Warped graphitic layers generated by oxidation of fullerene extraction residue and its oxygen reduction catalytic activity

• Machiko Takigami,
• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1391–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.137

• carbons reacted with oxygen to produce and remove CO2, leaving WGLs behind. Further oxidation results in the formation of oxygen functional groups on WGLs, as observed by TPD. The oxidation treatment also increases the BET-SSA, which corresponds to the removal of amorphous carbon moieties. The results

• with the reactants, O2 and protons. The exposure of the WGL phase by removing the amorphous phase meant a change in the surface property from that governed by the amorphous carbon phase to that governed by the WGL phase. The ORR activity change was a result of the surface change due to the exposure of

• oxidation of Nanom Black (NB-ORG), a fullerene extraction residue, at 600 °C and tested our assumptions about the ORR activity of WGLs by examining their structure, properties, and ORR activity. First, we clarified the mechanism of the WGL formation from NB-ORG as the removal of an amorphous carbon matrix

Gas sensing properties of individual SnO₂ nanowires and SnO₂ sol–gel nanocomposites

• Alexey V. Shaposhnik,
• Dmitry A. Shaposhnik,
• Sergey Yu. Turishchev,
• Olga A. Chuvenkova,
• Stanislav V. Ryabtsev,
• Alexey A. Vasiliev,
• Xavier Vilanova,
• Francisco Hernandez-Ramirez and
• Joan R. Morante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1380–1390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.136

• forms of amorphous carbon are formed during material calcination. Figure 6 represents core Sn 3d5/2 (left) and O 1s (right) lines of the samples. The binding energy for the 3d5/2 tin and oxygen 1s lines in the SnO2 reference occurred at 487.1 eV and 531.1 eV, respectively. In the powder sample (SnO2 pwd

Fabrication of phase masks from amorphous carbon thin films for electron-beam shaping

• Lukas Grünewald,
• Dagmar Gerthsen and
• Simon Hettler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1290–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.128

• , which induces unwanted scattering events. Results: Phase masks of conductive amorphous carbon (aC) were successfully fabricated with optical lithography and focused ion beam milling. Analysis by TEM shows the successful generation of Bessel and vortex beams. No charging or degradation of the aC phase

• masks was observed. Conclusion: Amorphous carbon can be used as an alternative to silicon nitride for phase masks at the expense of a more complex fabrication process. The quality of arbitrary beam shapes could benefit from the application of phase masks made of amorphous C. Keywords: amorphous carbon

• between light rays traversing media with different refractive indices. As an example, 300 keV electrons acquire a phase shift of π in a 53 nm thick amorphous carbon film (VMIP = 9 V [16]). Due to the small film thickness needed for phase shifts of the order of π, most electrons propagate through the

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• to serve as electrodes in the VRFB, since they combine the desired properties of the two components, namely good electron conductivity and high surface area. The carbon fibers as supporting material possess a high electron conductivity, while the amorphous carbon coating provides the catalytic

CuInSe₂ quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy on amorphous SiO₂ surfaces

• Henrique Limborço,
• Pedro M.P. Salomé,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro-Andrade,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Kamal Abderrafi,
• Joaquim P. Leitão,
• Juan C. Gonzalez and
• Sascha Sadewasser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1103–1111, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.110

• present one line for each element. The STEM lamellae were prepared in a focused ion beam (FIB) FEI Dual-Beam Helios 450S with FIB Mo-grids using a technique known as “lift-out” [35]. To improve FIB preparation and visualization of the nanodots in the STEM, the samples were coated with an amorphous carbon

Concurrent nanoscale surface etching and SnO₂ loading of carbon fibers for vanadium ion redox enhancement

• Jun Maruyama,
• Shohei Maruyama,
• Tomoko Fukuhara,
• Toru Nagaoka and
• Kei Hanafusa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 985–992, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.99

• spectroscopy. Figure 2 shows the Raman spectra of TGP and the treated samples. After the coating of TGP with CSnPc, the Am and D2 peaks appeared in addition to the G and D peaks. The peaks are ascribed to amorphous carbon, the surface graphene layers as a disordered graphitic lattice, the ideal graphitic

• the D peak and the G peak (ID/IG) increased from 0.255 (TGP) to 0.382 (TGP-CSnPc-550Air), suggesting the exposure of the edge planes on the carbon fiber surface and also a slight retention of the amorphous carbon [23]. This assumption is based on the general recognition that the ratio is related to

• thermal oxidation were reflected by the change in nitrogen surface concentration from TGP-CSnPc to TGP-CSnPc-550Air. The high oxygen surface concentration in TGP-CSnPc was attributed to its rough surface due to the structural disorder of the amorphous carbon, which was susceptible to oxidation upon

Renewable energy conversion using nano- and microstructured materials

• Harry Mönig and
• Martina Schmid

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 771–773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.76

• in nanoporous cobalt oxide photocathodes [7], and an approach in which silicon nanoparticles are embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix [8]. In terms of material saving, nano- and microstructured absorbers offer great potential, e.g., via ultrathin absorbers as highlighted for Sb2S3 hybrid solar

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• graphitization catalyst added, exhibits also a large signal with an oxidation peak of 595 °C and shows a second peak rising at approx. 700 °C. With even higher nickel contents (CDC-Ni10 and higher) clearly two oxidation peaks can be distinguished, where the first peak corresponds to the more amorphous carbon

• ribbons (Figure 5c). From the TEM study it seems that also for CDC-Ni60 some amorphous carbon is homogeneously distributed among the graphitic domains (Figure 5b). Raman spectra were recorded for CDC-Ni0, CDC-Ni10 and CDC-Ni60 and are given in Supporting Information File 1 (Figure S3). Surprisingly, in

• graphitization catalyst here, more amorphous carbon is expected. The Raman results indicate, that the initial amorphous shell is not strongly recrystallizing during the second chlorination step. This could be also the reason for the amorphous carbon detected in the TPO characterization even for high nickel

Raman study of flash-lamp annealed aqueous Cu₂ZnSnS₄ nanocrystals

• Yevhenii Havryliuk,
• Oleksandr Selyshchev,
• Mykhailo Valakh,
• Alexandra Raevskaya,
• Oleksandr Stroyuk,
• Constance Schmidt,
• Volodymyr Dzhagan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 222–227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.20

• -treated films, broad Raman features in the range of carbon-related D- and G-bands were detected (Figure 2b). These bands are related to the decomposition of ligands into amorphous carbon phases [45]. No relation between the intensity if these bands and the quality of the CZTS spectrum was observed. The

Wet chemistry route for the decoration of carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing

• Hussam M. Elnabawy,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Badawi Anis,
• Mostafa Fedawy,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Ahmed S. G. Khalil,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Xavier Vilanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 105–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.10

• (NO3)3·9H2O 99.95% trace metal basic) Acetic acid, Fluka Analytical (CH3COOH 99.8%) Decoration and characterization of carbon nanotubes Commercial CNTs from Nanocyl functionalized with (COOH) groups were further chemically purified by an acidic treatment to remove any traces of catalyst or amorphous

• carbon. This treatment also helps in creating more active sites (e.g., some defects) on the side walls of the carbon nanotubes, preparing them for the decoration process. A mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 was prepared at a ratio of 3:1. 200 mg of CNTs were mixed with 12 mL of the acidic mixture and were

Surface plasmon resonance enhancement of photoluminescence intensity and bioimaging application of gold nanorod@CdSe/ZnS quantum dots

• Siyi Hu,
• Yu Ren,
• Yue Wang,
• Jinhua Li,
• Junle Qu,
• Liwei Liu,
• Hanbin Ma and
• Yuguo Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 22–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.3

• prepared by drop casting the sample dispersion onto an amorphous carbon-coated 300 mesh copper grid. Synthesis of GNRs To synthesize the GNRs, the seed-mediated growth method in CTAB solution was applied, as previously discussed [30][31]. The seed solution was prepared using 5 mL of a 0.2 M CTAB solution

Disorder in H⁺-irradiated HOPG: effect of impinging energy and dose on Raman D-band splitting and surface topography

• Lisandro Venosta,
• Noelia Bajales,
• Sergio Suárez and
• Paula G. Bercoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2708–2717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.253

• structural disorder from hydrogenation is not possible, because the cross section of C–C sp3 bonds in visible Raman characterization is negligible [9][18][21]. Besides, the observed shapes of the ID/IG ratio and the G band are consistent with those corresponding to graphite-like hydrogenated amorphous carbon

• et al. [15] investigated the multi-wavelength Raman spectra of a variety of hydrogenated amorphous carbon materials, which allowed them to estimate values for their bond structure, hydrogen content and mechanical properties. A remarkable conclusion is that UV Raman spectroscopy allows for the

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• 46, 48149 Münster, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.9.223 Abstract In this work, silicon/carbon composites are synthesized by forming an amorphous carbon matrix around silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) in a hydrothermal process. The intention of this material design is to combine the beneficial properties of

• synthesized composites show a strong improvement in long-term cycling performance (capacity retention after 103 cycles: ≈55% (20 wt % Si composite) and ≈75% (10 wt % Si composite)), indicating that a homogeneous embedding of Si into the amorphous carbon matrix has a highly beneficial effect. The most

• composites (Si/C), dealing with the incorporation of Si into a variety of different carbon materials, such as graphite, graphene sheets [46][47], porous carbon structures [37][38][48] or the coating of Si using different precursors as carbon sources [49][50][51]. One simple method to form amorphous carbon

Defect formation in multiwalled carbon nanotubes under low-energy He and Ne ion irradiation

• Santhana Eswara,
• Jean-Nicolas Audinot,
• Brahime El Adib,
• Maël Guennou,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1951–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.186

• TEM, the samples need to be prepared directly on TEM grids. Unfortunately, conventional TEM grids have an amorphous carbon membrane support film which is Raman active and therefore interferes with the Raman signal of the CNT. Hence, for this investigation, special Raman-inactive TEM grids were

• irradiation to study the influence of fluence and sample thickness on the irradiation-induced damage of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The irradiated areas have been characterised by correlative Raman spectroscopy and TEM imaging. In order to preclude the Raman contribution coming from the amorphous

• carbon support of typical TEM grids, a new methodology involving Raman inactive Au TEM grids was developed. The experimental results have been compared to SDTRIMSP simulations. Due to the small thickness of the MWCNTs, sputtering has been observed for the top and bottom side of the samples. Depending on

Synthesis of carbon nanowalls from a single-source metal-organic precursor

• André Giese,
• Sebastian Schipporeit,
• Volker Buck and
• Nicolas Wöhrl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1895–1905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.181

• amorphous carbon. Combining the two values one can deduce that the synthesized material is almost entirely sp2-bonded nanocrystalline graphite with almost no carbon being sp3-bonded. The heights of the CNWs were also obtained from the cross-sectional SEM pictures in Figure 3 and Figure 4 and plotted in a

A novel copper precursor for electron beam induced deposition

• Caspar Haverkamp,
• George Sarau,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Ivo Utke,
• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Silke Christiansen and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.113

• . Optical transmission/reflection measurements of deposited pads showed a dielectric behavior of the material in the optical spectral range. The general behavior of the permittivity could be described by applying the Maxwell–Garnett mixing model to amorphous carbon and copper. The dielectric function

• carbon, as well as the G-peak position of 1580 cm−1, indicates a highly amorphous carbon structure inside the deposit [19]. The determination of reliable values for the optical response of FEBID materials is difficult due to the long deposition times for large areas. This makes standard measurements like

• very different properties. For the carbon matrix, the Raman spectrum showed a highly amorphous carbon phase. Hence, modified values for amorphous carbon from Hagemann et al. [23] are used. In view of the results obtained from SAED, the particles are described using the Johnson and Christie values for

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• process is also important for the purification of pristine CNTs from amorphous carbon, fullerenes, coal, and catalyst particles by means of their production. The wet chemical method is considered to be one of the most efficient methods for purification, activation, and functionalisation of CNTs. In this

Anchoring Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles in a reduced graphene oxide aerogel matrix via polydopamine coating

• Błażej Scheibe,
• Radosław Mrówczyński,
• Natalia Michalak,
• Karol Załęski,
• Michał Matczak,
• Mateusz Kempiński,
• Zuzanna Pietralik,
• Mikołaj Lewandowski,
• Stefan Jurga and
• Feliks Stobiecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 591–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.55

• material is an amorphous carbon. However, the use of other excitation energies leads to completely different conclusions. The calculated ID/IG ratios and mean defect distance (LD) together with full-widths-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of D and G peaks of rGO-based aerogels probed with different laser sources are

• nanoparticles at the GO defect sites. In addition, PDA coating does not affect the magnetic properties of the iron oxide-modified rGO aerogel. It is believed that introduction of amorphous carbon-coated functional additives (core-shell structures) improves a reduced graphene oxide aerogel lattice, anchor

Single-step process to improve the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube yarn

• Maria Cecilia Evora,
• Xinyi Lu,
• Nitilaksha Hiremath,
• Nam-Goo Kang,
• Kunlun Hong,
• Roberto Uribe,
• Gajanan Bhat and
• Jimmy Mays

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 545–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.52

• due to the presence of amorphous carbon. Carbon atoms can be sputtered from the outer shell under irradiation and recombine. Fitting of all spectra was achieved with Lorentzian peaks and the ID/IG ratio was calculated for each sample. ID/IG increases with an increase in the number of defects on the

Sugarcane juice derived carbon dot–graphitic carbon nitride composites for bisphenol A degradation under sunlight irradiation

• Lan Ching Sim,
• Jing Lin Wong,
• Chen Hong Hak,
• Jun Yan Tai,
• Kah Hon Leong and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 353–363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.35

• superoxide anion radical (O2•−) and holes (h+) after performing multiple scavenging tests. Keywords: carbon dots; g-C3N4; photocatalytic degradation; sugarcane juice; sunlight; Introduction Carbon dots (CDs) predominantly consist of amorphous carbon together with nanocrystalline regions of sp2-hybridized

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• of switching cycles [10][11]. The operation at low on-state voltages is typically achieved by coating of Si or Ge NEM elements with some other conductive material like Au or Au alloys, Pt or amorphous carbon (aC) [9][61]. For example, coating Si NWs with metal (Au/Al) resulted in an improvement of

• the on/off current ratio by an order of magnitude [9], but coating of a Si-based NEM switch with amorphous carbon (aC) (Figure 11b) [61] allowed more than 108 switching cycles to be achieved. An alternative method of lowering the on-state voltage range is removing the native oxide layer from the

Gas-assisted silver deposition with a focused electron beam

• Luisa Berger,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Iwona B. Szymanska,
• Katja Höflich,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Jakub Jurczyk,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 224–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.24

• ± 0.05) × 103 μΩ·cm, is approximately 500 times better than amorphous carbon (a-C) with low amounts of silver particles a-C/Ag (1 atom %) [22]. This can be attributed to the higher silver content of our FEBID line (Table 1). The Raman spectra in Figure 5c show the sp3 and sp2 bands at 1373 cm−1 and 1591

• of amorphous carbon and about 1000 times larger than that of pure silver. Scanning electron micrographs of deposits from AgO2CC2F5 on bulk 200 nm SiO2/Si using a 25 keV/0.25 nA primary electron beam. (a) Spot deposit and close up of central area, (b) line deposit lineXENOS and close up of central

Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)₂, Co₂(CO)₈ and Me₂Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID

• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Artur Rydosz,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Fanny Béron,
• Kleber R. Pirota,
• Stanislav Moshkalev,
• José Alexandre Diniz and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.11

• ) (Figure 3d,e). The thermal conversion of amorphous carbon into graphite during FEBID using hydrocarbon compounds without a central metal atom has been previously reported by both Fedorov et al. [56] and Kulkarni and co-workers [57]. The rising D band peak accounts for the increase of boundaries, which

• turns the amorphous carbon into polycrystalline graphite. According to Tuinstra et al. [58], Robertson [59] and Ferrari and co-workers [60], both the G band shift and the integrated intensity ratio allow for the determination of the in-plane correlation length, or of the grain size of graphitic

• FEBID material, respectively, before monotonically increasing up to 1.64, 1.51 and 1.39, respectively, after annealing at 300 °C. According to the Tuinstra–Koenig relationship [58][59][61], values of around 0.5 represent mainly disordered (amorphous) carbon. Therefore, it mainly represents the carbon

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

• Fan Tu,
• Martin Drost,
• Imre Szenti,
• Janos Kiss,
• Zoltan Kónya and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

• the bulk material dominates the detected EDX signals. For example, the penetration depth, d, of the focused electron beam with a primary energy of 10 keV within amorphous carbon or silicon can be estimated to be in the range of 1.8 µm by the following equation [44]: d (μm) = 0.1E1.5/ρ, where E is the

PTFE-based microreactor system for the continuous synthesis of full-visible-spectrum emitting cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals

• Chengxi Zhang,
• Weiling Luan,
• Yuhang Yin and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2521–2529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.252

• rhodamine 6G (QY = 95% in ethanol [40]). HRTEM images were taken on a TEM (JEM-2100F, Jeol, USA) operated at 200 kV, and the sample was prepared by dipping an amorphous carbon–copper grid in a dilute n-hexane dispersed QD solution. The sample was then left to evaporate at room temperature. X-ray diffraction