Enhanced feedback performance in off-resonance AFM modes through pulse train sampling

• Mustafa Kangül,
• Navid Asmari,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Marcos Penedo and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.13

• therefore the imaging speed. To overcome these limitations, we introduce an alternative control technique that takes advantage of the non-zero contact duration, enabling an enhanced force control. This method provides rapid control of the maximum force, resulting in better image quality at faster scan rates

• examine the system response. A peak-to-peak ORT actuation of 50 nm at 2 kHz rate was applied to the Z piezo. We have mounted a Fastscan-A (Bruker) cantilever, setting the scan rate to 4 Hz. The acquired image has 250 × 250 pixels so both trace and retrace images have 1 ORT cycle per pixel. Integral gains

• high-frequency disturbances, but also in improving tracking of lower-frequency components of the sample topography. Extracting mechanical properties from the interaction curves is one of the most powerful capabilities of ORT techniques. Together with the topographical image, they provide material

New application of bimetallic Ag/Pt nanoplates in a colorimetric biosensor for specific detection of E. coli in water

• Azam Bagheri Pebdeni,
• Mohammad N. AL-Baiati and
• Morteza Hosseini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 95–103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.9

• that, one drop of the E. coli-contaminated sample was put onto a paper chip. The final stage in the paper evaluation was to add 6 µL of H2O2 and 6 µL of TMB to paper chips. The ImageJ software was utilized to evaluate the intensity of the resulting blue color. a) The SEM image AND b) EDS analysis of Ag

• /Pt NPL. a) Absorbance spectra of Ag/Pt NPL after the addition of TMB, TMB and H2O2, NPL, and aptamer-NPL in the presence of TMB-H2O2. b) Image related to the color change of the proposed NPL, c) the zeta potential of NPL, aptamer-NPL, E. coli bacteria, and NPL-E. coli. a) The calibration curve of

Study of the reusability and stability of nylon nanofibres as an antibody immobilisation surface

• Inés Peraile,
• Matilde Gil-García,
• Laura González-López,
• Nushin A. Dabbagh-Escalante,
• Juan C. Cabria-Ramos and
• Paloma Lorenzo-Lozano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.8

• immunocapture system in NF and 96-well microplate, for each time: ***p < 0.001. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy image of NFs. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the whole team at Nieves Murillo of TECNALIA – Industry and Transport Division for providing the nylon NFs. Funding These results

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• ImageJ software as an image analysis tool. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was performed in a Nicolet NEXUS 670 spectrometer. The resulting spectra were recorded in transmission mode in the wavelength range of 500–4000 cm−1. A Raman spectrometer (MacroRAM, Horiba) was used to investigate the

• contact angles of the electrospun scaffolds were measured using a Samsung FACED camera (Korea). A drop of bidistilled water was placed on the flat surface of the electrospun scaffold and then a digital image of the drop was taken for measuring the value of the contact angle using an image processing

• inverted microscope every 24 h. Statistical analysis The data were reported as mean values ± standard deviations. Statistical analysis of antibacterial data was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (a) SEM image of BBR

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• a substrate thickness of 0.29 mm seem to be closer to the experimental results, see Measurement results section below. (a) Design of the sample of LSPE VB 210/240 from the SINS1 series. (b) Optical photo of the sample of LSPE VB 210/240 from the SINS1 series. (a) SEM image of the LSPE sample; bow

• -tie antennas are visible. (b) SEM image where the required elements are painted with pseudocolors; red: normal metal absorber, green: SN contact, and blue: SIN tunnel junctions. I–V characteristics of two receiving structures of a sample receiving system from the LSPE VB 210/240 SINS1 series. Measured

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• deflected by the circularly oriented magnetic fields. The magnetic contrast can hardly be observed when the image is in-focus but becomes more visible when the image is defocused. On one side of the focus, the magnetization of the vortex deflects the electron beams inwards, which then overlaps and results

• sample and a coherently tilted reference plane wave. The intensity of the hologram can be represented in the form of where Ψi(r) stands for the electron wavefunction in the image plane i with amplitude Ai and phase φi, r is a two-dimensional vector in the sample plane, and q is the two-dimensional

• -off or IBE methods on the bulk substrate. Then we protected the nanostructure with a resist and patterned AZ®5214E resist on the back side of the substrate using the image reversal technique. A window in the SiN buffer layer was prepared by ion beam etching through the aperture in the mask of AZ®5214E

unDrift: A versatile software for fast offline SPM image drift correction

• Tobias Dickbreder,
• Franziska Sabath,
• Lukas Höltkemeier,
• Ralf Bechstein and
• Angelika Kühnle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1225–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.101

• for drift during the measurement (online drift correction) or afterwards (offline drift correction). With the currently available software tools, however, offline drift correction of SPM data is often a tedious and time-consuming task. This is particularly disadvantageous when analyzing long image

• determine the drift velocity from the apparent movement of stationary features either by automatic evaluation of the cross-correlation image or based on positions identified manually by the user. We demonstrate the performance and reliability of unDrift using three challenging examples, namely images

• force microscopy; calibration; drift correction; image correlation functions; periodic structures; scanning probe microscopy; Introduction In science and technology, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques are widely used to study the structure and properties of surfaces and interfaces from the

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• (inspired from [14]). (e) Possible locations of organic nanoparticles in bacterial cells. Figure 1c was adapted with permission from [13]. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (a) Photographic image of a dopamine solution. Main reactions leading to an auto

Determination of the radii of coated and uncoated silicon AFM sharp tips using a height calibration standard grating and a nonlinear regression function

• Perawat Boonpuek and
• Jonathan R. Felts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1200–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.99

• force curves with contact mechanics models and extracting the adhesion and friction forces [5][6]. If we do not know the exact value of the tip radius, the sample image with the observation of scanning frequency and the calculation results are not accurate. This indicates that the measurement results

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• ). Figure 1a depicts an SEM image of the FEBID deposit created with an electron exposure of 7.80 C/cm2. The position of the corresponding AES analysis is marked in Figure 1a by a green-colored star. The AES spectra acquired on the bare substrate and the deposit are shown in Figure 1b. On the pristine SiO2

• selected area of the SEM image shown in Figure 1a is depicted in Figure 1c, where nanoparticles in the deposition are noticeable, although the picture is somewhat blurry. To better visualize the observed nanoparticles, a background subtraction was performed with the image enhancement program ImageJ [35

• ]. The image after the background subtraction is shown in Figure 1d, where the particles can be more clearly distinguished. After background subtraction, some of the deposited nanoparticles appear facetted; however, the majority are spherical. HAADF-STEM on FEBID (SiO2 (500 nm)/Si(111)) As a next step

Spatial variations of conductivity of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on Au/mica and Au/Si substrates

• Julian Skolaut,
• Jędrzej Tepper,
• Federica Galli,
• Wulf Wulfhekel and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1169–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.97

• . In this mode of CAFM operation, a force–distance curve is measured at every pixel of the image. The tip is approached until a certain bend of the cantilever is reached, corresponding to the force setpoint Fsetpoint. Plotting the z position at which the force setpoint is reached provides the

• Figure 2b show the topography and the current map, respectively, for a Au/mica substrate. The 300 × 300 nm2 topography map shows that the Au/mica substrate has large flat areas on which the height does not change significantly. The overall change in height throughout the image is approximately 4 nm, and

• the most significant changes in height occur at the boundaries between different flat areas. The corresponding current map (Figure 2b) shows a nearly homogeneous distribution of the current throughout the whole image, where the current takes on well-measurable values distributed around 200 pA. Only

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• convinced that elasticity as a formulation parameter can help to promote more nanoparticulate drug delivery systems to be translated to the clinics. (A) Height image of gelatin nanoparticles on a silica surface imaged in Milli-Q® water at 37 °C in the quantitative imaging mode. (B) A force–distance curve

A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements

• François Piquemal,
• Khaled Kaja,
• Pascal Chrétien,
• José Morán-Meza,
• Frédéric Houzé,
• Christian Ulysse and
• Abdelmounaim Harouri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94

• deviation. In addition, we noticed that all I–V straights did not pass through zero, which introduced a shift in the measured currents leading to an increase in the resistance values by a constant amount of (+8 ± 1)%, which agrees very well with the deviations observed from the image values (taken at a bias

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• microscopy image [23] one can identify the Au-hcp plane parallel to Ge substrate as (010). We discuss the optimized structures and defects that could stabilize the interface. Finally, we demonstrate the electronic properties of Au/Ge junctions and the formation of Ge–Au bonds at the interface. The Appendices

• perpendicular direction (with no experimental image to guide us), we chose to join seven germanium blocks and five gold slabs as shown in Figure 1c, obtaining a mismatch of about 3%. Variant C is constructed in such a way that rows of gold atoms are located between the germanium rows (see Figure 6c), and we

• , respectively. The Ge atoms replacing some Au pairs gradually improve the interface energy, and the result obtained for the last modification is very close to the interface energy of variant C. Figure 8 shows the experimental image of the investigated interface together with one of our optimized structures

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• ) illumination. An SPV image can eventually be recalculated as the difference between both sets of data [1]. The inherent drawback of this dual-pass method is that the source images used for the SPV calculation may feature misalignments, which is especially unavoidable at room temperature (RT) due to thermal

• with the application of a light pulse (i.e., a curve is recorded at each point of the surface along a 2D grid). Again, a differential SPV image can be reconstructed from the matrix of spectroscopic curves [5]. However, this approach is not free from artefacts, in particular the cantilever photothermal

• amplitude image (appearing as dark spots in Figure 3b and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6b) correspond to areas of the sample where the SPV is "less positive". Thus, from an electrostatic point of view, the most reasonable hypothesis is that these contrasts (and the correlated topographic

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• of a specific point at the center of the membrane was recorded over time for the utilized voltage and frequency. We selected 10 line profiles from the modulated topography image, took the average over the selected lines similarly to the previous case, and fitted these with a sinusoidal function. The

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• ; N = 3. Different uptake of untagged E. coli (39.8 ± 11.4%) vs HbMP (30′: 51.9 ± 6.0%; 120′: 47.1 ± 5.1%) by monocytes; N = 3. Phagocytosis of PMMA-FluoroGreen-COOH-MP diameter between 0.4 and 2.1 µm by monocytes and granulocytes. N = 3. The confocal laser scanning microscopy image showing the uptake

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

• Doan Nhat Giang,
• Nhat Minh Nguyen,
• Duc Anh Ngo,
• Thanh Trang Tran,
• Le Thai Duy,
• Cong Khanh Tran,
• Thi Thanh Van Tran,
• Phan Phuong Ha La and
• Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

• photodetectors (PDs) to “Industry 4.0”, which may include image sensors, biomedical imaging, manufacturing process control, environmental sensing, and optical sensors [8]. Various materials for photodetectors have been developed. Photodetectors can be classified into two main categories, namely PDs that work at

• -emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) image of ZnO NRs exhibits nanorods with hexagonal cross section, well aligned with the glass substrate (Figure 1a). Figure 1b indicates that many spherical nanoparticles are formed on the ZnO NRs after spraying the CuO NP solution with a concentration of 0.05 M

Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations

• Michael R. Roenbeck and
• Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83

• at 1.1 GPa. In contrast to the modulus maps in Technora®, the distinctions between the local ET measurements within fibrils and their interfaces are very clear in Kevlar®. Image thresholding of K29 modulus maps indicates that the most compliant regions are near interfaces, which can also be readily

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0.) Shape-dependent photothermal properties. TEM image of gold nanostructures (A). (Figure 6A was adapted from [61

• Elsevier. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0.) Scanning transmission electron image of Au nanostar (B). Limb length dependent photothermal activity of Au nanostar (C). (Figure 6B and C was adapted from [63] (© 2019 J. Depciuch et al., published by MDPI, distributed under the terms of the Creative

• .) Summary of lateral flow assay applications based on the photothermal principle. Acknowledgements The Graphical Abstract has been self-made. The lateral flow strip in the image was drawn using Microsoft® PowerPoint® 2016. The remaining portion of the Graphical Abstract was created with https

Isolation of cubic Si₃P₄ in the form of nanocrystals

• Polina K. Nikiforova,
• Sergei S. Bubenov,
• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Andrey S. Kumskov,
• Nikolay N. Kononov,
• Tatyana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 971–979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.80

• Si3P4 decomposition, sample SP670 as well as the freshly prepared sample SP550 were selected for the TEM studies. A typical TEM bright-field image is shown in Figure 6a. The particles show a profound tendency to agglomerate, not unlike the parent oxidized Si NPs [38]. The agglomeration obstructs size

• determination; thus, the linear dimensions of the particles could only be estimated to be in the range of 10–50 nm. The particles are polycrystalline and highly defective as evident from the high-resolution image (Figure 7a). The size of the crystalline domains does not exceed 10 nm in its longest dimension

• . (a) Bright-field TEM image and (b) electron diffraction of the sample SP550. TEM studies of the sample SP550. (a) High-resolution TEM image; (b) HAADF-STEM image; EDX elemental maps for (c) Si Kα, (d) P Kα, and (e) O Kα. The scale bar in images (b–e) is 30 nm. Synthesis conditions and results of X

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• Gwyddion software was used for flattening and image correction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Transmission electron microscopy was carried out using a JEOL JEM-1010 at 100 kV accelerating voltage and a Tecnai F20 operated at 200 kV. Images were acquired in bright-field mode with an objective

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• potential and can be effectively used as imaging/therapeutic agents (Table 1). In some cases, ACNPs provide opportunities for image-guided therapy with overall theranostic applications. The NP-mediated targeted delivery ultimately provides advanced diagnostic and therapeutic options for early diagnosis and

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

• Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
• Robson R. Bernardo,
• Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
• Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

• nanoparticles inside the cells. Panel A shows infected macrophages with some amastigotes (arrowheads) inside the parasitophorous vacuoles (thin arrows). Panel B shows the same macrophage; however, the image was obtained by detecting backscattered electrons, revealing several electron-lucent aggregates (arrows

• associated with endoplasmic reticulum profiles and lipid bodies. (B) High-magnification image with SPION aggregates (arrowheads) inside membrane-bound compartments (arrows). (C) SPIONs (arrowheads) are associated with thin filaments inside the flagellar pocket and in the cytosol closely associated with the

• flagellar pocket membrane. (D) In the macrophages infected with intracellular amastigotes, the SPIONs appear inside the parasitophorous vacuole and in the macrophage and parasite cytosol (arrowheads). In this image, it is also possible to observe the SPIONs surrounded by a membrane (arrows) and an aggregate

Two-dimensional molecular networks at the solid/liquid interface and the role of alkyl chains in their building blocks

• Suyi Liu,
• Yasuo Norikane and
• Yoshihiro Kikkawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 872–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.72

• ) enable the capture of both molecular arrangements and the HOPG lattice images. As shown in Figure 2b and Figure 2c, the alkyl chains of a bipyridine derivative follow one of the HOPG lattice directions, as indicated by the white arrows. Image corrections using the HOPG lattice (periodicity of 0.246 nm

• a blend ratio of OCn:CCn = 1:3. This phenomenon could be explained by the relatively weak adsorption interactions of the semi-fluoroalkyl chains onto the HOPG surface compared to those of normal alkyl chains. Owing to the dark contrast in the STM image, the existence and location of homogeneous

• adsorbed n-dodecane was optimized. Similar DFT calculations are reported in [47]. The blue arrows indicate the lattice directions of C96H24. (b) Chemical structure of a bipyridine derivative (Bpy), and (c) STM image of the Bpy monolayer at the HOPG/1-phenyloctane interface. Both molecular (upper) and HOPG