Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• series were deposited simultaneously, for each horizontal edge another xF was taken. This can be achieved by extra commands in the geof. After finding an appropriate value for xF and zF, an angle-test structure, such as shown in Figure 7, can be deposited for verification. It consists of an array of

• correctly at all. 3.4 Deposits with increased complexity As a demonstration of the capability of the pattern file generator for more complex 3D growth, we show in Figure 11 a Co3Fe edge array according to a diamond lattice structure with relevance for studying frustrated magnetic interactions in 3D lattices

• [25]. One may also consider this structure as an array of tetrahedrally coordinated nanotrees. For this particular structure we found that the height-dependent deposition speed correction could be disabled, because for complex structures with many DEs per frame the precursor replenishment time can be

Thickness-dependent photoelectrochemical properties of a semitransparent Co₃O₄ photocathode

• Malkeshkumar Patel and
• Joondong Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2432–2442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.228

• light source (5800 K, Bridgelux, ES Star Array, BXRA-56C0700-A) with a light intensity of 100 mW·cm−2 was calibrated with a power meter (KUSAMMECO, KM-SPM-11). Scan rates of 20 mV·s−1 with a 0.1 mV step were set to record the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), with the scan direction from positive to

Magnetism and magnetoresistance of single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires

• Andreea Costas,
• Camelia Florica,
• Elena Matei,
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Victor Kuncser and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2345–2355, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.219

• experiment). The much lower coercive field in case of the nanowires array (about 0.01 T) as compared to the switching field of a single nanowire (of the order of 0.1 T) in parallel geometry, as well as the much smoother reversal in the first case hint to a progressive rotation of magnetic moments of

Metal–dielectric hybrid nanoantennas for efficient frequency conversion at the anapole mode

• Valerio F. Gili,
• Lavinia Ghirardini,
• Davide Rocco,
• Giuseppe Marino,
• Ivan Favero,
• Iännis Roland,
• Giovanni Pellegrini,
• Lamberto Duò,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Luca Carletti,
• Andrea Locatelli,
• Aristide Lemaître,
• Dragomir Neshev,
• Costantino De Angelis,
• Giuseppe Leo and
• Michele Celebrano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2306–2314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.215

• effects induced by the field enhancements. Moreover, centrosymmetry in metals results in extremely small efficiencies for second-order processes, a limitation that can be partly circumvented by designing individual nano-antennas [12] and extended array arrangements [13][14] featuring a lower degree of

• two are used as references. Figure 4a shows the SHG maps recorded on portions of the arrays: from left to right are shown pillar, rings and hybrid antennas. A statistic of the emission within each array leads to the histogram shown in Figure 4b. The type-1 configuration (g = 100 nm) yields a SHG

• cylinder, F, as a function of pump wavelength for the isolated AlGaAs cylinder (blue curve) and for the hybrid nanoantenna (orange curve). (a) SH nonlinear maps collected from the hybrid antennas and from the reference structures. From left to right: isolated pillars (3 × 3 sub-array), rings (2 × 4 sub

Nanoscale characterization of the temporary adhesive of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

• Ana S. Viana and
• Romana Santos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2277–2286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.212

• 50 nm in diameter) [23]. Indeed, this dense meshwork of sea urchin footprints replicates the dense array of cell projections covering their tube foot disc surface [17] in the same way the loose meshwork observed in sea star footprints replicates the positioning of the secretory pores on their tube

Lead-free hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics

• Oleksandr Stroyuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2209–2235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.207

• and structure in prolonged tests even without additional encapsulation. In the case of antimony, stable compounds of MA3Sb2I9 [90][153], MASbSI2 [87], and Cs3Sb2I9 [88][89][90][154] were reported, while for bismuth, a larger array of compositions was studied, including MA3Bi2I9 (MABI) [84][85][155

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

A scanning probe microscopy study of nanostructured TiO₂/poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications

• Laurie Letertre,
• Roland Roche,
• Olivier Douhéret,
• Hailu G. Kassa,
• Denis Mariolle,
• Nicolas Chevalier,
• Łukasz Borowik,
• Philippe Dumas,
• Benjamin Grévin,
• Roberto Lazzaroni and
• Philippe Leclère

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2087–2096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.197

• knowledge, this joint KPFM/PC-AFM study of such a nanostructured array of TiO2 columns sensitized with functionalized P3HT-COOH constitutes a novel result of interest from both a theoretical and material design perspectives. Materials and Methods The TiO2 layers were synthesized by magnetron sputtering in

High-throughput synthesis of modified Fresnel zone plate arrays via ion beam lithography

• Kahraman Keskinbora,
• Umut Tunca Sanli,
• Margarita Baluktsian,
• Corinne Grévent,
• Markus Weigand and
• Gisela Schütz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2049–2056, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.194

• applied to the fabrication of an array of FZPs with similar properties and its future applications are presented. Results and Discussion Ion beam lithography The general fabrication route is summarized in Figure 1a and follows the deposition of a thin film lens material (Au in this case) onto an X-ray

• -field image of the array reveals a color change as a function of zone pitch. In the center, where the zone period increases up to 115 nm, the reflected intensity is brightest in red. As the period decreases towards the outer zones down to 60 nm, the reflected intensity shifts to green and then to blue

• . This can be attributed to the shifting plasmon resonances of the gold nanowires that make up the zones of the FZPs. A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) dark-field overview image of the completed array is shown in Figure 4b. The FZPs mostly exhibited high quality with zones free from

Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

• [170]. Indeed, the competition between the superlubric orientationally twisted phase and the pinned phase consisting of an array of aligned islands leads to a first-order transition [171]. Experiments confirm this theory, showing the first-order transition with a coexistence region as a function of the

Self-assembled quasi-hexagonal arrays of gold nanoparticles with small gaps for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Emre Gürdal,
• Simon Dickreuter,
• Fatima Noureddine,
• Pascal Bieschke,
• Dieter P. Kern and
• Monika Fleischer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1977–1985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.188

• block [23]. The hydrophobic PS forms the shell, and the hydrophilic P2VP the core of the spherically shaped micelles [24]. Within their core gold salt can be assembled, which is bonded by protonization or complexation [25]. The loaded spherical micelles form a hexagonal array when being deposited on a

Defect formation in multiwalled carbon nanotubes under low-energy He and Ne ion irradiation

• Santhana Eswara,
• Jean-Nicolas Audinot,
• Brahime El Adib,
• Maël Guennou,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1951–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.186

• secondary ion mass spectrometry experiments as described elsewhere, which leads to a modified octagon and pole-pieces [59]. The bright-field (BF) TEM images were recorded in the He+ and Ne+ craters using Gatan on-axis CCD camera with 2k × 2k pixel array (Figure 8). Raman spectroscopy was done prior to TEM

Electrical characterization of single nanometer-wide Si fins in dense arrays

• Steven Folkersma,
• Janusz Bogdanowicz,
• Andreas Schulze,
• Paola Favia,
• Dirch H. Petersen,
• Ole Hansen,
• Henrik H. Henrichsen,
• Peter F. Nielsen,
• Lior Shiv and
• Wilfried Vandervorst

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1863–1867, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.178

• with a high precision. Finally, we use the technique to determine the electrical resistance of individual fins in a dense array and we demonstrate that the measured resistance correlates with the geometrical width of the fins, as measured with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Due to the

• Iin2 injected into the two electrically connected fins. Since this ratio depends on the contact resistances RCj (j = 1, 4, 5, 8), this leads to a high measurement variability, i.e., a loss in precision [3]. As a consequence, in order to precisely determine Rfin in a dense fin array, Ipulse should be

• induced by nanometric variations in fin width in a dense array of narrow Si fins. For this, we used an array of ten ca. 20 nm wide Si fins implanted with B (3 × 1015 cm−2, 5 kV) and laser-annealed three times at 1150 °C. Note that Wfin is assumed constant, i.e., the very small tapering of the fins along

Quantitative comparison of wideband low-latency phase-locked loop circuit designs for high-speed frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

• Kazuki Miyata and
• Takeshi Fukuma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1844–1855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.176

• proposed designs in the same field programmable gate array chip and quantitatively compared their performances. The results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed PLL is superior to that of the conventional PLL: 165 kHz bandwidth and 3.2 μs latency in water. Using this setup, we performed FM-AFM

• . Experimental Digital circuits implementation All of the digital circuits tested in this study were implemented in the same field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip (Vertex-5, Xilinx). The FPGA clock frequency and the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) sampling rates were

Tunable fractional Fourier transform implementation of electronic wave functions in atomically thin materials

• Daniela Dragoman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1828–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.174

• proposed already. For instance, it was shown that a tunable continuous FrFT of the wave function of a 2DEG can be obtained by applying an in-plane magnetic field [14], while a discrete Fourier transform based on an array of four quantum waveguides was demonstrated in [19]. The advantage of the proposal put

Know your full potential: Quantitative Kelvin probe force microscopy on nanoscale electrical devices

• Amelie Axt,
• Ilka M. Hermes,
• Victor W. Bergmann,
• Niklas Tausendpfund and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1809–1819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.172

• modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) KPFM methods on a reference structure consisting of an interdigitated electrode array. This structure mimics the sample geometry in device measurements, e.g., on thin film transistors or on solar cell cross sections. In particular, we investigate how quantitative

• silicon substrate. Here, we use an array of micron-scale interdigitated electrodes on glas with a defined potential difference applied between neighboring electrodes. By investigating the pre-defined potential difference between the electrodes, a possible influence of tip- or sample contamination can be

• crosstalk like reported by Polak et al. [16]. The parameters of the measurements can be found in Table 1. The feedback was optimized for = 0.5 V. The test structure was based on an interdigitated electrode array (IDA-Pt 2 μm by ALS, Japan). The pitch of the 90 nm thick platinum electrodes is 4 μm, the

Direct AFM-based nanoscale mapping and tomography of open-circuit voltages for photovoltaics

• Katherine Atamanuk,
• Justin Luria and
• Bryan D. Huey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1802–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.171

• -circuit current (ISC) can then be directly visualized by simply measuring the photocurrent when there is no potential difference between the sample and the scanning probe. By further sweeping the bias between the sample and the grounded tip, for a single spot or an array of locations, the resulting I–V

• resolution for this purpose, namely photo-conductive AFM spectroscopy (pcAFMs) [1], essentially by collecting an entire array of I–V spectra in parallel via a series of consecutive pcAFM images. Each image is acquired with a sequentially increased sample bias, tracing through the power generation quadrant of

SO₂ gas adsorption on carbon nanomaterials: a comparative study

• Deepu J. Babu,
• Divya Puthusseri,
• Frank G. Kühl,
• Sherif Okeil,
• Michael Bruns,
• Manfred Hampe and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1782–1792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.169

• concentrations [16]. Here, a comparative study of the SO2 adsorption characteristics of a wider array of carbon nanomaterials like CNT, VACNTs, CNHs and GO is carried out in pure SO2 atmosphere at various temperatures up to its saturation pressure. A schematic of the different adsorbents investigated in this

Magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ antidot arrays synthesized by AFIR: atomic layer deposition, focused ion beam and thermal reduction

• Juan L. Palma,
• Alejandro Pereira,
• Raquel Álvaro,
• José Miguel García-Martín and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1728–1734, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.164

• NanoMOKE3 from Quantum Design with the applied magnetic field applied parallel to the substrate plane and reaching a maximum value of 1.5 kOe. The laser spot was placed into each antidot array and, in order to check that the spot was located in the right position, the longitudinal reflectivity was measured

• , one of the samples was measured every 15°. Results and Discussion Figure 2a shows the SEM image of a representative Fe2O3 antidot array patterned on the film with 27 nm thickness. After patterning the antidot array has the shape of a circle of 30 μm diameter, which is surrounded by a circular trench

• in Figure 2b, corresponding to a square array with a hole spacing of 240 nm. It is verified that the depth of the etched holes is at least 50 nm, i.e., not only the 27 nm thick Fe2O3 film is etched but also at least 20 nm of the substrate, in agreement with previous works to be sure of the uniformity

Light extraction efficiency enhancement of flip-chip blue light-emitting diodes by anodic aluminum oxide

• Yi-Ru Huang,
• Yao-Ching Chiu,
• Kuan-Chieh Huang,
• Shao-Ying Ting,
• Po-Jui Chiang,
• Chih-Ming Lai,
• Chun-Ping Jen,
• Snow H. Tseng and
• Hsiang-Chen Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1602–1612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.152

• traditional LED by producing a TiO2 microstructure array on p-GaN through dipping and rapid convective deposition and using noncrystalline TiO2 and anatase TiO2 with a diameter of 520 nm [13]. Huang et al. used Zn and Mg for ion implantation at the GZO thin layer and then adopted rapid thermal annealing to

Interaction-tailored organization of large-area colloidal assemblies

• Silvia Rizzato,
• Elisabetta Primiceri,
• Anna Grazia Monteduro,
• Adriano Colombelli,
• Angelo Leo,
• Maria Grazia Manera,
• Roberto Rella and
• Giuseppe Maruccio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1582–1593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.150

• crystal array can be assembled by means of various approaches with their own advantages and limitations [19][20][21]. Closed-packed arrangements of the colloidal spheres have been demonstrated by spin coating, controlled evaporation, Langmuir–Blodgett coating or electrophoretic deposition techniques [18

• order to leave an array of ordered holes. In order to prepare the nanodisk lattices (Figure 1c), a gold film (20 and 40 nm thick films for particles of 80 nm and 500 nm diameter, respectively) was thermally evaporated on the glass substrate before layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition and colloidal assembly

• well-separated particles (Figure 2a). On the other hand, their contribution increases at higher ionic concentration when the interparticle gap becomes shorter. In this case, capillary forces can exceed electrostatic interactions, tearing off some particles from their position in the regular 2D array

Optical near-field mapping of plasmonic nanostructures prepared by nanosphere lithography

• Gitanjali Kolhatkar,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Jiawei Zhang,
• Chahinez Dab,
• Gregory Q. Wallace,
• François Lagugné-Labarthet and
• Andreas Ruediger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1536–1543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.144

• , thickness ≈33 nm) with a P6mm symmetry was obtained [19]. The optical absorption of the sample was measured: the nanotriangles array exhibit a broad resonance between 500 and 800 nm. Experimental setup The near-field studies were performed using an AIST-NT OmegaScope 1000 TERS system equipped with a

• -polarized, or 532.1 nm p-polarized, laser beam at 65° from the sample surface was focalized on a nanotriangle array. Triangular free and fine meshes, with a minimum element size equal to 1.2 × 10−10 m and a curvature factor of 0.2, were used to discretize the geometry under analysis, and in every single

• difference between the initial optical image and the filtered image. (a) Topography maps acquired on a nanotriangle array, (b) PMT images obtained after filtering, and (c) corresponding profiles across the apex of a nanotriangle (*), using red (632.8 nm) and green (532.1 nm) p-polarized laser excitations

Cathodoluminescence as a probe of the optical properties of resonant apertures in a metallic film

• Kalpana Singh,
• Evgeniy Panchenko,
• Babak Nasr,
• Amelia Liu,
• Lukas Wesemann,
• Timothy J. Davis and
• Ann Roberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1491–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.140

• nanogratings [15], plasmonic oligomers [16], dolmen arrangements of nanorods [17] and ring–disk dimers [18]. Fano resonances have also been observed in nanoholes such as coaxial apertures [19] and dolmen nanocavities [18]. The performance of an array of double split-ring cavities [20] as biosensors using Fano

• ] and enhanced coupling to plasmonic cavities by emitters such as quantum dots [36]. One way to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of transmission measurements is to study the collective optical properties of an array of apertures, choosing the periodicity to minimize both the effects of diffraction and

• thick gold film on a silicon substrate. They showed that there was excitation of a magnetic mode of the aperture when excited near the edge of the aperture. Van de Haar et al. [55] also investigated a metamaterial consisting of a periodic array of metal–insulator–metal coaxial waveguides filled with Si

Nanoporous silicon nitride-based membranes of controlled pore size, shape and areal density: Fabrication as well as electrophoretic and molecular filtering characterization

• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Stefan Beirle,
• Fabian Enderle,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Othmar Marti and
• Alfred Plettl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1390–1398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.131

• an array of millions of nanopores were characterized first by ionic transport measurements. The tests were performed on the three types, A, B and C, of membranes introduced above. The membranes were mounted between a cis- and trans-chamber made of Teflon, each equipped with an Ag/AgCl electrode

• areas on the CCD camera array imaging three detection volumes each being 450 µm apart from the membrane level and about 10 × 10 × 1 µm3 in size. A measurement starts by applying a droplet of a protein or protein mixture with a pipette to the cis channel and initiating the data acquisition. More

• , multifunctional or even switchable filters appear possible. Fabrication scheme for nanoporous membranes: (a) The commercially available silicon nitride membrane (grey) is coated with a sacrificial layer of silicon oxide (blue) on top of which a quasi-hexagonally ordered array of Au NPs (yellow) is deposited by

A novel copper precursor for electron beam induced deposition

• Caspar Haverkamp,
• George Sarau,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Ivo Utke,
• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Silke Christiansen and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.113

• nm, resembling well the structure of the 2D deposit. The average EDX signal from nanopillars gives a composition of 26 atom % Cu, 13 atom % O and 61 atom % C. Hence, the retrieved mean value for the refractive index may serve as a meaningful estimation to simulate the optical properties of an array

• copper helix with three pitches (b) deposited on glass covered with 50 nm ITO, the scale of (a) and (b) is the same. (c + d) Transmission electron micrographs of a copper pillar. Visible is the typical FEBID structure of copper particles embedded in an amorphous matrix. (a) Array of 8 × 8 nanocones with

• a distance of 400 nm, base diameter of 80 nm and a height of 250 nm. (b) Measured and simulated scattering spectra of the array. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 56: Additional information on EDX measurements, SAED indexing, and electrical characterization. Acknowledgements The