Silica gel with covalently attached bambusuril macrocycle for dicyanoaurate sorption from water

• Michaela Šusterová and
• Vladimír Šindelář

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2604–2611, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.201

• leading not only to improved extraction effectivity but also to enhanced selectivity [2]. Anion extractants based on functionalized polystyrene or silica gel typically incorporate calixarenes [6] and their analogues, calixpyrroles [7][8], azacalixarene derivatives [9], or expanded porphyrin-like sapphyrin

Ex-situ generation of gaseous nitriles in two-chamber glassware for facile haloacetimidate synthesis

• Nikolai B. Akselvoll,
• Jonas T. Larsen and
• Christian M. Pedersen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2465–2469, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.188

• trichloroacetimidates K2CO3 was effective for the synthesis of β-acetimidates [26], whereas polystyrene-supported DBU [27] was found to be less effective and DBU was therefore the preferred catalyst. The synthesis of perbenzylated α-glucosyl trifluoroacetimidate 3 proceeded in 52% yield on a preparative scale, with DBU

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• scaled up to a gram scale. Uozumi and co-workers (2019) reported a carbonylation under aqueous flow conditions using alkenyl halide 240 to prepare cinnamic acid (7) catalyzed by an amphiphilic polystyrene-poly(ethylene glycol) resin-supported Pd-diphenylphosphine catalyst (cat 6) (Scheme 65A) [31]. Also

On the photoluminescence in triarylmethyl-centered mono-, di-, and multiradicals

• Daniel Straub,
• Markus Gross,
• Mona E. Arnold,
• Julia Zolg and
• Alexander J. C. Kuehne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 964–998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.80

Formaldehyde surrogates in multicomponent reactions

• Cecilia I. Attorresi,
• Javier A. Ramírez and
• Bernhard Westermann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 564–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.45

• acid or MP-glyoxylate (glyoxylic acid immobilized on macroporous polystyrene resin, starting from MP-carbonate, MP-CO3) instead of formaldehyde (Scheme 34) [88]. When glyoxylic acid (“free” or immobilized) is used, the reaction affords 2-unsubstituted 3-aminoimidazo heterocycles 42a as the only

Hot shape transformation: the role of PSar dehydration in stomatocyte morphogenesis

• Remi Peters,
• Levy A. Charleston,
• Karinan van Eck,
• Teun van Berlo and
• Daniela A. Wilson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 47–54, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.5

• -polystyrene block copolymers (PEG-PS) stand out for their versatility and adaptability. These copolymers exhibit a remarkable propensity for self-assembly, allowing the formation of vesicles capable of undergoing diverse shape transformations. Notably, they can adopt the distinctive stomatocyte morphology

Emerging trends in the optimization of organic synthesis through high-throughput tools and machine learning

• Pablo Quijano Velasco,
• Kedar Hippalgaonkar and
• Balamurugan Ramalingam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 10–38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.3

• overlapping peaks. Its versatility was showcased through the successful completion of four comprehensive case studies, demonstrating its broad applicability across diverse analytical scenarios. Recently, we implemented in-line Raman spectroscopy to monitor the real-time conversion of styrene to polystyrene

Visible-light-mediated flow protocol for Achmatowicz rearrangement

• Joachyutharayalu Oja,
• Sanjeev Kumar and
• Srihari Pabbaraja

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2493–2499, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.213

• illustrated in Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1, a flat photo-flow reactor was predesigned comprising a wide-surface polystyrene sheet (length 50 cm × width 50 cm × height 5 cm) bearing a reactor (PFA tubing) that was manually put and hooked on the polystyrene surface (Figure S1b, Supporting

Factors influencing the performance of organocatalysts immobilised on solid supports: A review

• Zsuzsanna Fehér,
• Dóra Richter,
• Gyula Dargó and
• József Kupai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2129–2142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.183

• ][32] organocatalysts are pivotal in the field of immobilised organocatalysts. Polymer-supported organocatalysts are commonly immobilised on polystyrene (PS) [28][33][34][35][36][37][38], as well as on other materials such as nylon 6,6 [15], chitosan [39][40], and polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) [41

• prolinamide-thiourea organocatalyst onto commercially available resins (JandaJel, polystyrene-divinylbenzene, and ChemMatrix) results in diminished catalytic activity, both in terms of yield and enantiomeric excess values, compared to the homogeneous analogue [117]. On the contrary, Dumesic and co-workers

Cage-like microstructures via sequential Ugi reactions in aqueous emulsions

• Rita S. Alqubelat,
• Yaroslava A. Menzorova and
• Maxim A. Mironov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2078–2083, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.179

• emulsions. The polystyrene particles were treated with sulfuric acid to form a surface layer of sulfonated polystyrene. These particles were then used to produce Pickering emulsions, which were transformed into large-pore structures when treated with an alcohol/water mixture [12]. Another method involves

Discovery of antimicrobial peptides clostrisin and cellulosin from Clostridium: insights into their structures, co-localized biosynthetic gene clusters, and antibiotic activity

• Moisés Alejandro Alejo Hernandez,
• Katia Pamela Villavicencio Sánchez,
• Rosendo Sánchez Morales,
• Karla Georgina Hernández-Magro Gil,
• David Silverio Moreno-Gutiérrez,
• Eddie Guillermo Sanchez-Rueda,
• Yanet Teresa-Cruz,
• Brian Choi,
• Armando Hernández Garcia,
• Alba Romero-Rodríguez,
• Oscar Juárez,
• Siseth Martínez-Caballero,
• Mario Figueroa and
• Corina-Diana Ceapă

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1800–1816, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.159

• assays were conducted using the reference strains, A. baumannii ATCC BAA 747, P. aeruginosa PA14 ATCC 15442 and MIQPA25 (clinical strain), E. coli ATCC 10799, S. aureus ATCC 43300 (MRSA) and S. epidermidis MIQ43. Tests were performed in 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates with bacterial inoculation at

• the samples. A. Precursor peptide for CloA1 and clostrisin and B. precursor peptide for CloA2 and cellulosin with the bacteria: 1. S. epidermidis MIQ43 and the 2. P. aeruginosa ATCC PA14 and 3. P. aeruginosa MIQPA25. Tests were performed in sterile polystyrene 96-well flat-bottom-shaped microtiter

Synthesis of indano[60]fullerene thioketone and its application in organic solar cells

• Yong-Chang Zhai,
• Shimon Oiwa,
• Shinobu Aoyagi,
• Shohei Ohno,
• Tsubasa Mikie,
• Jun-Zhuo Wang,
• Hirofumi Amada,
• Koki Yamanaka,
• Kazuhira Miwa,
• Naoyuki Imai,
• Takeshi Igarashi,
• Itaru Osaka and
• Yutaka Matsuo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1270–1277, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.109

• , w/w)/PEDOT:PSS/Ag. (b) ITO/ZnO/fullerene:PNTz4T (2:1, w/w)/MoOx/Ag. ITO, indium tin oxide; PEDOT:PSS = poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate. Optimization of reaction conditions for the treatment of t-Bu-FIDO with Lawesson's reagent.a Reaction of R-FIDO with Lawesson's reagent.a

Evaluation of the enantioselectivity of new chiral ligands based on imidazolidin-4-one derivatives

• Jan Bartáček,
• Karel Chlumský,
• Jan Mrkvička,
• Lucie Paloušová,
• Miloš Sedlák and
• Pavel Drabina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 684–691, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.62

• catalytic arrangements of the most enantioselective catalysts, including anchoring on polystyrene beads [8][9], magnetic nanoparticles [10], or block copolymers composed of PEG-poly(Glu) [11]. These modifications have facilitated the recycling of the catalysts, offering numerous advantages, including

Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel–Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles

• Periklis X. Kolagkis,
• Eirini M. Galathri and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 379–426, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.36

Perspectives on push–pull chromophores derived from click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions of electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes

• Michio Yamada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 125–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.13

• arising from hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions. In contrast, when 75 is incorporated into a nanocomposite with polystyrene serving as the matrix, luminescent properties are observed [141]. Photoinduced intramolecular energy and electron transfer Exploiting the electron-accepting property of

Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances

• Zixiao Wang,
• Feichen Cui,
• Yang Sui and
• Jiajun Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1580–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.116

• far back as the 1950s, the basic theory and comprehension of radical polymerization was established. In the past decades, radical polymerization was introduced to be an efficient industrial synthesis method to produce numerous chemicals such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS), and

• initiator. Polystyrene of different molecular weights was obtained with low Mw/Mn and active chain ends [31]. Although a bicomponent initiating system is economical and practical, the traditional initiators have many problems such as the poor initiation efficiency. It is difficult to control the molecular

• with poly(ethersulfone) [143]. Highly reactive gaseous species may also generate radicals on polymer surfaces. For example, atomic oxygen radical anions emitted from 12CaO⋅7Al2O3 crystals [144] were used to modify PVC and polystyrene [145][146]. Plasma is also a powerful gas-phase tool for polymer

Linker, loading, and reaction scale influence automated glycan assembly

• Marlene C. S. Dal Colle,
• Manuel G. Ricardo,
• Nives Hribernik,
• José Danglad-Flores,
• Peter H. Seeberger and
• Martina Delbianco

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1015–1020, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.77

• mostly performed on cross-linked polystyrene resins equipped with photocleavable linkers [3], offering orthogonality to all the synthetic steps of the assembly, while selectively releasing the glycan at the end of the synthesis. In recent years, the implementation of new synthetic strategies [4][5][6][7

Aromatic C–H bond functionalization through organocatalyzed asymmetric intermolecular aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction: a recent update

• Anup Biswas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 956–981, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.72

• 2020, Pedrosa and co-workers devised a chiral heterogenous thiourea catalyst that was applied in an enantioefficient aza-Friedel–Crafts process. A series of heterogenous catalysts were prepared by condensation between alkaloids and polystyrene-derived isothiocyanates. These polymer-supported materials

Inline purification in continuous flow synthesis – opportunities and challenges

• Jorge García-Lacuna and
• Marcus Baumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1720–1740, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.182

• -butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3-dimethylperhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine on polystyrene) which is valuable for reaction scale-ups [75] is used. Alternatively, a CuAAc (copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition) reaction has been demonstrated where the copper catalyst is supported on an Amberlist A-21 resin

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of chiral thiophosphorus acids as organocatalysts

• Karen R. Winters and
• Jean-Luc Montchamp

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1471–1478, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.154

• cross-coupling, and 2) immobilization on a solid support via reduction and reaction of the aniline with an electrophile such as polystyrene isocyanate. DOPO scaffold We previously reported the syntheses of both enantiomers of 8-phenyl DOPO 3 [38]. The syntheses proceed in only three steps (including the

Menadione: a platform and a target to valuable compounds synthesis

• Acácio S. de Souza,
• Ruan Carlos B. Ribeiro,
• Dora C. S. Costa,
• Fernanda P. Pauli,
• David R. Pinho,
• Matheus G. de Moraes,
• Fernando de C. da Silva,
• Luana da S. M. Forezi and
• Vitor F. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 381–419, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.43

• one of the most studied and used oxidants has been H2O2. Yamaguchi and co-workers described the oxidation of 16 with aqueous H2O2 in the presence of a palladium(II)-polystyrene sulfonic acid resin (Table 1, entry 4) [50]. According to the authors, in the absence of the catalysts, the oxidation took

• deposited on hypercrosslinked polystyrene (Au/HPS) (Table 1, entry 15). The best result was obtained using 1% Au/HPS in glacial acetic acid, which led to 96% conversion and 75% selectivity [61]. Another interesting example of oxidation process was reported by Mamchur and Galstyan, who used ozone as

• dioxide as green solvent [70]. The authors studied the oxidation using three metal-supported hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HPS) catalysts, which were Au (5%)/HPS, Pd (5%)/HPS and Pt (5%)/HPS, in SC CO2 medium. The best conversion (89%) was obtained with Au (5%)/HPS, using CO2 (150 bar), and a mixture of

Effect of a twin-emitter design strategy on a previously reported thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diode

• Ettore Crovini,
• Zhen Zhang,
• Yu Kusakabe,
• Yongxia Ren,
• Yoshimasa Wada,
• Bilal A. Naqvi,
• Prakhar Sahay,
• Tomas Matulaitis,
• Stefan Diesing,
• Ifor D. W. Samuel,
• Wolfgang Brütting,
• Katsuaki Suzuki,
• Hironori Kaji,
• Stefan Bräse and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2894–2905, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.197

• ; for example, high triplet energy, good film-forming ability. OLED devices Finally, DICzTRZ and ICzTRZ-based OLEDs were fabricated using the following device structure: ITO (indium tin oxide) (50 nm)/PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate) (35 nm)/PVK (poly(9-vinylcarbazole

Cryogels: recent applications in 3D-bioprinting, injectable cryogels, drug delivery, and wound healing

• Luke O. Jones,
• Leah Williams,
• Tasmin Boam,
• Martin Kalmet,
• Chidubem Oguike and
• Fiona L. Hatton

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2553–2569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.171

• anionically modified polystyrene via a cryogelation procedure [53]. These materials were investigated as drug-delivery systems (DDS) and the release profile was strongly influenced by the pH. The authors suggested that due to a low release of the drug at pH 1.3, and an increase in release rate at pH 7.4, the

Exfoliated black phosphorous-mediated CuAAC chemistry for organic and macromolecular synthesis under white LED and near-IR irradiation

• Azra Kocaarslan,
• Zafer Eroglu,
• Önder Metin and
• Yusuf Yagci

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2477–2487, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.164

• clearly confirmed the successful chain-end functionalization. In addition, block copolymer formation via NIR activated CuAAC process between the polymers having antagonist click components, namely, polystyrene azide (PS-Az) and PCL-Alk, was investigated. At the end of irradiation in the presence of

• exfoliated BPNs and CuIICl2/PMDETA, polystyrene-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PS-b-PCL) is selectively formed (Scheme 2). Figure 5a displays the GPC traces of precursors PS-Az, PCL-Alk, and the block copolymer PS-b-PCL. As it can be seen, the trace of Ps-b-PCL block copolymer was clearly shifted to higher

• detector was calibrated with polystyrene standards having narrow molecular-weight distributions. The data were analyzed using Eco-SEC analysis software. A Hitachi HT7700 (TEM) with EXALENS (120 kV) working at a high-resolution (HR) mode was used to obtain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, high

Constrained thermoresponsive polymers – new insights into fundamentals and applications

• Patricia Flemming,
• Alexander S. Münch,
• Andreas Fery and
• Petra Uhlmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2123–2163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.138

• collapse of end-tethered assemblies is generally weaker and broader due to the interaction between the chains compared to isolated chains in solution [123][126]. In the case of classical polymer brushes, i.e., nonpolar systems such as polystyrene brushes, the transition from a swollen state to a collapsed

• the chains on a surface and the intermolecular interaction that occurs, vertical phase separation is suppressed in systems such as polystyrene in cyclohexane, in contrast to free dissolved chains [128]. However, at vanishingly small concentrations, classical brushes always exhibit a behavior

• (like polystyrene in cyclohexane), which always show an UCST. This critical point is usually located in the semi-dilute regime and the brush can contract discontinuously or continuously [114][131]. The more complex dependencies on χ leads to a bilayer-type profile, as has been shown for PNIPAAm [132