Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• consisting of 100 nM QD solution, 2 equivalents of LA-ZW-AuNP per QD and 14 equivalents His6-MBP-γ per AuNPs, were incubated with the cell culture for 1 h. Following rinsing the culture was imaged using epifluorescence and confocal fluorescence microscopy. A pronounced intracellular uptake of the hybrids was

pH-Controlled fluorescence switching in water-dispersed polymer brushes grafted to modified boron nitride nanotubes for cellular imaging

• Saban Kalay,
• Yurij Stetsyshyn,
• Volodymyr Donchak,
• Khrystyna Harhay,
• Ostap Lishchynskyi,
• Halyna Ohar,
• Yuriy Panchenko,
• Stanislav Voronov and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2428–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.233

• obtained with a Carl Zeiss Evo-40 instrument under high vacuum and accelerating voltage of 10 kV. Cell culture experiments Normal prostate epithelium (PNT1A) and human prostate cancer (DU145) cell lines were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1

Atomic force acoustic microscopy reveals the influence of substrate stiffness and topography on cell behavior

• Yan Liu,
• Li Li,
• Xing Chen,
• Ying Wang,
• Meng-Nan Liu,
• Jin Yan,
• Liang Cao,
• Lu Wang and
• Zuo-Bin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2329–2337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.223

• SU-8 photoresist films as the substrate and generated local changes in the stiffness and the nanopattern topography on the surface. The SU-8 photoresist has been used as the material for biosensors in living tissues [24] and cell culture molds in vitro due to its excellent biocompatibility [16] and

• frequency of 1 Hz for surface roughness measurements. Cell culture The L929 cells from the mouse fibroblast cell line were cultured at 37 °C in a minimal essential medium (MEM, Solarbio) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Before seeding, the SU-8 substrates and the reference glass substrate were

• placed into a 100 mm cell culture well. After sterilization for 1 h with ultraviolet light, the substrates were rinsed thrice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and once with the cell-culture medium. Then, the cells (approximately 1 × 105 cells·mL−1) were seeded on the fabricated SU-8 substrates and

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

• incorporated into the formulation but decreased cytotoxic effects in healthy cells. Therefore, the nanostructured system demonstrated promising results due to the selectivity towards cancer cells in a monolayer cell culture in addition to exhibiting excellent physicochemical properties. Hence, further activity

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• in many FDA-approved products [19]. PCL repeating units are constituted by five non-polar methylene groups and one labile ester group. It was reported that biodegradability and performance of PCL in cell culture studies are enhanced when it is modified with PEG [20]. PEG is a hydrophilic nontoxic

Incorporation of doxorubicin in different polymer nanoparticles and their anticancer activity

• Sebastian Pieper,
• Hannah Onafuye,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Martin Michaelis and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2062–2072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.201

• adjustment (Figure 6). Hence, PLGA nanoparticles prepared at pH 7 with 5 mg doxorubicin were selected for cell culture experiments. The different release kinetics from PLGA nanoparticles prepared at pH 7, may be attributed to the higher lipophilicity of doxorubicin at this pH value and, in turn, a stronger

• such as nanoparticles or micelles with doxorubicin covalently bound to the polymer, nanoparticles produced by nanoprecipitation, micelles based on multi-arm star-shaped PLGA–PEG block copolymers, or nanopolymersomes [14][15][16][17][18]. Nanoparticle efficacy in cell culture Finally, the effects of

• centrifugation step (30,000g, 10 min) the supernatant was analysed for the amount of released doxorubicin by HPLC as mentioned above. Additionally, the resulting pellet was dissolved in DMSO in order to calculate doxorubicin recovery. Cell culture The MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell line UKF-NB-3 was

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• -hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS), bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit, RPMI, foetal calf serum, and T125 mm tissue culture flasks were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific; EGM-2 medium was purchased from Lonza. Cell culture medium phenol red-free (high-glucose Dulbecco modified eagle medium (DMEM

• consequence of the reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ and, thus, an indicator of the presence of protein. Murine macrophage (RAW264.7) Cell culture: A mouse monocyte/macrophage cell line (RAW264.7), was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA). RAW264.7 cells were plated in T125 mm tissue

Preservation of rutin nanosuspensions without the use of preservatives

• Pascal L. Stahr and
• Cornelia M. Keck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1902–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.185

• be prepared shortly before the experiments, i.e., assays, cell culture or in vivo studies, are performed. Any repeating of the tests or continued tests will require the production of new suspensions, which might possess slightly different properties, which in turn might then cause differences in the

Nanoarchitectonics meets cell surface engineering: shape recognition of human cells by halloysite-doped silica cell imprints

• Elvira Rozhina,
• Ilnur Ishmukhametov,
• Svetlana Batasheva,
• Farida Akhatova and
• Rawil Fakhrullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.176

• evaluation experiments. First, we tried to cultivate the cells in a regular way (24 h) by seeding them onto cell culture plates. Uncovered HeLa cells, as expected, were able to adhere and subsequently colonise the substrates (Figure 3A,B), whereas the cells decorated with halloysite-doped silica shells did

• were obtained from Applied Minerals Inc. Cell culture The human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) CCL-2 cell line was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA).The cells were cultured under standard culture conditions (5% CO2 at 37 °C) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• concentration of 25 mg Ag L−1 would release only 0.2 mg Ag+ L−1 in the cell culture media, the concentration of ionic Ag that is non-toxic to L929 cells. Thus, the toxicity mechanism is much more complicated than a simple metal ion release in cell culture media. The cellular internalization of NPs by active

• account the results published on the L929 cell line (Table S3 in Supporting Information File 1). As AuNPs demonstrated to be resistant to dissolution behavior in cell culture media, the increased toxicity of GSH-AgNPs may originate from the possible catalytic role of GSH on the dissolution process on the

• ). The dissolution behavior of AuNPs and AgNPs was tested by ultrafiltration followed by quantification of released free gold or silver ions. The test media were UPW, cell culture medium EMEM with the addition of 10% FBS, and standard culture media for Daphnia magna cultivation (SCM). Freshly prepared

Doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles overcome transporter-mediated drug resistance in drug-adapted cancer cells

• Hannah Onafuye,
• Sebastian Pieper,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Klaus Langer and
• Martin Michaelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1707–1715, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.166

• 0.8 mL/min, an elution time for doxorubicin of t = 7.5 min was achieved. The detection of doxorubicin was performed at a wavelength of 485 nm [34]. Cell culture The neuroblastoma cell line UKF-NB-3, which harbours a MYCN amplification (a major indicator of high-risk disease and poor prognosis [35

• modified after Mosman [38], as previously described [39]. 2 × 104 cells suspended in 100 µL of cell culture medium were plated per well in 96-well plates and incubated in the presence of various doxorubicin concentrations (free or nanoparticle-encapsulated) for 120 h. Where indicated, free or nanoparticle

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

Enhanced inhibition of influenza virus infection by peptide–noble-metal nanoparticle conjugates

• Zaid K. Alghrair,
• David G. Fernig and
• Bahram Ebrahimi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1038–1047, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.104

• and such nanoparticles could be used in cell culture medium. Purification of functionalised gold nanoparticles When the peptide FluPep ligand was included in the ligand mix to functionalise the nanoparticles, its molar fraction in percent in relation to the matrix ligand should reflect its grafting

• , since completely aggregated nanoparticles may exhibit different UV–vis spectra. For example, small aggregates of nanoparticles that remain in solution will show a red-shifted peak due to plasmon coupling, whereas larger aggregates that may settle may present a featureless UV–vis spectrum. Cell culture

Serum type and concentration both affect the protein-corona composition of PLGA nanoparticles

• Katrin Partikel,
• Robin Korte,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Hans-Ulrich Humpf and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1002–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.101

• of a protein corona. The use of two substantially different serum types further allowed us to assess the effect of the source origin on the protein adsorption. FBS is a common additive in standard cell culture media for many human cell lines and is frequently used as protein source in corona studies

• easily trackable in cell culture experiments. Prior to NP incubation with increasing amounts of serum (FBS, human serum) and protein corona analysis the NPs were characterized accurately by PCS and zeta potential measurements. The obtained NPs showed a diameter of approximately 200 nm and a monodisperse

• human liver cancer cell line HepG2 was used for in vitro incubation experiments. For an easy tracking of NPs in cell culture experiments, the fluorescent dye Lumogen® Red was incorporated into the hydrophobic particle matrix. Due to the lipophilic properties of the dye molecule an average of 8.14 µg

Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier

• Aniela Bittner,
• Angélique D. Ducray,
• Hans Rudolf Widmer,
• Michael H. Stoffel and
• Meike Mevissen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 941–954, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.95

• , namely co-culture or 3D models that mimic the in vivo situation more closely. Experimental Cell culture The immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cell line rBCEC4 was characterized and kindly provided by Dr. Ingolf E. Blasig (Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany

• times. PCL- and PLLA-NP-stock solutions were then diluted 1:10 in cell culture medium, resulting in concentrations of 2.9 × 1010 PCL-NPs in 1 mL culture medium and 2.6 × 1010 PLLA-NPs in 1 mL culture medium. These concentrations correspond to [24.9 µg/mL]. Au-NPs exhibiting size and surface

• characteristics similar to those of the Si-NPs used were purchased from Nanopartz (Nanopartz Inc., USA). They were 80 nm in diameter, with a zeta potential of −35 mV. Au-NPs were sonicated for 5 min in a sonication bath and vortexed for 2 min prior to dilution in cell culture medium. rBCEC4 cells were exposed to

Polydopamine-coated Au nanorods for targeted fluorescent cell imaging and photothermal therapy

• Boris N. Khlebtsov,
• Andrey M. Burov,
• Timofey E. Pylaev and
• Nikolai G. Khlebtsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 794–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.79

• used a Cary Eclipse spectrofluorometer. Cytotoxicity assay The in vitro cytotoxicity was measured using a standard resazurin (Alamar blue) assay following the manufacturer instructions. HeLa cells (1 × 105 cells/well) were seeded into 96-well cell-culture plate and then incubated for 24 h at 37 °C

Surface plasmon resonance enhancement of photoluminescence intensity and bioimaging application of gold nanorod@CdSe/ZnS quantum dots

• Siyi Hu,
• Yu Ren,
• Yue Wang,
• Jinhua Li,
• Junle Qu,
• Liwei Liu,
• Hanbin Ma and
• Yuguo Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 22–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.3

• . Additionally, we investigated the PL signal from a single particle, which indicated a stronger PL intensity compared to that of CdSe/ZnS QDs alone. We also prepared the GNR@CdSe/ZnS modified with folic acid (FA) in cell culture for biological applications. These studies indicated that these multifunctional

Characterization and influence of hydroxyapatite nanopowders on living cells

• Przemyslaw Oberbek,
• Tomasz Bolek,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Julia Rogowska-Tylman,
• Ganna Nechyporenko,
• Viktor Zinchenko,
• Wojciech Swieszkowski and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3079–3094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.286

• line (A549), both showing the effect on cells of the respiratory system, which is important for inhalation-exposure assessment during preparation and processing of nanoscale hydroxyapatites. Cell culture All cells were maintained in 35 or 60 mm Φ culture dishes and passaged when 85–90% confluence was

• chromatography, protein purification, cell-culture substrates, catalyst production and waste management. Lower crystallinity, high purity and high zeta potential of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles are desired in a material intended for long-term medical use in the body. Since calcium deficiency is a feature of

The nanoscaled metal-organic framework ICR-2 as a carrier of porphyrins for photodynamic therapy

• Jan Hynek,
• Sebastian Jurík,
• Martina Koncošová,
• Jaroslav Zelenka,
• Ivana Křížová,
• Tomáš Ruml,
• Kaplan Kirakci,
• Ivo Jakubec,
• František Kovanda,
• Kamil Lang and
• Jan Demel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2960–2967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.275

• ), absolute ethanol (EtOH, Fischer Sci.), FeCl3·6H2O, formamide, and phosphate-buffered saline suitable for cell culture (all Sigma-Aldrich) were used as purchased. Phenylene-1,4-bis(methylphosphinic acid) was prepared according to [25]. Phosphinic acid porphyrins 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-methylphosphinatophenyl

Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter

• Alexander Rostek,
• Marina Breisch,
• Kevin Pappert,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Marc Heggen,
• Manfred Köller,
• Christina Sengstock and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2763–2774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.258

• passage, Lonza, Walkersville Inc., MD, USA) were cultured in cell culture medium RPMI1640 (GIBCO, Invitrogen GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) containing 10% fetal calf serum (FCS, GIBCO, Invitrogen GmbH) and L-glutamine (0.3 g L−1, GIBCO, Invitrogen GmbH) using 75 cm2 culture flasks (Falcon, Becton Dickinson

• by the addition of 0.2 mL cm−2 0.25% trypsin/0.05% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) for 5 min at 37 °C. Subsequently, the hMSC cells were collected and washed twice with RPMI1640/10% FCS. Subconfluent hMSC cells were seeded in 24-well cell culture plates

• (Falcon, Becton Dickinson GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) at a density of 1.5 × 104 cells per well and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C under cell culture conditions. Nanoparticle solutions of 1.0, 0.5, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 g L−1 concentration were prepared in sterile, ultrapure water by serial dilution. To each

Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• properties of 25 nm Fe3O4–Au hybrid NPs for in vitro MRI in 4T1 mouse breast adenocarcinoma cells have been recently demonstrated [84]. In summary, a r2 value of 276.9 mM−1·s−1 was obtained after 24 h of NP incubation with cell culture. Such an r2 value is suitable for MRI, although it was found to decrease

• as compared to the hybrids in water or agarose in line with previous cell culture experiments [85]. Here, we focus on the hyperthermia function of the hybrid materials in the same cell line. For this purpose, polymer-coated MNP-25 NPs were dispersed in RPMI medium at 3.6 mg·mL−1 Fe concentration

• case, 15 min and 30 min of exposure to AMF led to similar, yet improved, results: 100% cell death detected by apoptosis/necrosis activation in cell culture (Figure S6, Supporting Information File 1). Accordingly, no ROS activation is detected (Figure S7C and S7D, Supporting Information File 1) due to

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• cells (hMSCs), human cervix carcinoma cells of HeLa line and human osteosarcoma cells (MG-63) were obtained from cell culture collection of the University of Duisburg-Essen. MG-63 cells were cultured in DMEM medium, supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL

• grow for 24 h. The particles dispersed in another 100 µL of culture medium were added (Table 1) and the incubation continued for 24, 48, or 72 h. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in PBS (5 mg/mL) and then diluted to 1 mg/mL in cell culture

Non-agglomerated silicon–organic nanoparticles and their nanocomplexes with oligonucleotides: synthesis and properties

• Asya S. Levina,
• Marina N. Repkova,
• Nadezhda V. Shikina,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Svetlana A. Yashnik,
• Dmitrii V. Semenov,
• Yulia I. Savinovskaya,
• Natalia A. Mazurkova,
• Inna A. Pyshnaya and
• Valentina F. Zarytova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2516–2525, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.234

• complexes were predominantly detected in the cellular nuclei. The Si–NH2·ODN nanocomplexes demonstrated a high antisense activity against the influenza A virus in a cell culture at a concentration that was lower than their 50% toxic concentration by three orders of magnitude. Keywords: antiviral effect

• nanoparticles and nanocomplexes. We also demonstrated the biological activity of the latter with an example of inhibition of influenza A virus replication in cell culture. Results and Discussion Si–NH2 nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrolysis of aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). The resulting product

• influenza A virus (IAV) replication in the cell culture. The concentration of Si–NH2 and Si–NH2·ODN resulting in 50% MDCK cell death (TC50) was found to be 10–20 mM (for Si). The nontoxic concentration of the samples (0.014 mM for silicon) was used to study their ability to interact with the RNA target in

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• , in vitro antineoplastic potential. Further, in vitro cell culture experiments (such as cell morphology studies like AO/EB staining and Hoechst staining) support the fact that apoptosis is one of the possible mechanisms through which cancer cells die. FE-SEM images of CaP@5-FU NP-treated cells

• processed using NOVA RC1 software (version-1.0.26.922). Cell culture The in vitro study was carried out in human colon cancer (HCT-15), lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and mouse fibroblast (NIH 3T3) cell lines and were procured from the National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India. Human colon cancer (Duke’s

• effect after a course of CaP@5-FU NPs, CaP NPs and free 5-FU treatment was determined by the mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzyme-mediated MTT assay. This included tests on preseeded HCT-15, A549 and NIH 3T3 cells at a density of 4 × 104 cells per well in a 96-well cell culture plate and followed

Biomimetic and biodegradable cellulose acetate scaffolds loaded with dexamethasone for bone implants

• Aikaterini-Rafailia Tsiapla,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Veroniki Bakola,
• Foteini Pappa,
• Panagiota Gkertsiou,
• Eleni Pavlidou and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1986–1994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.189

• -Aldrich, Germany. N,N-Dimethylacetamide was obtained from Chem-Lab NV, Belgium. In MTT assay the cells used in this study were mice fibroblasts (L929) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco’s Modifies Eagle Medium (DMEM), 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibiotics were obtained from Gibco® Cell

• Culture. Preparation of polymer and drug solution The CA solution (20%, w/w) was prepared by dissolving CA in a mixture of acetone and dimethylacetamide and stirred with a magnetic stirrer over night at room temperature. The dexamethasone solution was created by adding dexamethasone to acetone and placed