Td

Influence of the thickness of an antiferromagnetic IrMn layer on the static and dynamic magnetization of weakly coupled CoFeB/IrMn/CoFeB trilayers

• Deepika Jhajhria,
• Dinesh K. Pandya and
• Sujeet Chaudhary

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2198–2208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.206

• was varied (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 nm). No cooling of the samples in an external magnetic field through the Néel temperature (TN) was performed. For accurately estimating the thicknesses of individual layers and interfacial roughness, X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements were performed using a

• sweeping the in-plane external dc magnetic field through resonance at a constant microwave frequency (f). Here, the external field was modulated using a pair of Helmholtz coils, which provide a small ac field (211.5 Hz) of 1.3 Oe, and in combination with lock-in detection, the field derivative of FMR

Interaction-induced zero-energy pinning and quantum dot formation in Majorana nanowires

• Samuel D. Escribano,
• Alfredo Levy Yeyati and
• Elsa Prada

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.203

• , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain 10.3762/bjnano.9.203 Abstract Majorana modes emerge in non-trivial topological phases at the edges of specific materials such as proximitized semiconducting nanowires under an external magnetic field. Ideally, they are non-local states that are charge

• in these regions disperse with magnetic field (or chemical potential) and appear below the induced gap in the wire spectrum (in blue in Figure 1b). In the topological regime, dot-like levels interact with Majorana states, anticrossing them when they approach zero energy. Similar phenomena were

• annihilation operators, and σ and τ are the Pauli matrices in spin and Nambu space, respectively. The model is defined by setting the parameters m*, μ, α, VZ and Δ, corresponding to the effective mass, the chemical potential, the spin–orbit coupling, the Zeeman energy caused by an external magnetic field, and

Phosphorus monolayer doping (MLD) of silicon on insulator (SOI) substrates

• Noel Kennedy,
• Ray Duffy,
• Luke Eaton,
• Dan O’Connell,
• Scott Monaghan,
• Shane Garvey,
• James Connolly,
• Chris Hatem,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Brenda Long

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2106–2113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.199

• wet-chemistry functionalization due to the precise dimensions needed for analysis. The Hall measurement system applies current and magnetic field and measures voltages and resistances. It then infers mobility and carrier properties from these measurements. The sheet resistivity (ρs) is directly

• measured first by the four-point method, followed by the sheet Hall coefficient (sheet Hall resistance divided by magnetic field) as measured by Hall effect, RHS = VH/(I·B), where VH is the measured Hall voltage, I is the applied current and B is the applied magnetic field. Since ρs and RHS are now

• effect measurements Room temperature Hall effect measurements are performed using a controllable electromagnet in a LakeShore Model 8404 Hall effect measurement system (HMS) with dc and ac magnetic field capability in the range of ±1.7 T for dc, and of 1.2 T RMS (ac, 50/100 mHz), respectively. The ac

A variable probe pitch micro-Hall effect method

• Maria-Louise Witthøft,
• Frederik W. Østerberg,
• Janusz Bogdanowicz,
• Rong Lin,
• Henrik H. Henrichsen,
• Ole Hansen and
• Dirch H. Petersen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2032–2039, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.192

• MHE measurement itself is performed simply by placing a micro four-point probe (M4PP) in parallel and close proximity to an insulating boundary, with an orthogonal magnetic field applied. Then the measured resistance will have three contributions: a drift term, a Hall effect term and a magnetoresitive

•  7 generalizes the results from Figure 6 in the sense that the sensitivity of each parameter to electrical noise is investigated for varying RH/R0 ratios. A small RH/R0 ratio corresponds to a low mobility sample or a setup using a small magnetic field, whereas a higher ratio indicates the opposite

• microHall-A300 tool from CAPRES A/S and an M7PP with an electrode pitch of 10 μm. The M7PP used consisted of nickel-coated poly-silicon cantilever electrodes extending from the edge of a silicon die. A magnetic field with the flux density Bz = 600 mT was applied perpendicular to a boron-doped (1015 cm−2

Synthesis of a MnO₂/Fe₃O₄/diatomite nanocomposite as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for methylene blue degradation

• Zishun Li,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Kun Liu,
• Jing Huang,
• Yueyang Xu,
• Qian Peng and
• Minlin Ao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1940–1950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.185

• indicates that both of the samples show superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature [31]. The maximum saturation magnetizations of Fe3O4/diatomite and MnO2/Fe3O4/diatomite were measured to be 16.57 and 10.61 emu/g, respectively, which make the composites very easy to be separated by an external magnetic

• field (inset). The decrease of the maximum saturation magnetizations after the treatment with KMnO4 is largely ascribed to the outer MnO2 shell, the saturation magnetization of which is much lower than the Fe3O4 nanoparticles. XPS measurements were carried out to determine the surface chemical

A differential Hall effect measurement method with sub-nanometre resolution for active dopant concentration profiling in ultrathin doped Si_1−xGe_x and Si layers

• Richard Daubriac,
• Emmanuel Scheid,
• Hiba Rizk,
• Richard Monflier,
• Sylvain Joblot,
• Rémi Beneyton,
• Pablo Acosta Alba,
• Sébastien Kerdilès and
• Filadelfo Cristiano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1926–1939, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.184

• resistance, then a magnetic field is applied orthogonally to the sample surface to measure the sheet Hall coefficient RSH, which is finally used to deduce NH and µH. Several classical Van der Pauw shapes were tested to perform electrical measurements (square, Greek cross and bridge “bar-shaped” structures

Tunable fractional Fourier transform implementation of electronic wave functions in atomically thin materials

• Daniela Dragoman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1828–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.174

• proposed already. For instance, it was shown that a tunable continuous FrFT of the wave function of a 2DEG can be obtained by applying an in-plane magnetic field [14], while a discrete Fourier transform based on an array of four quantum waveguides was demonstrated in [19]. The advantage of the proposal put

Uniform cobalt nanoparticles embedded in hexagonal mesoporous nanoplates as a magnetically separable, recyclable adsorbent

• Can Zhao,
• Yuexiao Song,
• Tianyu Xiang,
• Wenxiu Qu,
• Shuo Lou,
• Xiaohong Yin and
• Feng Xin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1770–1781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.168

• and NPLs-2.5-800 in Figure 5A indicate their strong magnetic response to the varying magnetic field, which is highly favorable for fast separation after the adsorption process. Figure 5B shows that the black adsorbent material (NPLs-2.5-800) can be attracted by a magnet within 20 s, indicating the

• dopamine hydrochloride concentrations of: (a) 2.0, (b) 2.5, (c) 1.0 and (d) 2.5 g/L. (B) A photograph illustrating the physical separation of the adsorbent material (NPLs-2.5-800) from water in the presence of an external magnetic field (permanent magnet). (A) Raman spectrum and (B–D) XPS spectra of the

Increasing the performance of a superconducting spin valve using a Heusler alloy

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Joachim Schumann,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1764–1769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.167

• magnetic field, should yield a complete switching on and off of the superconducting current in such a construction. A number of experimental studies have confirmed the predicted effect of the mutual orientation of magnetizations in the F1/S/F2 structure on Tc [5][6][7][8][9]. However, the major difficulty