Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• (30% v/v) were added, respectively. The mixture was stirred overnight under argon atmosphere, followed by heating under reflux for 1 h. For the particles with thicker silica coating, 1.5 mL (c = 20 g/L in ethanol, particle mass = 30 mg) of the dispersion was diluted to c = 1 g/L and reacted with 25 µL

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• analyzer transmission energy of 50 eV, while the individual elemental peaks were recorded at an analyzer pass energy of 20 eV. All XPS measurements were carried out at room temperature and no heating was performed prior to the XPS measurement. The obtained XPS spectra were deconvoluted using the CasaXPS

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• -methoxyethanol as a solvent, the effect of different molar ratios between the Bi/Fe metal precursors was then analyzed, since significant bismuth loss can be observed during calcination as bismuth is volatile at high temperatures. Thus, it is necessary to compensate for this loss during the heating step by

• heating. In addition, the presence of Bi3+ in acidic aqueous solutions leads to the formation of polynuclear cationic species. Once a thermal treatment at 500 °C is applied, those clusters decompose into α- and β-Bi2O3 by-products, which are not observed when an intermediate heating step is carried out

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• were washed with ethanol and water alternatively and calcined at a certain temperature for 2 h with a heating ramp of 5 °C·min−1 in a tube furnace in nitrogen atmosphere. The calcined samples were labeled as NiFe-PBA/PP-T. Physical characterization X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded using a

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• likely indicative that prolonged heating at 90 °C will result in precursor decomposition (Figure 2a,b). Conversely, for Pt(CO)2Br2, prolonged heating at 90 °C facilitated a greater degree of sublimation vs decomposition whereupon approximately 29% of the original mass remained (Figure 2b,c). This is

• reasonably below the initial Pt content of 47.5%. The TGA studies indicate that Pt(CO)2Br2 is more stable under prolonged heating, leading to increased volatility, but Pt(CO)2Cl2 is more efficient under a faster ramped-temperature process (10 °C/min). Precursor gas properties Precursor crucible temperature

Direct observation of the Si(110)-(16×2) surface reconstruction by atomic force microscopy

• Tatsuya Yamamoto,
• Ryo Izumi,
• Kazushi Miki,
• Takahiro Yamasaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1750–1756, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.157

• zig-zag chains extend) was not related to the direction of current during sample heating, which is consistent with previous studies [12][22]. In the step area, two types of typical facets were observed: (17 15 1) and (15 17 1) [12][16] extending in the directions of and , respectively, which are

Seebeck coefficient of silicon nanowire forests doped by thermal diffusion

• Shaimaa Elyamny,
• Elisabetta Dimaggio and
• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1707–1713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.153

• electrical power needed to heat TH through Joule heating is the thermal power = V × I that crosses the sample in the absence of heat losses. The system is in vacuum and the irradiation loss is limited by a thermal shield maintained at TH. Hence, the thermal resistance ℜ can be evaluated as ℜ = (TH − TC

• of the contact thermal resistance ℜCA, together with the value of the heat flux through the sample = V × I, can be used for a correct evaluation of ΔTNW: For each sample, several Seebeck voltage values Vseebeck have been recorded for different heating power values , that is, for different values of

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• ions and materials, such as structural damage and chemical modification that affect functional properties of the near-surface layers, are substantially reduced in comparison to FIB milling. Another advantage of the subsurface processing is that the local heating is negligible in comparison to ion

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• . The sample was annealed in iterative steps of heating, holding at a constant temperature for 3 min, and cooling down again to 20 K for a measurement. The annealing temperatures were in the range of 100–400 K and are specified below. In the following, one monolayer (ML) of PTCDA refers to a single

Piezoelectric sensor based on graphene-doped PVDF nanofibers for sign language translation

• Shuai Yang,
• Xiaojing Cui,
• Rui Guo,
• Zhiyi Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Hulin Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1655–1662, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.148

• Shenzhen Oss Corporation. Electrospinning process: First, GR is added to DMF and ultrasonically dispersed for 10 min. The dispersion is then heated to 60 °C. PVDF powder (18 wt %) is added under continuous heating and stirring for 6 h to obtain the spinning solution. The prepared solution is filled into a

• vertical rod on one side and can be rotated laterally. The PES is moved between the heating stage and the suspended cooling end in a cycle of approximately 7 s, and the output of the analogue signal is recorded. Sign language translation system: The PESs were attached to five finger bending joints of a

Amorphized length and variability in phase-change memory line cells

• Nafisa Noor,
• Sadid Muneer,
• Raihan Sayeed Khan,
• Anna Gorbenko and
• Helena Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1644–1654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.147

• by an electrical breakdown due to impact ionization, a purely electrical effect. The following sharp increase in current is ascribed to thermal runaway (i.e., a decrease in resistivity with increasing temperature that leads to further heating [17]). In this work, we use this model to interpret our

• the parasitic capacitances present in the system and to the thermal runaway of the amorphous GST, which also lead to a quick rise of the cell temperature and produce enough Joule heating to induce melting of the material [27]. The sharp falling edges of Icell for the two re-amorphization events due to

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• exclusion of any side factors and effects that could alter the characteristic breath profile of a patient. A heating of the sensor in order to prevent condensation of the exhaled breath inside the sensor holder was not performed in our studies since it is the condensate from the exhaled gas that activates

PTCDA adsorption on CaF₂ thin films

• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1615–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.144

• material (cleanliness 99.9%, Alfa Aesar, Kandel, Germany) was deposited from an e-beam evaporator (type EFM3T, Focus GmbH, Huenstetten, Germany) on silicon samples held at about 600 °C by direct-current heating. Further details on the sample preparation and CaF2/Si(111) surface properties can be found in

Oxidation of Au/Ag films by oxygen plasma: phase separation and generation of nanoporosity

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Said A. Mansour,
• Mujaheed Pasha,
• Atef Zekri,
• Janarthanan Ponraj,
• Akshath Shetty and
• Yousef Haik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1608–1614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.143

• speed and no intentional heating was applied to the substrate during the procedure. To ensure a proper adhesion of the Au/Ag alloy films, prior to each deposition a ≈100 nm thick chromium layer was deposited by sputtering of a chromium target (99.99% in purity), under pure argon atmosphere at 10 mT, for

Adsorption and self-assembly of porphyrins on ultrathin CoO films on Ir(100)

• Feifei Xiang,
• Tobias Schmitt,
• Marco Raschmann and
• M. Alexander Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1516–1524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.134

• ), even annealing to 420 K – and, in consequence, metalating – does not improve the molecular ordering of 2 on 1BL CoO. Further heating cannot be applied since oxidation of the molecules sets in. The self-assembled structures of 1 may be identified in detail with the help of bias-dependent STM imaging

Controlling the electronic and physical coupling on dielectric thin films

• Philipp Hurdax,
• Michael Hollerer,
• Larissa Egger,
• Georg Koller,
• Xiaosheng Yang,
• Anja Haags,
• Serguei Soubatch,
• Frank Stefan Tautz,
• Mathias Richter,
• Alexander Gottwald,
• Peter Puschnig,
• Martin Sterrer and
• Michael G. Ramsey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1492–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.132

• emission) where the emission of the 6P sigma-orbitals is found, as To assess the desorption dynamics, the samples were heated manually by a filament behind the crystal at a very low heating rate of approximately 0.1 °C/s (on average). STM measurements were performed at −193 °C with a Createc low

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• the tip states and not to the pyrene-related molecular resonances. Photophysical investigations The toluene solutions of the trans- and tetrasubstituted pyrenes (ACS spectroscopic grade, Sigma-Aldrich) were subjected to sonication and heating cycles, and then left to cool to rt before recording the

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• properties [138]. Another strategy in which SPIONs are used to inhibit and/or reduce microbial incidence in biological and environmental applications is through the application of weak magnetic fields [139]. Park et al. demonstrated a 4 log inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa through local heating created

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• by an in situ micro quartz crystal sensor. The particle formation has been done by thermal annealing under vacuum conditions. The wafers with Cu and Pt have been annealed in vacuo, while the wafers with Au and Pd were annealed ex situ. Each annealing consists of a heating phase, 30 min of annealing

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• as solvothermal and hydrothermal synthesis [9]. In these processes, long ultrasonication as well as reduction/heating procedures are required [6][10], both of which will impede industrial production. In contrast, physical approaches for the synthesis of electrocatalysts (such as plasma-assisted

Effect of localized helium ion irradiation on the performance of synthetic monolayer MoS₂ field-effect transistors

• Jakub Jadwiszczak,
• Pierce Maguire,
• Conor P. Cullen,
• Georg S. Duesberg and
• Hongzhou Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1329–1335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.117

• the deposited metal–semiconductor contact interface. Recent work has shown that irradiation-induced heating of the electrode area can reverse majority carrier polarity in MoTe2 [31], while pre-treatment with a broad-beam argon ion source can decrease the contact resistance of Ni-MoS2 two-fold [32]. In

Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point on a Casson nanofluid flow over a radially stretching sheet

• Ganji Narender,
• Kamatam Govardhan and
• Gobburu Sreedhar Sarma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.114

• ) fluid upon Joule heating and thermal radiation, using the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model. Hayat et al. [17] investigated the mass exchange and MHD flow of a UCM fluid passing over an extended sheet. Ibrahim and Suneetha [18] studied the effects of Joule heating and viscous dissipation on steady

• the surface of the fluid flow. The Brownian motion and thermophoretic effects have been considered as well as the convective surface conditions. A convective heating process is applied to regulate the sheet temperature Tw. The nanoparticle concentration, Cw, is assumed to be constant. When y values

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• square shape (e.g., 3 cm × 3 cm), put into a muffle furnace (KSY-D-16, Longkou Precision Instrument Co., Ltd., China), and submitted to a preoxidation step at 280 °C for 8 h under air at a heating rate of 1 °C·min−1. The high temperature during the oxidation process induced phase separation between PAN

• and DIW and triggered the initiation of cross-linking and cyclization of PAN. Finally, the preoxidation product was further carbonized at 1100 °C for 2 h in a tube furnace (OTF-1200X-II, Hefei Kejing Material Technology Co., Ltd., China) under a N2 atmosphere at a heating rate of 5 °C·min−1

• . Compared with DCGCNFs/OCGCNFs, the adsorption volume of OPCGCNFs was gradually increased, indicating that porosity also increased. It was evident that DIW became a pore-making agent in the high-temperature carbonization process. Upon the addition of DIW, heating and DIW evaporation, many mesoporous

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• volume rapidly decreases as a function of the ion beam current for the same dose (Figure 2). When using high currents several effects can play a role in this dependence such as precursor depletion, local heating, which decreases the precursor molecule sticking coefficient, and low precursor diffusion

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• excitation by near-infrared light at 808 nm causes localized heating (up to 81 °C) that is capable of destroying the bacteria nearby [61]. Gold nanostar monolayers with a tunable LSPR absorption were grafted onto glass slides and were found to efficiently eliminate an S. aureus biofilm upon NIR laser

• heating of gold nanoparticles embedded in an injectable silk protein hydrogel was one of the first examples that used this approach [65]. The NIR laser irradiation at 528 nm for 15 min (450 mW) elevated the maximum gel temperature to 59 °C. The in vivo studies demonstrated a sufficient bacterial reduction

• spectrum, is another well-known suitable agent for the NIR photothermal conversion [89]. This material is prepared by assembling polyelectrolyte-stabilized reduced graphene sheets on a quartz surface to efficiently generate localized heating under simulated solar light irradiation, resulting in a >90