Materials challenges in solid-state sensors for continuous monitoring of ions in water

• Maryam Darestani-Farahani and
• Peter Kruse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 935–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.66

• through strategies such as defect engineering, nanoparticle doping, surface functionalization with organic molecules, or incorporation of advanced recognition elements like metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, ion-imprinted polymers, and biomaterials. Hybrid nanocomposites and ion

• regulatory limits [110]. Because metal-oxide thin films typically exhibit lower conductivity, carrier mobility, and surface area than 2D materials such as graphene or CNTs, integrating them with a highly conductive 2D component allows the hybrid structure to leverage the superior electronic and interfacial

• device employs rGO nanosheets as the conductive channel, functionalized with benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBAC), whose quaternary ammonium groups exhibit strong electrostatic affinity for nitrate ions. The TEBAC molecules are immobilized on rGO via π–π interactions, forming a stable hybrid sensing

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

• ) suppression of transporter expression via co-delivery of siRNA, shRNA, or anti-miRNA payloads targeting ABCB1 regulatory pathways. We further discuss advances in nanoplatform engineering, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, lipid–polymer hybrid systems, and biomimetic carriers designed to

• keywords, including P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance (MDR), nanoparticles, drug delivery, cancer, siRNA, efflux transporters, tumor microenvironment, stimuli-responsive systems, liposomes, polymeric micelles, hybrid nanocarriers, P-gp inhibitors, and cell membrane-coated nanoparticles. The search

• ”) AND (“liposomes” OR “polymeric micelles” OR “hybrid nanoparticles” OR “stimuli-responsive systems”) AND (“drug resistance”). These search strings were adapted to the syntax requirements of each database to optimize retrieval while maintaining specificity. The final literature search was conducted in

Light-driven ammonia electrooxidation via carbon nitride–ruthenium molecular interfaces

• Jan Holub and
• Pablo Jiménez-Calvo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 854–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.61

• semiconductors provide scalable light harvesting but lack precisely defined active sites. Anchoring molecular ruthenium (Ru) catalysts onto heterogeneous semiconductors, like carbon nitride (C3N4), offers a chemically rational strategy to bridge this gap, yielding hybrid photoelectrodes capable of driving

• ammonia oxidation, a reaction of growing importance as a sustainable hydrogen carrier. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, in which a light-harvesting antenna is spatially coupled to a multielectron catalytic centre, the proposed hybrid system assigns distinct and complementary roles to each component

• optimizing charge carrier dynamics at the hybrid interface. Finally, photoelectrocatalysis is the enabling configuration: Simultaneous illumination and electrochemical bias reduce the thermodynamic penalty, suppress charge recombination, and provide independent control over product selectivity. Despite

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• classes of nanomaterials, namely, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and hybrid nanoparticles. Nanoparticle design considerations and targeting strategies for the individual classes are examined, and the opportunities and challenges for the different nanomaterials

• vaccine-focused strategies. (4) Hybrid nanoparticles: These systems are composed of multiple materials, for example lipid–polymer hybrids and magnetoliposomes. The combination of two or more materials provides opportunities for enhancing PrEP relevant nanoparticle properties, including improved drug

• , ease of functionalization, innate biocompatibility, and potential for targeted delivery to immune cells make LBNPs an interesting class of nanocarriers for the development of LA-PrEP strategies, especially if continuous sustained release can be accomplished with polymeric materials in hybrid systems

Superconducting artificial neural networks and quantum circuits

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 744–747, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.51

• predict unique magnetic properties of thin cobalt-based layers widely used in hybrid superconductor–ferromagnet structures for superconducting spintronics [18][19]. New elements of quantum circuits based on transmon “superconducting atoms” demonstrate rapid qubit control in real superconducting systems

• complex topology, such as Fibonacci chains, enhanced spatial oscillations of the superconducting order parameter lead to a pronounced reduction of the critical temperature [26]. These findings are important for the design and optimisation of superconducting circuits, hybrid devices, and superconducting

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• in silica hydrogel beads were prepared for an air filter with antibacterial properties. In a bacterial medium, the nanosystem inhibited S. aureus and E. coli, whereas in an air filter, it inhibited B. subtilis [158]. A study developed hybrid nanofibrous membranes consisting of CS/AgNPs/PVA/CA for a

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• of functional groups enable it to act as an effective support matrix for photocatalysts such as ZnO, TiO2, Cu2O, and various hybrid nanocomposites. Through stabilizing nanoparticles, preventing their aggregation and contributing to pollutant adsorption, cellulose enhances the overall efficiency of

• photoactive nanomaterials, including metal oxides and nonmetallic semiconductors, to remediate and purify water, and the use of these hybrid systems is growing steadily in water treatment applications [15]. Photocatalyst immobilization on membranes addresses key challenges by preventing photocatalyst loss

• closely resembles the inorganic component of bone. When BC is incorporated into CPCs, it further enhances their compressive strength without diminishing their capacity to support bone growth or to be safely resorbed by the body [73][74]. Beyond regenerative medicine, researchers have also designed hybrid

Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• heterostructures, such as solvent-induced erosion, interdiffusion of components, and interface mixing, recent strategies have focused on transfer-imprinting-assisted growth and hybrid deposition approaches [71][72][73]. Lee et al. [74] proposed a solid-state in-plane growth process, in which solid (BA)2PbBr4

Towards targeted drugs and next generation of nanomedicines

• Anna Salvati,
• Silvia Giordani and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 598–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.41

• Anna Salvati Silvia Giordani Wolfgang J. Parak University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg

Advances in nanotechnology applied to natural products

• Douglas Dourado,
• Fábio Rocha Formiga,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar and
• Franceline Reynaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 555–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.36

• , hybrid, and inorganic platforms, reflecting the interdisciplinarity of the field, from nanosystem synthesis and physicochemical characterization to biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and environmental applications. Among the nanostructures, lipid-based carriers, including nanoemulsions, microemulsions

• , underscoring the importance of physicochemical approaches in the development of nanostructured formulations [23][24]. More recently, hybrid nanosystems have emerged as promising strategies for natural product delivery and application. Structures that combine polymer–lipid interfaces, such as core–shell

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• metronidazole and the anodic stripping detection of Cd2+ and Pb2+, demonstrating a strong synergistic effect between MIL-101 and rGO in electrochemical sensing [16]. In this work, a MIL-101/rGO hybrid was successfully synthesized and used as a modifier for a glassy carbon electrode to develop a sensitive

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• ; hybrid nanocomposites; plasmonic nanomaterials; surface functionalization; Introduction Graphene oxide (GO), due to its unique physicochemical properties, is widely explored regarding a range of applications, including sensors, water purification, and energy storage and conversion [1][2][3][4][5]. GO is

• becomes essential to investigate the functionalization potential of Agro-GO materials as viable alternatives to conventionally produced GO [29]. The integration of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto GO yields hybrid materials with synergistic enhancements, such as improved conductivity, plasmonic activity

• surface reactivity. Figure 10 shows TEM micrographs of the AuNP@GO hybrids. Each row corresponds to a specific GO-based hybrid (AuNP@GO, AuNP@rGO, AuNP@Agro-GOP, AuNP@Agro-GOX, and AuNPs@Agro-GOC), and columns show increasing magnifications. AuNP@GO (Figure 10a–d) exhibits a homogeneous distribution of

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• , controlled release, and overcoming biological barriers. One promising strategy is the creation of hybrid biomimetic coatings, where membranes from multiple cell types are fused to combine their unique functionalities. For example, NPs coated with a mix of RBC, cancer cell, and immune cell membranes can

• clinical practice [107]. A prominent trend in drug delivery is the creation of multifunctional, stable, and biocompatible platforms with tunable biological activity, often achieved by using hybrid membrane coatings that combine proteins from multiple cell phenotypes, thereby enhancing their therapeutic and

• diagnostic versatility. The concept of hybrid membrane coating was first introduced in 2017 [108], where PLGA nanoparticles were coated with combined erythrocyte and platelet membranes, leveraging their unique functions to evade immune clearance and target inflammatory sites. Since then, an increasing

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• integrating the reservoir with optical systems, probe-based tools, or even hybrid analog-digital platforms. Conclusion In this work, we have proposed and analyzed a ferroelectric-based data processing reservoir composed of nonlinear, bistable nanodots arranged in capacitor-like configurations. Each nanodot

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• ], core–shell structures [29][30], heterostructures [31], nanoalloys [32][33], hybrid materials [34][35], and complex multielement nanomaterials such as high-entropy alloys [36][37][38]. This method enables the synthesis of nanomaterials with exceptional purity from virtually any solid target [39

• triggers multiphoton ionisation and tunnel ionisation, generating free electrons due to the high peak power. The excess of electrons and ions induced by the multiphoton ionisation [121] has been used in reactive ablation for the fabrication of NPs [123][124] and hybrid colloidal NPs [125]. In other

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• optimization of superconducting quantum technologies, including superconducting detectors [10][11][12], superconducting qubits [13][14], and superconducting nano- and microstrips used in high-speed electronics [15], as well as for the development of hybrid architectures enabling magnon–fluxon interactions [16

• devices [23][24][25]. To modify quasiparticles relaxation mechanism, one of the most promising strategies involves engineering hybrid heterostructures in which the superconducting layer (S) is brought into contact with a normal metal (N) or a ferromagnetic layer (F). Several studies have shown that, in S

• both spectral and kinetic proximity effects cooperate in promoting faster quasiparticle relaxation in hybrid systems. Experimental Bilayers were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering in an ultrahigh vacuum system at room temperature from Nb0.18Re0.82 (NbRe), Au, and Ni0.80Fe0.20 (permalloy, Py) targets

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• ). In contrast, raising the bias voltage primarily broadens the lateral growth of the oxide without significantly impacting its height. The authors demonstrated that the hybrid approach (combining electron emission with oxidation) effectively addresses common limitations observed in 2D samples contacted

• , and carrier mobility. As a result, precise control over oxidation depth and lateral diffusion during processing may require the use of lower voltages and carefully optimized humidity conditions. Hybrid approaches, which combine LAO with complementary techniques such as chemical vapor deposition or

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• [20]. Work has also expanded into complex geometries, such as hybrid metal–dielectric layered pyramids [10], AZO nanotrenches for molecular absorption sensing [4], and the first nanowire array exhibiting hyperbolic properties with negative refraction at 780 nm [21]. Previously, our group has studied

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• give a mass resolving power (M/ΔM) greater than 5000. Origin of specific species were confirmed by further sample analysis using an OrbiSIMS instruments (Hybrid SIMS, IONTOF GmbH, Münster, Germany) incorporating an Orbitrap™ mass analyser (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) with a mass

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• can vary depending on the polymerization process and the specific PAZO sample, with some having an average weight of 50000 g/mol. Efficient and accurate DFT techniques [27] are able to predict the structure and properties of single- and multi-component systems. High-level DFT calculations with hybrid

• typically rely on empirical dispersion terms, a range-separated hybrid functional with built-in empirical dispersion correction, ωB97XD, was chosen for our study. It has been supposed that the repulsion of long-range exchange interactions plays a major role in weak bonds such as van der Waals bonds, and

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• comparison to what is possible with the standard approach alone. The future of SSbD in nanotechnology will likely be driven by hybrid modelling frameworks that unite ML/AI techniques with physics-based simulations, creating a more precise and scalable approach to nanomaterial risk assessment [71]. By

• coupling data-driven algorithms – capable of rapidly processing high-dimensional, heterogeneous datasets – with the fundamental insights provided by mechanistic and thermodynamic models, these hybrid systems will enable researchers to predict both performance and toxicity under a broader range of

• to fostering a transparent, socially responsible nanotechnology landscape. Through the convergence of hybrid modelling, digital twins, and informed policy, SSbD can continue to evolve into a powerful catalyst for safer, more sustainable innovation in the nanoscale area. Conclusion ML and AI, in

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• [88]. Jia et al. reported a dual-responsive shape-transformable charge-reversible nanoparticle (DHP@BPP) combined with chemo-photodynamic immunotherapy for treating breast cancer and lung metastasis [81]. Hu et al. developed a hybrid nanocarrier, UPOE, using stimuli-responsive, charge-reversal metal

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• ]. For this reason, examples of investigation of inorganic coatings are quite limited. However, Hafez et al. [61] explored nanostructured hydrophilic and self-healing hybrid coatings based on hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocrystals and polyelectrolyte multilayers, formed in situ on Greek marble (Thassos and

• results highlight how tailored C-dot loading and hybrid silica matrices can significantly enhance the photocatalytic protection of cement-based materials. These two papers show materials with clear strengths in terms of stability since both coatings demonstrate long-term durability under relevant

• geopolymers, principally made of aluminosilicates, are materials chemically similar to ceramics [72]. In their study, Ielo et al. [67] developed and tested hybrid sol–gel coatings based on alkoxysilanes with varying molecular structures. Two different functionalization strategies were used. One involved a

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• carbonaceous base material was chosen due to its high conductivity. The relevance of rGO is not limited to only one electrode; Kiran et al. revealed performance enhancement of both cathode and anode materials for hybrid supercapacitors as a result of rGO application as core structure [11]. A similar approach

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• the diode efficiency is due to competing contributions of the two superconducting islands to the supercurrent with single helical bands linked through the topological insulator surface. Keywords: hybrid structures; proximity effect; superconducting diode effect; superconductivity; topological

• numerous theoretical propositions demonstrating the possibility of the superconducting diode effect such as bulk superconducting materials [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], proximity-effect hybrid structures [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45], Josephson structures [46][47][48

• based on topological insulators (TIs) are interesting since they offer strongest SOC rendering linear spin-polarized dispersion for the surface states [73]. The diode effect in TI-based structures has been reported in Josephson junctions, as well as in hybrid structures. In practice, when producing