Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• near gold nanoparticles protected by various ligands [38][39]. The results of hydrogen bond dynamics and calculated far-IR spectra showed that a well-defined multilayered structure of water is formed close to the surface of the metal nanoparticle. The stabilization of this structure may be additionally

Rapid controlled synthesis of gold–platinum nanorods with excellent photothermal properties under 808 nm excitation

• Jialin Wang,
• Qianqian Duan,
• Min Yang,
• Boye Zhang,
• Li Guo,
• Pengcui Li,
• Wendong Zhang and
• Shengbo Sang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 462–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.37

• conversion efficiency (PCE) due to local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Studies on different gold–platinum (Au–Pt) bimetal nanoparticles exhibiting the LSPR effect have provided a new idea for the synthesis of excellent PTAs. But there is no simple and scalable method for the controllable synthesis of Au

• –Pt nanoparticles with adjustable LSPR wavelength range. In this work, the effects of Ag+ and K2PtCl4 on the deposition of Pt on the surface of gold nanorods (AuNRs) were investigated. A fast, precise, and controlled synthesis of dumbbell-like Pt-coated AuNRs (Au@Pt NRs) under mild conditions is

• Reagents Gold(III) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O), potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) (K2PtCl4), silver nitrate (AgNO3), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ascorbic acid, and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Taiyuan, China). Deionized water was used

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• the synthesis of gold nanoparticles in solution using trisodium citrate to reduce AuCl4−. Since then, this methodology is popularly known as the Turkevich method and it has been extended to other metals such as silver [137][138]. Following the same principle, this method is used to reduce Ag+. The

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• internalization, the chemical sensitivity of the cancer cells, and the efficacy of the gold nanoparticles, using different types of EGFR-expressing NSCLC cancer cell lines. C225-AuNPs showed the largest inhibitory effect on cell growth and cell proliferation when the NSCLC cell line A549 with high EGFR expression

• activating the extracellular domain of membranous EGFR and influencing the EGFR signaling pathways through increased endocytosis (receptor internalization) and cytoplasmic accumulation of EGFR. In the study of Yokoyama et al. paramagnetic gold-coated plasmonic NPs (40–50 nm) with iron core and anti-EGFR

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• nanostructures by investigating the fabrication and transfer on the example of a SAM of TPT on a silver substrate. Consequently, a different chemical etching process is needed for the lift-off process during the transfer. In the case of gold, an etching solution of KI/I2/H2O is used. Whereas in this approach

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• combined in a straightforward manner, for example, by stacking. Applications of such materials may rely on (coupled) material excitations, such as plasmon polaritons in gold nanostructures [2], on physical properties, such as the exceptionally high mechanical stability of suspended graphene [3], or on

• , and the fabrication of coupled plasmonic nanoantennas from single-crystalline gold. The three latter examples are realized in this work by developing optimized patterning and automation routines [18]. Patterning and Beam Control Patterning with an ion beam is a digital process where the beam spot

• selected to demonstrate the different capabilities of FIB-o-mat. These include high-level patterning with automation of magnetic multilayers, low-level patterning with automation of suspended graphene and low-level patterning and beam path optimization for gold on glass. Patterns for all three test cases

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• study was to fabricate biocompatible multifunctional drug-loaded nanoscale moieties for co-therapy (chemo-photothermal therapy) with maximum efficacy and minimum side effects. Herein, we report in vitro anticancerous effects of doxorubicin (DOX) loaded on gold nanorods coated with the polyelectrolyte

• based on chemotherapy and photothermal strategies appears to be a promising platform in cancer management. Keywords: chemotherapy; doxorubicin; gold nanorods; NIR laser; photothermal therapy; Introduction Despite the enormous advances in medical research, cancer is still the second most common cause

• properties such as significant absorption or scattering in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions, tunable aspect ratio, biocompatibility, fluorescence properties, and the ease of biofunctionalization, which makes them ideal in biomedical applications [13]. Gold-based nanomaterials (i.e., nanospheres

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• , N, MBCD, or Dyn were added to the culture medium. Similar to our results, Brandenberger et al. [60] also observed a reduced internalization of PEG-coated gold nanoparticles after exposure to the endocytic inhibitor MBCD. As the hydrodynamic size in the culture medium was increased (for BSA-SO-MNPs

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• Sciences, Dept. Imaging Physics, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, Netherlands 10.3762/bjnano.12.21 Abstract Seven gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes were synthesized, characterized, and identified as suitable precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID). Several variations on the

• substitutions on deposit composition and growth rate indicates that the most suitable organic ligand for the gold precursor is triazole-based, with the best deposit composition of 15 atom % gold, while the most suitable anionic ligand is the trifluoromethyl group, leading to a growth rate of 1 × 10−2 nm3/e

• −. Keywords: Au(I) precursors; focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID); gold-NHC; gold precursors; nanofabrication; N-heterocyclic carbene; Introduction Focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is a nanofabrication technique that allows for the growth of three-dimensional free-standing

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• [18], Hall measured the thickness of a silicon nitride membrane down to 5 nm using the bright-field signal [19]. A different detection method is the use of a microchannel plate (MCP). Woehl et al. were able to resolve the core–shell structure of silica-coated gold nanoparticles with an annular

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• the resulting silk fiber with a mechanical strength of 1.07 GPa and a strain of 16.8% [170]. The effects of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stabilized gold nanoclusters (BSA-Au NCs) at different concentrations (9.38, 1.88, 0.938, and 0.188 µg) inserted via intravascular injection in the silkworm was

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• biosafety level 3 conditions with enhanced respiratory personal protection equipment. For HIM, cells were seeded onto coverslips placed in 24-well plates. The coverslips were previously sputter coated with 30 nm of gold to improve charge neutralization during HIM imaging. After 24 h, nearly confluent

• fixation and critical point drying. As He+ ions can penetrate several hundred nanometers into the sample [29], the outer rim of the cells appears brighter because the ions pass through the cells and generate additional secondary electrons at the back of the cells and in the gold-coated specimen slide [30

• topography or material contrast. The deposited carbon film is presumably thinner than typical conductive metal or carbon coatings for SEM imaging, and it does not show any surface masking and clustering as seen on the gold substrate in the upper left of Figure 2b2. The energy of the incident hydrocarbons is

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• flexible conductive materials, metallic materials (e.g., copper, zinc, silver, and gold) are still frequently used as electrodes for flexible electronics due to their excellent electrical conductivity. By using the Kapton tape to attach soft stencils to paper, various metals can be deposited through the

Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

• Wescley Walison Valeriano,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
• Juan Pablo Vasco,
• Angelo Malachias,
• Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
• Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
• Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

• and R = (42.6 ± 0.2) nm; and for the yellow/green region the parameters are f0 = 67.972 kHz, K = 2.18 N/m and R = (35.9 ± 0.2) nm. Similar to the case of Al2O3 (see Experimental section), the substrate region was set to εr = 1 since in this region there is only air between the probe and the gold

• measurements on a gold surface and determine the coefficient α. Over the gold surface, the effective thickness of the sample h goes to zero, thus h/εr = 0 [13][32], and Equation 6 can be seen as a function of R. The coefficient α depends on z and to obtain the correct value of R, it is necessary to perform the

• defined disks of Al2O3 films with a radius of 5 µm deposited by ALD on Au/Cr (60 nm/20 nm)-coated silicon wafer pieces. The topographic image of an Al2O3 disk measured with AFM is shown in Figure 9a. The sample thickness was (21.0 ± 0.2) nm, relative to the gold surface. In the EFM mode, the microscope

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• ] synthesized AgNPs in cylindrical matrices using TMV as the biotemplate. In this work, AgNPs were 2–4 nm in size and it was shown that AgNPs, unlike platinum and gold nanoparticles, were coated on the inner surface of the TMV channel. The synthesis process is known to be mediated by the amino acid functional

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• electrons (SPECS flood gun) in high vacuum (10−7 mbar) using doses of 50 mC/cm2. The cross-linking of a NBPT SAM on gold on mica leads to an NBPT CNM. Preparation of PM Frozen wild-type (WT) and c-His-tagged purple membrane were thawed, vortexed and subsequently diluted to the desired optical density (OD

• to 399.2 eV, by the broadening of the oxygen and carbon peak, and by additional sulfur species belonging to thiol groups no longer bound to gold after cross-linking. The presence of oxygen in the CNM spectrum is due to atmospheric contamination and can theoretically be avoided by preparation in high

Numerical analysis of vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip

• Kebei Chen,
• Zhenghui Liu,
• Yuchen Xie,
• Chunyu Zhang,
• Gengzhao Xu,
• Wentao Song and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 82–92, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.7

• = 687 µm, and thickness τ = 121 µm, are used in the finite element model. The arrangement of the gold electrodes on the tuning fork is the same as in reality. One electrode pair is grounded and the other is set to a virtual ground. The calculated mechanical eigenfrequency of the bare tuning fork is

• for quartz, gold, and tungsten were taken from the materials library of the simulation software, except for the damping coefficient for quartz, which was chosen based on our experimental results. According to [26], it is also worth noting that (i) due to the comparatively low internal damping

• occurring inside gold and tungsten, we did not assign a damping coefficient to any of these materials to reduce the computational cost, and that (ii) the sensor is oscillating in vacuum. Observation by scanning electron microscope (SEM) Firstly, in this paper, the whole assembly consisting of tuning fork

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• concentration of gold atoms on the size and on the actual chemical composition of the formed bimetallic nanoparticles. The modeled region had a cubic shape with a face length of 1350 Bohr radii and contained a total of 91125 copper and gold atoms uniformly distributed in space. Thus, based on the results of the

• MD simulation, it was concluded that an increase in the percentage of gold atoms in the initial vapor phase led to a decrease in the size of the synthesized nanoparticles. In addition, it was found that clusters with a size of more than 400–500 atoms, regardless of the chemical composition of the

• initial vapor phase, basically corresponded to a given target composition. Keywords: binary nanoparticles; computer simulation; copper; gold; molecular dynamics; Introduction The nanometer-sized Cu–Au compounds are being studied quite actively [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] because of their potential

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• first author, Cynthia Kembuan, published as "Synthesis and characterization of gold shell nanoparticles for controlled enhancement of photon upconversion process" (Freie Universität Berlin, 2020). Funding This research was supported by the EU (COST Action 1403), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• al. [12], fruit flies by Boseman et al. [13], and pine leaves by Kim [14] marked the entrance of HIM into general biology. Soon afterwards, two more milestones were reached. Firstly, Rice et al. [15] successfully imaged 15 nm gold labels on cell-surface proteins in rat kidneys, which demonstrated

• materials, such as carbon, platinum, or gold. Coating the samples can, however, result in minute changes to surface features which are only visible at very high resolution. One of the main advantages of HIM is the ability to neutralise charge by implementation of an electron flood gun. This flood gun

• study published in the same year, Bazou et al. employed HIM to image human colon cancer cells (Caco2) [9]. The glutaraldehyde-fixed and freeze-dried cells were imaged by both HIM and SEM to enable the direct comparison between the two instruments. HIM analysis of gold-coated and uncoated samples showed

Scanning transmission imaging in the helium ion microscope using a microchannel plate with a delay line detector

• Eduardo Serralta,
• Nico Klingner,
• Olivier De Castro,
• Michael Mousley,
• Santhana Eswara,
• Serge Duarte Pinto,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1854–1864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.167

• annular microchannel plate detector was used for investigating gold–silica core–shell nanoparticles in ADF mode [30]. These approaches require a physical aperture to restrict the acceptance angle when performed in BF, and a physical change of the distance between the sample and the annular detector to

• dioxide was deposited on one half, visible on the upper left half of the area in Figure 3a. Then, in the next step, a gold layer of 20 nm was deposited on the lower left half of the sample, creating four distinct areas on the window. The different material stacks are indicated in the STIM image. In Figure

• area on which only gold is deposited is stronger than expected while the signal on the area on which only silicon dioxide is deposited is weaker. A further study on the thickness of each layer using different techniques has not been performed, although deviations of the layer thickness could be

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• carbon content. In this way, water has been used for the purification of FEBID of platinum [33][34] and gold [35]. An analogous reaction occurs with ammonia to get rid of the halogen in deposits from the (η3-C3H5)Ru(CO)3Cl precursor [36]. However, this reaction scheme would lead to a much lower carbon

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• ][29] was used. All milling experiments were performed on a 100 nm thin gold film on glass. For measuring the trench width milled into the gold layer, either the same primary ion beam microscope or a scanning electron microscope have been used to image the sputtered trenches. The investigated sources

• Yamamura et al. [34] are also given in Table 2. They are in a good agreement with the experimentally determined data from literature (volume-loss method), for example, for 30 keV helium in gold Yexp = 0.13 and for 35 keV lithium in gold Yexp = 0.4 [17]. Single-pixel lines have been milled with different

• analyzed for the full width of the profile at half height or corresponding trench depth (FWHM). The normalized expected trench profiles from a point-like beam in a gold substrate have been plotted for selected ion species in Figure 5. The beam profiles however, are not Gaussian and the edge profiles cannot

Oxidation of Au/Ag films by oxygen plasma: phase separation and generation of nanoporosity

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Said A. Mansour,
• Mujaheed Pasha,
• Atef Zekri,
• Janarthanan Ponraj,
• Akshath Shetty and
• Yousef Haik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1608–1614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.143

• silver and gold. In addition, it was shown that the preferential oxidation of silver resulted in a solid-state diffusion of silver toward the surface where it oxidized and formed nanoporous microspheres. The gold phase remaining in the film exhibited nanoporosity due to the injected vacancies at the

• a fundamental point of view, gold/silver is a peculiar model system to study corrosion processes since gold is a noble metal. Interestingly, by using different types of Au/Ag nanoparticles, Lewis et al. showed how one can control and engineer, at the nanometer scale, the final shape and structure of

• gold/silver oxide nanostructures [20]. Starting from Au/Ag alloy nanospheres, they showed that gold/silver oxide core/shell nanospheres with a hollow interior could be obtained after oxidation using atomic oxygen. In this study we further explored the oxidation and phase separation events observed by

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• electrochemical method, three-dimensional arrayed nanopore structures are machined onto a Mg surface. The structured Mg surface is coated with a thin gold (Au) film, which is used as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. A rhodamine 6G (R6G) probe molecule is used as the detection agent for the

• . Additionally, a 10−6 mol·L−1 solution of lysozyme was successfully detected using the Mg–Au nanopore substrates. Our low-cost method is reproducible, homogeneous, and suitable for the fabrication of SERS substrates. Keywords: electrochemical machining; gold (Au); lysozyme detection; magnesium (Mg); micro

• ] fabricated elliptical nanostructures and studied the effect of processing distance parameters and gold film thickness on the Raman intensity of R6G. They found that the Raman intensity of R6G was highest on densely packed structures. Additionally, the Raman intensity of R6G decreases as the number of hot