Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for electrochemical reduction of CO₂: A review

• Ha Huu Do and
• Hai Bang Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 904–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.74

• catalyst for CO2RR. The author postulated that Co(II) is converted into Co(I), which acts as a redox center for the reduction of CO2 into CO (Figure 3c,d). Because of their poor conductivity, Co-MOFs are typically grown on conductive templates, such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), carbon cloth, and

• carbon pastes, which serve as cathodes for CO2RR. To illustrate, Kornienko et al. deposited a Co-based MOF material onto an FTO substrate as a working electrode for CO2 conversion [40]. This material exhibited good performance in CO generation, achieving a faradaic efficiency (FE) of 76% (at −0.7 V vs

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

• Roopakala Kottayi,
• Ilangovan Veerappan and
• Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

• min and quickly poured into cold methanol to form AZGSSe QDs. After purification purification via centrifugation, the QDs were dispersed in 5 mL chloroform. Preparation of a AZGSSe QD-sensitized TiO2 NF-based photoanode A pre-prepared TiO2 nanofiber (NF) paste was coated on FTO glass via the doctor

• [2][19][20]. Hence, in this work Cu2S was chosen as the CE material. The CE was fabricated as described in [8]. At first, Cu2S NPs were prepared by a hydrothermal method using ʟ-cysteine and copper(II) chloride. Then the Cu2S paste containing 95% of Cu2S and 5% of PVdF in NMP was coated onto FTO

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• disulfide (MoS2) was prepared on substrates coated with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) to substitute the platinum counter electrode (CE) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Herein, we synthesized layered and honeycomb-like MoS2 thin films via the cyclic voltammetry (CV) route. Thickness and morphology

• conventional Pt/FTO CE (15.3 mA·cm−2). This work reports for the first time the possibility to obtain a honeycomb-like MoS2 thin film morphology by the CV method and investigates the effect of film structure on the electrocatalytic activity and photovoltaic performance of CEs for DSSC application. Keywords

• catalytic activity. Li et al. reported the synthesis of MoS2/graphene composite films on FTO, which were directly used as CE for DSSCs without further thermal treatment. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the DSSCs was 8.01%, which was comparable to that of a Pt CE (8.21%) [21]. Quy et al. prepared

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• ] synthesized SnO2 microspheres on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate and the SEM images (Figure 6) show SnO2 microspheres with an average diameter of 2.0–2.5 μm. By using SnO2 microsphere photocatalysts for the photocatalytic oxidation of NO, Le et al. [67] indicated that 3D hierarchical flower-like

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• potentiostat in a three-electrode test cell with a platinum wire as the counter electrode and the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference. The working electrode was a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass with the analyzed material drop-casted from a 0.2% ethanol/Nafion solution. A 0.5 M sodium

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• , Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjnano.12.2 Abstract Al2O3 layers were deposited onto electrodes by atomic layer deposition. Solubility and electron-transport blocking were tested. Films deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO, F:SnO2/glass) substrates blocked electron transfer to

• found up to 24 h and even after 168 h of exposure the changes in the blocking behaviour were still minimal. This behaviour was also observed for protection against direct reduction of FTO. Keywords: Al2O3; atomic layer deposition (ALD); barrier properties; corrosion; electrochemistry; FTO

• alumina coatings was ascribed to its capability of passivating semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces, thus reducing photogenerated charge-carrier recombination (e.g., on BiVO4 [16]). In this work, Al2O3 films were deposited via ALD on thermally grown SiO2 on silicon or on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO

Uniform Sb₂S₃ optical coatings by chemical spray method

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 198–210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.18

• ]. The crystallites oriented along the (2 0 1) plane were 24 nm in size in Sb2S3 layers grown on SnO2/F (FTO) coated glass substrates via thermal evaporation [27]. The crystallite size was 52 nm along the (3 0 1) plane in Sb2S3 layers grown on glass substrates at 250 °C via spray pyrolysis [28], similar

Zn/F-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis: structural and optical properties

• Florian Dumitrache,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Elena Dutu,
• Ion Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Alina Ilie,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Cristian Mihailescu,
• Adriana Smarandache and
• Gabriel Prodan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.2

• promising, lower cost, but good performing material alternatives to ITO for these types of applications is fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) [8]. Regarding the cation doping for the synthesis of tin-based transparent and conductive oxidic (TCO) materials, the literature has been focused on doping with i

• estimated 4.18 eV bandgap value [24]. Also, the 1 atom % Nd-doped FTO film obtained by spray pyrolysis at 500 °C presented the lowest sheet resistance and resistivity values, which was accompanied by a 4.15 eV bandgap – a value 4.21 eV lower than that of FTO obtained under similar conditions. Also, in this

• case, the bandgap values decreased with increasing metal dopant content, down to 3.93 eV for 4 atom % Nd [24]. The FTO films were also successfully tested for other applications such as anticorrosive coatings on steel for fuel cell bipolar plates [25], sensors for liquefied petroleum gas [26

Electrolyte tuning in dye-sensitized solar cells with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) iron(II) sensitizers

• Mariia Karpacheva,
• Catherine E. Housecroft and
• Edwin C. Constable

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3069–3078, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.285

• additives in an I−/I3−-based electrolyte. We present data for fully masked DSCs to avoid overestimation of their performance [40]. Results and Discussion Effects of solvent and ionic liquid The working electrodes for the DSCs were prepared using commercial FTO/TiO2 electrodes immersed in a MeCN solution

• plot and arising from the charge resistance at the FTO/TiO2 interface [53]) is constant (≈9 Ω) for the three DSCs (Figure 7b). The value of RPt is extracted from the first semi-circle in the Nyquist plot (Figure 7b) and Table 5 shows these values to be similar for all DSCs. In principle, two further

• concentrations (see Table 3) in the electrolytes. Measurements were made on the day of sealing the cell. See Table S2 and Table S3 (Supporting Information File 1) for multiple cell data. EIS data obtained from measurements at a light intensity of 22 mW cm−2 of n-type DSCs containing FTO/TiO2 working electrodes

Nanostructure-induced performance degradation of WO₃·nH₂O for energy conversion and storage devices

• Zhenyin Hai,
• Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari,
• Zihan Wei,
• Danfeng Cui,
• Chenyang Xue,
• Hongyan Xu,
• Philippe M. Heynderickx,
• Francis Verpoort and
• Serge Zhuiykov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2845–2854, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.265

• nanomaterials and paves the way for the interlayer reinforcement of 2D TMOs. Experimental All nanostructured WO3 and their hydrates in this work were prepared on FTO/glass substrates through a facile hydrothermal reaction at different temperatures. All chemicals were purchased from chemical suppliers and were

• used without further purification. Before the hydrothermal reaction, the seed solution was first spin-coated on the FTO/glass and annealed at 350 °C for 20 min. To prepare the seed solution, 0.824 g of sodium tungstate dihydrate (Na2WO4·2H2O) was initially dissolved into 10 mL deionized water under

• deionized water to a total volume of 12.5 mL accompanied by another 15 min of stirring. The prepared seed solution was spin-coated onto FTO/glass at 3000 rpm for four times with each step consisting of 40 s spin-coating at room temperature followed by annealing at 350 °C for 20 min. The as-prepared FTO

Thickness-dependent photoelectrochemical properties of a semitransparent Co₃O₄ photocathode

• Malkeshkumar Patel and
• Joondong Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2432–2442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.228

• thickness were deposited using large-area (4 inch diameter) sputtering on glass and FTO/glass substrates. Identical rapid thermal processing (RTP) oxidation was applied to these Co films to allow the formation of Co3O4 films of varying thickness and porosity. Figure 1b shows the XRD pattern of two prepared

• Co3O4 samples, 70 nm and 230 nm thick, grown on the FTO/glass substrate. XRD confirmed the formation of a crystalline Co3O4 phase due to the air-induced diffusion-driven oxidation of Co. XRD peaks corresponding to Co3O4 and F:SnO2 (substrate) were identified and marked. A stronger XRD peak at 2θ = 36.81

• spherical Co particles, and conversion into porous Co3O4 is attributed to Kirkendall-diffusion-induced thermal oxidation. The planar morphology is shown in Figure 1e and Figure 1f, and corresponds to 70 nm and 230 nm thick Co3O4 films grown on the FTO substrate, respectively. The as-grown Co3O4 films are

Lead-free hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics

• Oleksandr Stroyuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2209–2235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.207

• counter electron by a dissolved benzoquinone redox-couple BQ0/BQ− showed a PCE of 1.51% [137]. An FTO/TiO2/MASnCl3 photoanode (Eg = 2.1 eV) was combined with an FTO/Pt counter electrode and a solid/liquid electrolyte consisting of polyethylene oxide soaked with an acetonitrile solution of KI/I2 into a

• perovskite incorporated into an FTO/TiO2/HP/carbon device [148]. One of the first Cu2+-based HPs (C4H9NH3)2CuCl4 was synthesized as early as in 2005 by reacting buthylamine hydrochloride with CuCl2 [149]. However, the potential of the hybrid perovskites was not yet realized at that time and this material was

• cell comprised on a MABI layer sandwiched between an FTO/TiO2 scaffold and a Spiro-MeOTAD/Au layer showed a PCE of 0.164% and very good stability of photovoltaic parameters even when stored in the open humid air [157]. The cell also showed almost no hysteresis over a broad range of scan rates (150–1500

Spin-coated planar Sb₂S₃ hybrid solar cells approaching 5% efficiency

• Pascal Kaienburg,
• Benjamin Klingebiel and
• Thomas Kirchartz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2114–2124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.200

• decomposition of the spin-coated solution at 180 °C leaves large parts of the planar substrate uncovered as can be seen in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image in Figure 2a. Between smooth-looking domains of Sb2S3, the grains of the FTO (Pilkington TEC7) covered with spray-coated TiO2 are clearly

• the film seems to disintegrate and macroscopic holes form. The small, bright, tapered features that are observed in the domains not covered by Sb2S3 can be attributed to the peaks of large FTO grains as can be seen from the comparison with the SEM images of the FTO in Figure S1, Supporting Information

• temperature and the film temperature. Because of the inhomogeneous morphology of the Sb-TU process no single layer thickness can be given but an average thickness of 100 nm was determined from AFM measurements on glass/TiO2/Sb2S3. Layers for SEM and AFM imaging were prepared on FTO TEC7 by Pilkington after

Know your full potential: Quantitative Kelvin probe force microscopy on nanoscale electrical devices

• Amelie Axt,
• Ilka M. Hermes,
• Victor W. Bergmann,
• Niklas Tausendpfund and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1809–1819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.172

• experimental setup are given in the figure caption and in [7]. The FM- and AM-KPFM data was collected in subsequent measurements with the same cantilever on the same solar cell cross section. However, the resolved potential distributions differed significantly. In dark, the potential drop from FTO to gold

• , visualized by the red and blue line, respectively. The cell consisted of a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode, a compact TiO2 electron extraction layer and a mesoscopic TiO2 layer (meso) filled with the perovskite light-absorber methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI). The mesoscopic layer was followed by a

Direct AFM-based nanoscale mapping and tomography of open-circuit voltages for photovoltaics

• Katherine Atamanuk,
• Justin Luria and
• Bryan D. Huey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1802–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.171

• from below through an underlying transparent conducting anode and substrate (FTO/glass). Local currents are detected from above by the AFM probe serving as a positionable cathode. The local photovoltaic properties can vary widely for the heterogeneous microstructure compared to the mean (macroscopic

Toward the use of CVD-grown MoS₂ nanosheets as field-emission source

• Geetanjali Deokar,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Junjie Li,
• Francis Leonard Deepak,
• Wei Ou-Yang,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Jean-Francois Colomer and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1686–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.160

• on the NSs transferred onto a conducting fluorine-tin-oxide (FTO) substrate. Experimental Sample preparation The NSs were grown on SiO2/Si substrates via double sulfurization of a sputter-deposited 50 nm Mo film using an ambient-pressure CVD technique. Flushing of the quartz tube using Ar gas stream

• overnight, the silica layer was removed, freeing the PMMA/MoS2 film from the growth substrate (SiO2/Si). The sample was subsequently transferred to deionized water to rinse the chemical etchants. Then, the desired substrate (here, FTO) was used to lift the PMMA/MoS2 out of the water. The sample was then

• spectrometer with a 250 μm diameter X-ray spot. The FE properties of the MoS2 NSs film transferred on the conductive FTO glass substrate (Figure 5) were measured using a custom-built conventional diode-type structure over a 1 cm2 area in a chamber under high vacuum (4.0 × 10−6 mbar). The thin film of MoS2 NSs

Semi-automatic spray pyrolysis deposition of thin, transparent, titania films as blocking layers for dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells

• Hana Krýsová,
• Josef Krýsa and
• Ladislav Kavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1135–1145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.105

• function of the negative electrode of dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells, the deposition of a nonporous blocking film is required on the surface of F-doped SnO2 (FTO) glass substrates. Such a blocking film can minimise undesirable parasitic processes, for example, the back reaction of photoinjected

• properties that were not influenced by post-calcination. These results will surely find use in the fabrication of large-scale dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells. Keywords: blocking films; FTO; solar cells; spray pyrolysis deposition; titanium dioxide; Introduction Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs

• accompanied by the undesirable back reaction of photoinjected electrons with the hole-transporting medium or the oxidized mediator. This reaction occurs both at the TiO2 surface and at the exposed areas of the F-doped SnO2 (FTO) conducting glass that are not covered by the titanium dioxide nanoparticles. In

Facile synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄ photocatalysts for decolourization of organic dyes under solar irradiation

• Arjun Behera,
• Debasmita Kandi,
• Sanjit Manohar Majhi,
• Satyabadi Martha and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 436–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.42

• microstructure of the prepared catalysts were investigated by a TEM-JEOL-2010 200 kV instrument. The electrochemical analysis was carried out using an Ivium potentiostat. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements were performed in a Pyrex electrochemical set up, which includes ZFO samples (deposited on FTO) as

• . Figure 7 shows photocurrent measurements. Under dark conditions, ZFO-500 could generate a current of 0.25 mA/cm2. Under light illumination of the rear side of ZFO-coated FTO, the current is significantly increased up to 0.54 mA/cm2. Mott–Schottky analysis Mott–Schottky analysis was performed to obtain

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO₄ with W doping

• Xin Zhao and
• Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

• nanoporous structure and a better performance (around 1.5 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs RHE). This corresponds to an increase of ca. 50%. The exception is sample 0.5-EG. As mentioned before, the sample 0.5-EG has poor adhesion and many cracks leading to a poor connection between the sample and the conductive FTO

• the surface charge injection (inset in Figure 6b) [25]. In the equivalent circuit, Rs represents the sum of resistance values of the FTO film, the external electrical contacts, and the liquid electrolyte; Rct and Cbulk represent, respectively, the direct charge transfer resistance, and a capacitance

• mixing, 60 µL of the precursor solution were dropped on 1 × 1 cm2 FTO substrates (1 cm × 2 cm with half of the length covered by thermal tape). The samples were dried at 120 °C for 30 min, and after tearing off the tape the films were subsequently calcined at 500 °C for 2 h in a furnace. Characterization

Three-in-one approach towards efficient organic dye-sensitized solar cells: aggregation suppression, panchromatic absorption and resonance energy transfer

• Jayita Patwari,
• Samim Sardar,
• Bo Liu,
• Peter Lemmens and
• Samir Kumar Pal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1705–1713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.171

• (SQ2) and 60 μm thick Surlyn were bought from Solaronix. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetonitrile and ethanol (≥99%) were purchased from Merck, and Ultrapure water was obtained from Millipore System, (18.2 MΩ·cm). The conducting glass substrate with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) was purchased from

• distance (R0 in Å). The details of the calculation procedure are mentioned in the earlier publications of our group [37][38]. Assembly of DSSCs TiO2-coated FTO glass substrates were annealed at 450 °C for 1 h, followed by a cooling to 80 °C and immersing into the dye solution for 24 h. We used six

• sensitized DSSCs are named SQ2_PPIX and PPIX_SQ2 according to the sequence of dye used for sensitization. To ease the comparison, the total immersion time was 24 h during both mixed-dye sensitization and sequential sensitization. The counter electrodes were prepared by depositing platinum on the FTO

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• ). Carbonized nanofibers were used as free standing electrodes whereas oxidized nanofibers were deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass to use as working electrodes. EIS analysis were investigated in 0.1 M NaClO4/ACN electrolyte in a frequency range of 10 mHz to 100 kHz at open circuit potential with

• surface and solution interface, and Qel corrresponds to the combined capacitance of nanofibers and FTO glass electrode. Rct and Cdl change linearly with the amount of GO and the values of n of Ox.PAN and Ox.PAN/GO(1) are is very similar (Table 1). After increasing the GO content in the nanofibers, the

Performance of natural-dye-sensitized solar cells by ZnO nanorod and nanowall enhanced photoelectrodes

• Saif Saadaoui,
• Mohamed Aziz Ben Youssef,
• Moufida Ben Karoui,
• Rached Gharbi,
• Emanuele Smecca,
• Vincenzina Strano,
• Salvo Mirabella,
• Alessandra Alberti and
• Rosaria A. Puglisi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 287–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.31

•  6a gives the SEM images illustrating the morphology of the ZnO NRs annealed in forming gas (FG) (N2/H2, 95:5). From this figure, we observe that nanorods cover the entire surface of the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass and have a hexagonal shape with uniform size and length [23]. The

• high mobility and diffusion rate of the ZnO. This covering layer also increases the efficient electron diffusion from the TiO2 layer to the ZnO NWs. Using this structure, the electrons were quickly transported from the sensitizer to the ZnO through the TiO2 to reach the FTO (Figure 8b). This solution

• the ZnO NR layers on FTO, they were annealed in O2, FG and N2 gas at 300 °C. As shown in Table 1, the sheet resistance of the ZnO NRs depends on the used annealing gas. By using O2, we obtained the highest sheet resistance with a ratio of 103 compared to those prepared under N2 or FG. The best sheet

Performance of colloidal CdS sensitized solar cells with ZnO nanorods/nanoparticles

• Anurag Roy,
• Partha Pratim Das,
• Mukta Tathavadekar,
• Sumita Das and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 210–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.23

• . ZnO nanoparticles and nanorods were synthesized by a solution-growth process, the details of which are reported elsewhere [31][32]. Fabrication of CdS-NP-sensitized ZnO-based films ZnO nanoparticle (ZnO-P) and nanorod (ZnO-R) films were fabricated by the doctor blade method on FTO glass (7 Ω/cm2) and

• followed by 0.05 M Na2S solution in ethanol on the FTO glass (7 Ω/cm2) and fired at 420 °C for 20 min. [34][35]. In some cases, a platinum counter electrode was also used. Characterization of CdS NPs The structural properties of dried CdS powder were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on

• nanorod-based nanostructures of ZnO on the FTO surface. The FESEM elemental mapping with distinct color contrast along with line scale mapping were recorded on the sensitized films as shown in Figure 6a,b for the CdS-ZnO-P and CdS-ZnO-R samples, respectively. The homogeneous distribution of Zn and O

Sb₂S₃ grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and its application in a hybrid solar cell

• Erki Kärber,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere,
• Valdek Mikli and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1662–1673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.158

• , situated in the electrical junction created by TiO2 and P3HT (polythiophene) as the electron and hole conductor, respectively. For these type of solar cells, fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) is prevalently used to contact the TiO2 while evaporated Au has been used to contact the P3HT. The use of a polymeric

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17