Concurrent nanoscale surface etching and SnO₂ loading of carbon fibers for vanadium ion redox enhancement

• Jun Maruyama,
• Shohei Maruyama,
• Tomoko Fukuhara,
• Toru Nagaoka and
• Kei Hanafusa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 985–992, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.99

• photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The activity for the vanadium ion redox reactions was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) to demonstrate the enhancement of both the positive and negative electrode reactions. A full cell test of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) showed a significant decrease of the

• or TGP-CSnPc-550Air in both the positive and negative electrodes to verify the enhancement effect observed by using cyclic voltammetry. Figure 6 shows the charge–discharge curves and cycling performances for the two full cells. Significant decreases in the overpotential for both charge and discharge

• system (Kratos Analytical) with Al Ka radiation (1486.6 eV) and the accompanying Vision processing software. The XPS analysis area was 0.3 × 0.7 mm. Electrochemical measurements As described in [15], cyclic voltammetry was carried out using a three-electrode glass cell and an electrochemical analyzer

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• pseudo-capacitance behavior. Electrochemical measurements were performed by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The highest specific capacitance value of 530 F g−1 at a current density of 1.5 A g−1 was obtained for the Cu/CuO/PCNF/TiO2 composite

• given in Figure 2. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) tests for the synthesized samples and its composites were performed over a voltage range from 0 to 0.8 V. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were recorded employing the same instrument over a frequency range of

• The electrochemical studies of developed electrode materials for supercapacitors were executed by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a 1 M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte in a three-electrode configuration. Figure 10a shows the CV curves of TiO2

A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• cycling performances of the Li–S battery was investigated using a battery testing station (Neware, Shenzhen) in potential range of 1.5–3.0 V. The electrochemical workstation (Princeton, VersaSTAT 4) was used to evaluate cyclic voltammetry (CV) also in a potential range of 1.5–3.0 V. Electrochemical

Widening of the electroactivity potential range by composite formation – capacitive properties of TiO₂/BiVO₄/PEDOT:PSS electrodes in contact with an aqueous electrolyte

• Konrad Trzciński,
• Mariusz Szkoda,
• Andrzej P. Nowak,
• Marcin Łapiński and
• Anna Lisowska-Oleksiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 483–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.49

• cell was used for cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles measurements. Platinum mesh acted as a counter electrode, and Ag/AgCl (0.1 M KCl) was used as the reference electrode. The geometric surface area of tested electrodes was equal to 0.5 cm2. Current densities used for charge

• least one additional peak that could be attributed to the titanium–oxygen bonds of titania [57]. Electrochemical performance Cyclic voltammetry was used for the electrochemical characterization of the electrode materials after each step of electrode preparation. The electrodes were tested in contact

• with an aqueous electrolyte. First, a comparison between Ti/TiO2, Ti/BiVO4, and Ti/TiO2/BiVO4 electrodes was made. The cyclic voltammetry (cv) curve of TiO2 nanotubes is presented in Figure 4a. The electrochemical activity of the TiO2 electrode material is clearly seen in the cathodic range of applied

Nanoporous water oxidation electrodes with a low loading of laser-deposited Ru/C exhibit enhanced corrosion stability

• Sandra Haschke,
• Dmitrii Pankin,
• Vladimir Mikhailovskii,
• Maïssa K. S. Barr,
• Adriana Both-Engel,
• Alina Manshina and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.15

• investigations in order to secure the stability of the Al2O3 template, ITO and ruthenium (Figure 2). In cyclic voltammetry (Figure 9a), our nanotubular nt-Ru/C electrodes feature two broad oxidative peaks located around 0.0 V and +0.5 V vs the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. These peaks correspond to the oxidation

• voltammetry (Figure S5, Supporting Information File 1) performed after long-term bulk electrolyses support this statement. Optimization of electrocatalytic performance Our preparative procedure now allows us to adjust the geometric parameters of the nanoporous substrate in order to optimize the catalytic

• 4 phosphate electrolyte prepared from 0.1 M KH2PO4. The stability of the Al2O3 template and ITO backside contact in pH 4 conditions was verified with SEM after 20 h in the electrolyte. All electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and steady-state

Amorphous Ni_xCo_yP-supported TiO₂ nanotube arrays as an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst in acidic solution

• Yong Li,
• Peng Yang,
• Bin Wang and
• Zhongqing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 62–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.6

• by cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We show that after incorporating Co into Ni–P, the resulting NixCoyP/TNAs present enhanced electrocatalytic activity due to the improved electron transfer and increased electrochemically active surface area

• electrochemical workstation (Chenhua, Shanghai) including linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel analysis at 25 °C. The three electrode system was constituted of the sample working electrode, a platinum counter electrode, a Ag/AgCl

Ternary nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide, polyaniline and hexaniobate: hierarchical architecture and high polaron formation

• Claudio H. B. Silva,
• Maria Iliut,
• Christopher Muryn,
• Christian Berger,
• Zachary Coldrick,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Marcia L. A. Temperini and
• Aravind Vijayaraghavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2936–2946, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.272

• spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetry/spectroelectrochemical techniques [6]. The inorganic phase induces a secondary doping of the conductor polymer. In another work [7], Raman and EPR spectra also revealed that a PANI/hexNb nanocomposite prepared by the self-assembly approach exhibits a higher conversion of

• spincoating or dropcasting. Structural characterisation by XPS spectroscopy indicated an intermediate reduction degree for the rGO component, and a high doping degree of the PANI chains consistent with secondary doping of the polymer. Electrochemical studies by cyclic voltammetry showed that the capacitance

• avoid thermal degradation of the samples. For better comparison of the relative intensities, spectral baselines were subtracted. The electrochemical performance of the samples was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) at 25 mV·s−1 scan rate using a μAutolabIII/FRA2 potentiostat/galvanostat (Metrohm

Nanostructure-induced performance degradation of WO₃·nH₂O for energy conversion and storage devices

• Zhenyin Hai,
• Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari,
• Zihan Wei,
• Danfeng Cui,
• Chenyang Xue,
• Hongyan Xu,
• Philippe M. Heynderickx,
• Francis Verpoort and
• Serge Zhuiykov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2845–2854, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.265

• in 1.0 M H2SO4 aqueous solution. The as-prepared sample, a Pt wire and a Ag/AgCl electrode acted as working, counter and reference electrode, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was conducted in the potential range from −0.8 V to +0.8 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Results and Discussion The crystal structure of

Accurate control of the covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for the electro-enzymatically controlled oxidation of biomolecules

• Naoual Allali,
• Veronika Urbanova,
• Mathieu Etienne,
• Xavier Devaux,
• Martine Mallet,
• Brigitte Vigolo,
• Jean-Joseph Adjizian,
• Chris P. Ewels,
• Sven Oberg,
• Alexander V. Soldatov,
• Edward McRae,
• Yves Fort,
• Manuel Dossot and
• Victor Mamane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2750–2762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.257

• not the case in our experiments. Moreover, this experiment confirms that no direct electron transfer can be achieved between diaphorase and the electrode, even in the presence of SWCNTs. The functionalization of SWCNTs with ferrocene groups allowed for observing by cyclic voltammetry a quasi

• -based solutions. In spite of these differences, all oxidation processes and FcETGn linkers gave the kind of curves reported in Figure 11B. Cyclic voltammetry was then performed with f-SWCNTs in the presence of NADH (curve b) in Figure 11B. The electrochemical response was dramatically modified, with the

Impact of the anodization time on the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes

• Jesús A. Díaz-Real,
• Geyla C. Dubed-Bandomo,
• Juan Galindo-de-la-Rosa,
• Luis G. Arriaga,
• Janet Ledesma-García and
• Nicolas Alonso-Vante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2628–2643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.244

• electrical contact of a Cu wire and colloidal-Ag paste (Radiospares 496-256). The TiO2-NT area was exposed by isolating with epoxy glue (3M, DP-190). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), in N2-saturated 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte was performed to clean the electrode surface from 0.05 to 1 V/NHE at a scan rate of 100 mV/s

Thickness-dependent photoelectrochemical properties of a semitransparent Co₃O₄ photocathode

• Malkeshkumar Patel and
• Joondong Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2432–2442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.228

• light source (5800 K, Bridgelux, ES Star Array, BXRA-56C0700-A) with a light intensity of 100 mW·cm−2 was calibrated with a power meter (KUSAMMECO, KM-SPM-11). Scan rates of 20 mV·s−1 with a 0.1 mV step were set to record the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), with the scan direction from positive to

• voltammogram (from 1.45 to −0.28 V vs RHE) of Co3O4 electrodes under pulsed light (100 mW·cm−2). Thickness-dependent linear sweep voltammetry of a Co3O4 working electrode under pulsed light. (a) 0.2 to −0.3 V vs RHE (inversion to deep inversion condition as well as HER); (b) 0.8 to 0 V vs RHE (Co3O4 undergoing

ZnO-nanostructure-based electrochemical sensor: Effect of nanostructure morphology on the sensing of heavy metal ions

• Marina Krasovska,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Irena Mihailova,
• Andrejs Ogurcovs,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Andrejs Gerbreders and
• Pavels Sarajevs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2421–2431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.227

• more potential applications. Electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy (IS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) are highly efficient in both qualitative and quantitative analysis of solutions [9][10][11]. These methods allow for the detection of hazardous

• -ion deposition process, a series of cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements were carried out using aqueous Pb(NO3)2 solution with concentrations of 150 μM, 300 μM, 1.5 mM, and 3 mM as a source of Pb2+ ions. In order to determine and compare the sensor sensitivity to other heavy metal ions, the experiment

• chemically pure: no other elements other than Zn and O were detected. Cyclic voltammetry studies Prior to the CV measurements, 250 μL of distilled water was pipetted into each cell, left for ten minutes to ensure the complete wetting of the nanostructured surface, and then the CV curves were recorded. It was

Spin-coated planar Sb₂S₃ hybrid solar cells approaching 5% efficiency

• Pascal Kaienburg,
• Benjamin Klingebiel and
• Thomas Kirchartz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2114–2124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.200

• ) measurements is reported to lie between 5.3 and 5.5 eV [30][51][63] with one report claiming 5.9 eV [32]. Reported HOMO values of the polymers are 4.9–5.1 eV for P3HT [64][65] and 5.3–5.4 eV for KP115 [61][66] and are obtained from cyclic voltammetry measurements, which yields lower lying HOMO levels than UPS

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• rearrangement of the nitrogen species: a decrease of pyrrolic N and a general transformation into graphitic N, consistent with other reports [58]. The electrocatalytic performances were measured by cyclic voltammetry in oxygen-saturated 1 M KOH electrolyte. By correlating XPS and ORR, the samples with the

Synthesis of rare-earth metal and rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles in ionic liquids and propylene carbonate

• Marvin Siebels,
• Lukas Mai,
• Laura Schmolke,
• Kai Schütte,
• Juri Barthel,
• Junpei Yue,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Bernd M. Smarsly,
• Anjana Devi,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.180

• there has been no report on ErF3 applied as electrode material for Li+/Li. Cyclic voltammetry was performed to address general aspects of the redox behaviour (Figure 5). In the range from 1.0 to 5.0 V, during the reduction, a reduction process takes place starting at 1.5 V, which may be attributed to

• lithium foil as a counter electrode and 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate–ethyl methyl carbonate (50:50) as the electrolyte. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) data of these half-cells were collected utilizing an electrochemical workstation (Autolab 302) with different cut-off potentials. TEM images and particle

• (amd)3. The red and green bars are a guide to the eye on the binding-energy axis. Cyclic voltammetry of a half-cell with ErF3 as working electrode and lithium foil as counter electrode at the different cut-off potentials. The figures at the right represent magnifications of the two left figures. TEM

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• ) curve (Figure 5) obtained from linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) gives the photocurrent generation by an applied bias; the higher the current density, the better the separation of photogenerated charge carriers [97][98]. It has been shown that a more negative open circuit potential (Voc), results in higher

Electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide with chitosan based on the coordination deposition method

• Mingyang Liu,
• Yanjun Chen,
• Chaoran Qin,
• Zheng Zhang,
• Shuai Ma,
• Xiuru Cai,
• Xueqian Li and
• Yifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1200–1210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.111

• a correlation between the current and the concentration of 1-naphthol. Figure 7a shows the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) of the GCE with the deposited HACC-rGO/CS film in the presence of 1-naphthol with different concentrations. The peak current for 1-naphthol increases with the increase of 1

Semi-automatic spray pyrolysis deposition of thin, transparent, titania films as blocking layers for dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells

• Hana Krýsová,
• Josef Krýsa and
• Ladislav Kavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1135–1145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.105

• acetylacetone), concentration (0.05 and 0.2 M) and subsequent post-calcination at 500 °C. The photo-electrochemical properties were evaluated in aqueous electrolyte solution under UV irradiation. The blocking properties were tested by cyclic voltammetry with a model redox probe with a simple one-electron

• be achieved with good blocking properties and low sensitivity to calcination at the same time. Such fabricated BL TiO2 films were characterized by photo-electrochemical measurements in aqueous electrolyte solution. The blocking ability was quantified by cyclic voltammetry with a K3[Fe(CN)6]/K4[Fe(CN

• -electrochemical experiments [14]. The blocking properties of the deposited layers were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in aqueous electrolyte solution composed of 0.5 mM K4[Fe(CN)6], 0.5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] in 0.5 M KCl, pH 2.5. Results and Discussion To optimize the SPD conditions, we initially tested the effect

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• SP1 and SP2 imines were investigated in CH2Cl2 solution by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV). To estimate ionization potential and electron affinity (HOMO and LUMO energies) of the materials, the IP of ferrocene of −5.1 eV was assumed [48]. Table 1 contains calculated HOMO and LUMO levels, and the

• the internal standard. Cyclic voltammetry experiments were conducted in a standard one-compartment cell, in CH2Cl2 (Carlo Erba, HPLC grade), under argon. 0.2 M Bu4NPF6 (Aldrich, 99%) was used as the supporting electrolyte. The compound concentration was 1.0 × 10−6 mol/dm3. Deaeration of the solution

Facile synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄ photocatalysts for decolourization of organic dyes under solar irradiation

• Arjun Behera,
• Debasmita Kandi,
• Sanjit Manohar Majhi,
• Satyabadi Martha and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 436–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.42

• working photo anode, Ag/AgCl as reference electrode and Pt as counter electrode. The electrolyte chosen for the study was 0.1 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution of pH 6.8. A 400 nm cut-off filter was used for the light irradiation during linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) analysis. Results and Discussion XRD analysis

• –540 cm−1 is due to stretching vibrations of M–O bonds (Zn-O and Fe-O). Electrochemical studies Linear-sweep voltammetry In order to know the photocurrent response of the prepared catalysts, linear-sweep voltammetry was carried out in the range of 0–1.1 V in 0.1 M Na2SO4 at a scan rate of 10 mV·s−1

Wafer-scale bioactive substrate patterning by chemical lift-off lithography

• Chong-You Chen,
• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hsiang-Hua Li,
• Hong-Hseng Chan and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 311–320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.31

• rinsed by deionized water and carefully blown dry with nitrogen gas before characterization. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Electrochemical experiments were performed on the CH Instruments 627A electrochemical analyzer in a three-electrode system consisting of the prepared substrate (with an

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• electrodes were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrochemical characteristics of the cells with S/MoO2–CNF cathodes and pure sulfur cathodes were examined by CV in the voltage range of 1.7–3.0 V at the scanning rate

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• composition of the obtained CNx hybrids were correlated with the data of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Experimental Synthesis Catalysts were prepared using polyoxomolybdate clusters of the ε-Keggin-type structure Mo12O28(μ2-OH

• and the current collector for the working electrode. The working and counter electrodes were separated by a nonwoven 20 μm thick polypropylene cloth, which was impregnated with an excess of 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves were recorded on a Elins P–30s potentiostat. The potential

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• to 5.7. The electrochemical performance was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and charge–discharge measurements. A SCA test series, including ethylenediamine, 1,2-diaminopropane, 2,3-diaminobutane, and N-methylethylenediamine, was implemented in terms of the impact on the nanorod aspect ratio. Varied

• 0.1 C and discharge current varying from 0.1 to 3 C. Cycling voltammetry (CV) was performed in the range of 0.05 to 3.00 V with a sweep rate of 0.1 mV s−1 on a Solartron electrochemical workstation (1470E and SI 1255B impedance/gain-phase analyzer coupled with a potentiostat). Results and Discussion

• ions, cycling voltammetry (CV) tests were applied. The obtained data for all samples is shown in Figure 7 where the cyclic voltammetry curve for the first three cycles of α-Fe2O3-E1.5 in the voltage range of 3.00 to 0.05 V at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s−1 is given. For the first cathodic sweep, peaks

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• traces are inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), cyclic voltammetry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The former two methods have been extensively used and are described in [19][40][41]. The biological methods are the determination of the zone of inhibition around a

• ]. This method has become standard for determining atomic concentrations in highly diluted solutions at the detection limit (5 μg/L = 50 nmol/L) [44]. Summing up all three values resulted in the total amount of silver released over a period of four weeks [45]. Additionally, voltammetry was used to measure

• clusters of metallic silver could succeed in moving through the barrier [67]. Whereas with ICP-OES, it is not possible to distinguish between Ag0 and Ag+, because both species are excited by an inductively coupled plasma, with voltammetry, only ions are detected. In Figure 24, the silver release as