Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy and sensor applications of PtSe₂ nanosheets synthesized by wet chemistry

• Mahendra S. Pawar and
• Dattatray J. Late

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.46

• two steps. The first step is the formation of the PtSe complex on the wall of a container by a wet chemical method; the second step is the phase transformation of PtSe2 by thermal annealing. 0.5 mL of a 0.015 M solution of H2PtCl6 was mixed with 0.5 mL of 0.5 M hexamethylenetetramine. In order to get

Reduced graphene oxide supported C₃N₄ nanoflakes and quantum dots as metal-free catalysts for visible light assisted CO₂ reduction

• Md Rakibuddin and
• Haekyoung Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.44

• , aromatic CN heterocycles, and the s-triazine ring of the g-C3N4 nanosheet, respectively [36][37]. However, after acid treatment and hydrothermal heating, most of the peaks attributed to CN heterocycles have vanished, indicating the structural transformation of g-C3N4 nanosheets to C3N4 NFs and QDs. Besides

• a small percentage of rGO, which is shifted to lower wavenumber, indicating H-bonding interactions between CN-5 and rGO. The structural transformation of C3N4 nanosheets to QDs is also verified by UV–visible spectroscopy (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4). The C3N4 nanosheet exhibits a sharp

• peak at ≈316 nm, which is shifted to ≈285 nm (higher energy) after the formation of QDs (CN-5 QD) due to the breaking of C=N links [39]. Hence, XRD, XPS, IR and UV studies show the successful structural transformation of g-C3N4 nanosheets to QDs and the presence of possible organic functionalities in

Advanced scanning probe lithography using anatase-to-rutile transition to create localized TiO₂ nanorods

• Julian Kalb,
• Vanessa Knittel and
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 412–418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.40

• work of Li et al. and Sclafani et al. forms the basis of the development of the presented technique. They assume the transformation of anatase into rutile nanoparticles to be major process during the hydrothermal growth of rutile TiO2 nanorods [37][38]. It was observed by different groups that rutile

• transformation into rutile TiO2 on these facets [41]. Thus, it is possible to promote a position-controlled hydrothermal growth by generating anatase nanoparticles locally by scratching across an anatase film using a conventional AFM tip. Experimental We fabricated a 40 nm thin amorphous TiO2 film by DC sputter

• grains have diameters between 5 and 100 nm and hence, their dimensions are similar to those of the nanorods. Instead of using a mask, scanning probe lithography generates locally anatase nanoparticles by scraping an AFM tip across an anatase film. The transformation of anatase nanoparticles into rutile

Sub-wavelength waveguide properties of 1D and surface-functionalized SnO₂ nanostructures of various morphologies

• Venkataramana Bonu,
• Binaya Kumar Sahu,
• Arindam Das,
• Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
• Sandip Dhara and
• Harish C. Barshilia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 379–388, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.37

• thermodynamically by considering the Gibbs energy as a measure of structural phase transformation [8]. During VLS growth, the formation of nucleation from the saturated catalyst (Au) is the important step for the shape and structure. As reported earlier, the difference in the Gibbs energy promotes the phase

Transport signatures of an Andreev molecule in a quantum dot–superconductor–quantum dot setup

• Zoltán Scherübl,
• András Pályi and
• Szabolcs Csonka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 363–378, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.36

• Bogoliubov-transformation, where resulting in where is the quasi-particle energy. The Hamiltonian of the normal leads is where α = L,R is the lead index, εαk is the dispersion relation, and cαkσ () annihilates (creates) an electron with momentum k and spin σ in lead Nα. Tunneling between the three leads

• two ways: (i) for the transformation (εL,εR) (εR,εL), and (ii) for the transformation (εL,εR) (−UL−εL,−UR−εR). The property (i), which we call the left–right symmetry, originates from the symmetric choice of local parameters, i.e., UL = UR, ΓLAR,L = ΓLAR,R. The property (ii) is the result of a

• particle–hole symmetry of the system, as discussed in the following. A particle–hole transformation converts the filled electron states to empty ones and vice versa, i.e., exchange the role of creation and annihilation operators. Eight different particle–hole transformations are introduced and discussed in

Thermal control of the defunctionalization of supported Au₂₅(glutathione)₁₈ catalysts for benzyl alcohol oxidation

• Zahraa Shahin,
• Hyewon Ji,
• Rodica Chiriac,
• Nadine Essayem,
• Franck Rataboul and
• Aude Demessence

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 228–237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.21

• toluene at 80 °C with a base and under atmospheric conditions [21]. Using O2 as an oxidant under atmospheric conditions is a limitless and inexpensive oxidizing agent and allows for a sustainable transformation. Nevertheless, in the last example, the mesoporous silica support exhibits low stability in

Nanoporous water oxidation electrodes with a low loading of laser-deposited Ru/C exhibit enhanced corrosion stability

• Sandra Haschke,
• Dmitrii Pankin,
• Vladimir Mikhailovskii,
• Maïssa K. S. Barr,
• Adriana Both-Engel,
• Alina Manshina and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.15

• artificial water splitting, catalysts are required for the rate-limiting half reaction, the dioxygen evolution, which must be driven at low overpotential (for maximizing conversion efficiency) [2]. The most active catalyst materials for this transformation are metallic iridium and ruthenium particles, the

New micro/mesoporous nanocomposite material from low-cost sources for the efficient removal of aromatic and pathogenic pollutants from water

• Emmanuel I. Unuabonah,
• Robert Nöske,
• Jens Weber,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 119–131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.11

• substantial transformation into the desired high surface area 2Z-HYCA nanocomposite materials. As a result, a reaction temperature of approximately 500 °C appears the most suitable for the synthesis of 2Z-HYCA nanocomposite because it is high enough to produce a material with a high surface area, yet low

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

• Franziska Ringleb,
• Stefan Andree,
• Berit Heidmann,
• Jörn Bonse,
• Katharina Eylers,
• Owen Ernst,
• Torsten Boeck,
• Martina Schmid and
• Jörg Krüger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3025–3038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.281

• from the fabrication of metallic precursors for absorber fabrication, their transformation to microabsorbers, processing to functioning solar cells up to their characterization both under standard conditions and concentrated illumination are summarized here comprehensively and illustrate the challenges

Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium

• Markus Gößler,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Markus Stütz,
• Norbert Enzinger and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3013–3024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.280

• hydrogen-induced phase transition from PdHβ to PdHα is found to enable internal-stress plasticity (or transformation-mismatch plasticity) in nanoporous palladium, which leads to exceptionally high strains without fracture as a result of external forces. The high surface stress in the nanoporous structure

• dilatometer pushrod. On the other hand, an additional driving force for compressive deformation due to the nanoporous structure itself and its surface excess energy is present in the sample. An effect called internal-stress plasticity (ISP), also commonly known as transformation plasticity, is well

• established in the literature [42][43][44][45]. A schematic representation of the transformation-mismatch plasticity mechanism in npPd is presented in Figure 8. A driving force for deformation, which is present from the two different sources in our case, biases internal strains emerging in the course of a

Nanostructure-induced performance degradation of WO₃·nH₂O for energy conversion and storage devices

• Zhenyin Hai,
• Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari,
• Zihan Wei,
• Danfeng Cui,
• Chenyang Xue,
• Hongyan Xu,
• Philippe M. Heynderickx,
• Francis Verpoort and
• Serge Zhuiykov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2845–2854, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.265

• in a faster performance degradation, due to its weak interlayer van der Waals forces, even though it outranks the 3D network structure in terms of improved electronic properties. The structural transformation of 2D layered WO3·nH2O into 3D nanostructures is observed via ex situ Raman measurements

• transformation of 2D layered WO3·nH2O to 3D structures was observed via ex situ Raman measurements under electrochemical cycling experiments. The morphology change confirmed the degradation mechanism proposed in this work. Consequently, this work provides an in-depth understanding of the weakness of 2D layered

• Raman spectra presented in Figure 8b reflect the structural transformation of the samples after CV tests. The Raman spectra of both the samples synthesized at 80 and 120 °C showed a new peak from the W–O–W stretching vibration mode (ν2(W–O–W)), while the other peaks were broadened. The peaks of the ν1(W

Improved catalytic combustion of methane using CuO nanobelts with predominantly (001) surfaces

• Qingquan Kong,
• Yichun Yin,
• Bing Xue,
• Yonggang Jin,
• Wei Feng,
• Zhi-Gang Chen,
• Shi Su and
• Chenghua Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2526–2532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.235

• in an early study [21][23], CuO NWs or NBs having predominantly (001) surfaces can be obtained when Cu(OH)2 is employed as a nanowire precursor for decomposition. The mechanism of shape-reserved transformation from Cu(OH)2 to CuO has been previously discussed in the literature [24][25][26]. Prior to

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• apoptotic cells, a broad sub-G1 peak was observed where the cells underwent a hypodiploid nuclear transformation. On the contrary, a narrow sub-G1 peak in the control cells was observed due to normal (diploid) DNA [48]. In the process of apoptosis, nuclear fragmentation is the key step to identify the

• cells. Furthermore, caspase-3 is an important protein involved in the cascade of events and results in the transformation of pro-caspase into active caspase. The expression level of caspase-3 was found to be 1.93-times higher than the untreated control, which confirmed the apoptotic induction after CaP

Effect of electrospinning process variables on the size of polymer fibers and bead-on-string structures established with a 2³ factorial design

• Paulina Korycka,
• Adam Mirek,
• Katarzyna Kramek-Romanowska,
• Marcin Grzeczkowicz and
• Dorota Lewińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2466–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.231

• = x3 = 0). Then the coefficients (a) are determined by the encoded values of factors. It is assumed that the high factor level is +1, and the low factor level is −1. After the transformation of the factors, the experimental system takes the form of a matrix, which in the case of three factors is as

Thickness-dependent photoelectrochemical properties of a semitransparent Co₃O₄ photocathode

• Malkeshkumar Patel and
• Joondong Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2432–2442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.228

• ]. Existing studies have measured a photocurrent of 33.6 μA·cm−2 in 0.5 M Na2S on a mesoporous Co3O4 nanosheet grown through in situ transformation from hexagonal Co(OH)2 to spinel Co3O4 [18]. Hong et al. demonstrated a photocurrent of 0.4 mA·cm−2 from Co3O4 nanowire photocathodes, which could be enhanced to

Magnetism and magnetoresistance of single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires

• Andreea Costas,
• Camelia Florica,
• Elena Matei,
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Victor Kuncser and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2345–2355, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.219

• of percent were observed in perpendicular geometry for all investigated samples and interpreted in terms of anisotropic magnetoresistance. Within this interpretation, a direct simple methodology for the transformation of the magnetoresistance data in transversal geometry into the corresponding

Lead-free hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics

• Oleksandr Stroyuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2209–2235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.207

• properties of MA3Sb2I9 HP to be altered. In particular, the introduction of chloride results in a transformation of dimer-like MA3Sb2I9 built of bi-octahedral Sb2I9 units into a layered MA3Sb2ClxI9−x compound where antimony iodide octahedra are bound to infinite chains via a shared I− anion (Figure 12a) [154

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• components was higher than that of graphitic N. This is reflected by a decrease of the DOS with respect to the pristine sample. When UHV annealing was performed, the N 1s line shape of the CNTs (onset of Figure 3) evolved due to the desorption of pyrrolic N and the transformation of pyridinic N into

• rearrangement of the nitrogen species: a decrease of pyrrolic N and a general transformation into graphitic N, consistent with other reports [58]. The electrocatalytic performances were measured by cyclic voltammetry in oxygen-saturated 1 M KOH electrolyte. By correlating XPS and ORR, the samples with the

• higher activity at high voltages, and a linear relation between current density and concentration of pyridinic N, without any dependence on the amount of graphitic N (Figure 13a). Performing ex situ XPS after the ORR (Figure 13b), they observed a transformation of the pyridinic configuration into a

Synthesis of rare-earth metal and rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles in ionic liquids and propylene carbonate

• Marvin Siebels,
• Lukas Mai,
• Laura Schmolke,
• Kai Schütte,
• Juri Barthel,
• Junpei Yue,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Bernd M. Smarsly,
• Anjana Devi,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.180

• the transformation of Er3+ to Er2+, which can be reversibly oxidized. During the oxidation process, oxidation of the electrolyte was observed, starting around 3.4 V. Hence, such standard electrolytes cannot be applied to this redox couple. In the range from 1.0 to 0.05 V, there is an overpotential

Magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ antidot arrays synthesized by AFIR: atomic layer deposition, focused ion beam and thermal reduction

• Juan L. Palma,
• Alejandro Pereira,
• Raquel Álvaro,
• José Miguel García-Martín and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1728–1734, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.164

• Fe2O3 to Fe3O4. However, the magnetic signal measured later will confirm the transformation from a paramagnetic to a ferrimagnetic sample. Let us discuss the morphology of the Fe3O4 antidots. In order to efficiently modify the magnetic properties of a magnetic film by digging holes in it, the diameter

• lattice parameter values at least three times larger than the hole diameter. According to the magnetic measurements, the initial Fe2O3 film is paramagnetic at room temperature, whilst after thermal transformation the obtained Fe3O4 film is ferrimagnetic. Figure 4 shows the representative hysteresis curves

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• increases of the calcination temperature to over 800°C, all of anatase peaks disappeared and only the strong peaks related to the rutile phase were observed, which indicated that the meta-stable anatase phase was completely converted to rutile by the thermal phase transformation. The average anatase

A zero-dimensional topologically nontrivial state in a superconducting quantum dot

• Pasquale Marra,
• Alessandro Braggio and
• Roberta Citro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1705–1714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.162

• of particle–hole symmetric Andreev levels ±E↑ and ±E↓ with with which correspond to the eigenstates described by the operators defined by the Bogoliubov transformation where The Bogoliubov factors satisfy the properties u2 + v2 = 1, u2 − v2 = ε/Eφ, and uv = Γ|cos(φ/2)|/(2Eφ). Now we generalize the

• interaction U > 0 can be transformed with the non-interacting phase U = 0 by a smooth transformation without closing the gap. It is important to note that in the 0D case (differently from the 1D case) topological states can be realized without spin–orbit coupling. This is because topological states in the

Josephson effect in junctions of conventional and topological superconductors

• Alex Zazunov,
• Albert Iks,
• Miguel Alvarado,
• Alfredo Levy Yeyati and
• Reinhold Egger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1659–1676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.158

• Schrieffer–Wolff transformation to project the full Hamiltonian to the Hilbert subspace satisfying Equation 8, H → Heff, one arrives at the effective low-energy Hamiltonian with the interaction term where S± = Sx ± iSy and δn = − 1. Moreover, is the anticommutator of the composite boundary fields We note

• splits according to , plus the conjugate process. Second, we observe that Hat is invariant under a particle–hole transformation, amounting to the replacements and , along with Bz → − Bz and → 2π − . We next notice that with nσ = = 0,1 and nf = = 0,1, the total fermion parity of the junction, is a

Friction force microscopy of tribochemistry and interfacial ageing for the SiO_x/Si/Au system

• Christiane Petzold,
• Marcus Koch and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1647–1658, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.157

• crystalline Si (Figure 7d). If the amorphous layer contained significant amounts of oxygen, it would appear brighter than the crystalline silicon. This was not the case and we conclude that the amorphization is a mechanical process that does not require oxidation to occur. Fourier transformation of the images

Evaluation of replicas manufactured in a 3D-printed nanoimprint unit

• Manuel Caño-García,
• Morten A. Geday,
• Manuel Gil-Valverde,
• Xabier Quintana and
• José M. Otón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1573–1581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.149

• or a transformation of the same that will be eventually processed by the second script. The first script was written in Python language, through a virtual Pygwy console of a Gwyddion package [10]. Gwyddion is a software environment specifically designed for data analysis of scanning probe microscopy