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Search for "efficiency" in Full Text gives 1166 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. Showing first 200.

Silver(I) triflate-catalyzed post-Ugi synthesis of pyrazolodiazepines

  • Muhammad Hasan,
  • Anatoly A. Peshkov,
  • Syed Anis Ali Shah,
  • Andrey Belyaev,
  • Chang-Keun Lim,
  • Shunyi Wang and
  • Vsevolod A. Peshkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 915–925, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.74

Graphical Abstract
  • procedures and harsh reaction conditions, resulting in limited substituent and scaffold diversity [18][19]. In this regard, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have gained increasing attention for their operational simplicity, efficiency, robustness, atom economy, and potential for diversity-oriented synthesis
  • , when performed at room temperature, proceeded with lower efficiency compared to the reaction at 70 °C, leaving some of the starting 1H-pyrazole-3-carbaldehyde (14a) unreacted. Propargylamide 15a was selected as a model substrate to optimize the reaction conditions for the intramolecular
  • heteroannulation leading to the pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepine scaffold. Our initial choice was to investigate the use of silver(I) triflate (AgOTf) as a catalyst in toluene, given its previously demonstrated efficiency in various transformations involving the activation of triple bonds towards nucleophilic attack
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Published 08 May 2025

Recent advances in controllable/divergent synthesis

  • Jilei Cao,
  • Leiyang Bai and
  • Xuefeng Jiang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 890–914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.73

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  • development, advanced materials innovation, and fundamental molecular science research. In recent years, controllable/divergent synthetic strategies for organic functional molecules using common starting materials have garnered significant attention due to their high efficiency. This review categorizes recent
  • reaction pathways, selectivity, and catalytic efficiency. By exploiting dynamic acid–base equilibria or stimuli-responsive systems, chemists can manipulate substrate activation, stabilize reactive intermediates, and orchestrate complex multistep transformations under mild conditions [47]. In 2016, Lu's
  • , pharmaceutical research, and advanced materials development. Recent advances in controllable/divergent synthesis methodologies, which enable the construction of variously functionalized architectures from common precursors, have emerged as particularly promising due to their inherent efficiency. Contemporary
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Published 07 May 2025

Dicarboxylate recognition based on ultracycle hosts through cooperative hydrogen bonding and anion–π interactions

  • Wen-Hui Mi,
  • Teng-Yu Huang,
  • Xu-Dong Wang,
  • Yu-Fei Ao,
  • Qi-Qiang Wang and
  • De-Xian Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 884–889, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.72

Graphical Abstract
  • anticipated to exhibit high association efficiency and selectivity for large guests, driven by cooperative effects of their convergent macrocyclic elements. Dicarboxylates are crucial species in biological system and chemistry [20]. Examples such as malonate, succinate, and glutarate play key roles in
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Published 06 May 2025

Cu–Bpin-mediated dimerization of 4,4-dichloro-2-butenoic acid derivatives enables the synthesis of densely functionalized cyclopropanes

  • Patricia Gómez-Roibás,
  • Andrea Chaves-Pouso and
  • Martín Fañanás-Mastral

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 877–883, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.71

Graphical Abstract
  • , entry 2), although the use of sub-stoichiometric amounts led to a significant decrease in reaction yield (Table 1, entry 3). We also tried to reduce the amount of base, but this caused a drop in the reaction efficiency (Table 1, entry 4). Evaluation of different bases demonstrated the important role of
  • of the solvent also played a role in the reaction outcome. A decrease both in efficiency and diastereoselectivity was observed when THF was used (Table 1, entry 7). The use of dichloromethane eroded the diastereoselectivity and also the chemoselectivity as shown with the additional formation of 3 as
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Published 05 May 2025

Light-enabled intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition via photoactivation of simple alkenylboronic esters

  • Lewis McGhie,
  • Hannah M. Kortman,
  • Jenna Rumpf,
  • Peter H. Seeberger and
  • John J. Molloy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 854–863, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.69

Graphical Abstract
  • more efficiently sensitized (lower T1 excited state) than their alkenylboronic ester counterparts. This is unsurprising given their enhanced conjugation (4π electrons vs 2π electrons and p-orbital). To probe the efficiency of trisubstituted alkenes, vicinal boron precursor 3h was designed (Scheme 1
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Published 30 Apr 2025

Unraveling cooperative interactions between complexed ions in dual-host strategy for cesium salt separation

  • Zhihua Liu,
  • Ya-Zhi Chen,
  • Ji Wang,
  • Qingling Nie,
  • Wei Zhao and
  • Biao Wu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 845–853, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.68

Graphical Abstract
  • L as an anion receptor to extract cesium salts (chloride, nitrate, carbonate, sulfate, and phosphate) from the solid phase into chloroform. Remarkably, Cs3PO4 exhibits the highest extraction efficiency, driven by strong cooperative interactions involving ion-dipole coordination between Cs+ and
  • binding. Compared to the use of individual anion or cation receptors, the dual-host strategy can significantly enhance the efficiency of ion-pair extraction. However, the driving forces and cooperative interactions of the complexed ions remain poorly understood (Figure 1a). To the best of our knowledge
  • binding Na+ and K+ by oligourea foldamers and macrocycles [37][38][39]. However, in the solid−liquid extraction of Li2SO4 in DMSO, addition of crown ether did not help to increase the extraction efficiency. This is because ion-dipole interactions are negligible in high polar solvent, and Li+ binding is
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Published 29 Apr 2025

Chitosan-supported CuI-catalyzed cascade reaction of 2-halobenzoic acids and amidines for the synthesis of quinazolinones

  • Xuhong Zhao,
  • Weishuang Li,
  • Mengli Yang,
  • Bojie Li,
  • Yaoyao Zhang,
  • Lizhen Huang and
  • Lei Zhu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 839–844, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.67

Graphical Abstract
  • catalytic efficiency (up to 99% yield). Keywords: chitosan-supported CuI catalyst; cyclization reaction; mild conditions; quinazolinone; Introduction Quinazolinones are not only a key core of nitrogen-containing benzo heterocyclic compounds found in many natural products and bioactive molecules [1][2][3
  • developed a magnetically recoverable and reusable Fe3O4 nanoparticle-supported copper(I) catalyst with excellent catalytic efficiency for quinazolinone synthesis [11]. In addition, Cai et al. reported that MCM-41-immobilized tridentate nitrogen-supported copper(I) [MCM-41-3N–CuI] served as a highly
  • ]. Furthermore, dicopper(I) complexes can also be used as an effective catalyst in Ullmann-type N-arylation/cyclization of 2-bromobenzoic acids with amidines, providing the corresponding quinazolinones in good yields [15]. Despite the high efficiency of the above-mentioned copper catalysts in the synthesis of
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Published 28 Apr 2025

Substituent effects in N-acetylated phenylazopyrazole photoswitches

  • Radek Tovtik,
  • Dennis Marzin,
  • Pia Weigel,
  • Stefano Crespi and
  • Nadja A. Simeth

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 830–838, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.66

Graphical Abstract
  • higher to equal ΦE→Z. Interestingly, for R = Me and H, we recorded higher QYs in NMe-PAPs than in NAc-PAPs (22% and 45% for R = H and R = Me in NMe-PAP vs 14% and 44% for the acetylated ones). In contrast to the excitation of the π→π* state in NAc-PAPs, the isomerization process varies in efficiency when
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Published 25 Apr 2025

Synthesis and photoinduced switching properties of C7-heteroatom containing push–pull norbornadiene derivatives

  • Daniel Krappmann and
  • Andreas Hirsch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 807–816, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.64

Graphical Abstract
  • , it is essential not only to achieve a high storage density and good quantum efficiency for the isomerization process but also to ensure large half-lifes and durability in switching reliability [20]. By making structural adjustments to the parent carbon scaffold, it is possible to target specific
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Published 22 Apr 2025

Regioselective formal hydrocyanation of allenes: synthesis of β,γ-unsaturated nitriles with α-all-carbon quaternary centers

  • Seeun Lim,
  • Teresa Kim and
  • Yunmi Lee

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 800–806, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.63

Graphical Abstract
  • , bromo, trifluoromethyl, or methoxy groups on the phenyl ring, were smoothly converted into β,γ-unsaturated nitriles 3t–x with high efficiency. Particularly, allenes 1y and 1z containing benzodioxane or naphthalene moieties were well-tolerated under these reaction conditions, affording nitriles 3y and 3z
  • reaction conditions, broad functional group compatibility, and high efficiency, enabling the synthesis of new and versatile functionalized β,γ-unsaturated nitriles containing α-all-carbon quaternary centers with exceptional selectivity. The practicality of this approach was validated through gram-scale
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Published 17 Apr 2025

Recent advances in the electrochemical synthesis of organophosphorus compounds

  • Babak Kaboudin,
  • Milad Behroozi,
  • Sepideh Sadighi and
  • Fatemeh Asgharzadeh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 770–797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.61

Graphical Abstract
  • efficiency of reactions [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Organophosphorous compounds are essential materials with broad applications in medicinal chemistry, synthesis, agriculture, as ligands, and intermediates to prepare complex compounds. Due to their importance, scientists have introduced many studies in
  • reduction occur in separate compartments, separated by a diaphragm or salt bridge, to prevent reactant mixing and improve efficiency (e.g., Daniel cell). However, in undivided cells, both reactions occur in a single compartment without separation, resulting in a more straightforward design but potentially
  • lower efficiency (e.g., some electrolytic cells). Role of electrolytes in organic electrochemical reactions Electrolytes are crucial for conductivity and reaction stability in organic electrochemical reactions. They are categorized as supporting electrolytes, which enhance conductivity, reduce
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Published 16 Apr 2025

New advances in asymmetric organocatalysis II

  • Radovan Šebesta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 766–769, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.60

Graphical Abstract
  • describes the enantioselective Michael addition of pyrazoline-5-ones to α,β-unsaturated ketones. The enantioselectivity and chemical efficiency of this transformation were achieved with a cinchona-alkaloid-derived primary-amine–Brønsted acid composite [22]. A good demonstration of how organocatalysis
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Published 15 Apr 2025

Copper-catalyzed domino cyclization of anilines and cyclobutanone oxime: a scalable and versatile route to spirotetrahydroquinoline derivatives

  • Qingqing Jiang,
  • Xinyi Lei,
  • Pan Gao and
  • Yu Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 749–754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.58

Graphical Abstract
  • significantly lower yields of 3aa (Table 1, entry 2). Replacing the Cu(TFA)2 catalyst with other copper sources, such as cuprous chloride (CuCl), cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), copper bromide (CuBr2), copper trifluoromethanesulfonate (Cu(OTf)2), and copper powder resulted in diminished reaction efficiency (Table
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Published 09 Apr 2025

Synthesis of HBC fluorophores with an electrophilic handle for covalent attachment to Pepper RNA

  • Raphael Bereiter and
  • Ronald Micura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 727–735, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.56

Graphical Abstract
  • (8), MsOc3HBC (14), and MsOc3HBC-vinyl (22)) as reported previously [11]. Nine more HBC derivatives with altered handle lengths and different electrophilic groups are introduced in this study. Furthermore, we include an evaluation of the efficiency of all reactive fluorophores (previously introduced
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Published 04 Apr 2025

Recent advances in allylation of chiral secondary alkylcopper species

  • Minjae Kim,
  • Gwanggyun Kim,
  • Doyoon Kim,
  • Jun Hee Lee and
  • Seung Hwan Cho

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 639–658, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.51

Graphical Abstract
  • scope and efficiency of these reactions. A notable advancement came from Knochel's introduction of dialkylzinc reagents in 1999, which substantially broadened the range of applicable organometallic compounds [23]. Subsequent significant progress was achieved independently by Feringa and Alexakis through
  • into a powerful and versatile tool in asymmetric synthesis, capable of employing a wide array of organometallic reagents that furnish the desired compounds with high efficiency and selectivity. The regioselective asymmetric construction of stereogenic carbon centers from prochiral allylic substrates
  • regioselectivity (SN2/SN2' = >99:1). The reaction with 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl bromide (15) was particularly noteworthy, as it exhibited superior selectivity compared to the corresponding phosphates. The high efficiency of this protocol was demonstrated through the synthesis of various functionalized alkenes with
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Published 20 Mar 2025

Entry to 2-aminoprolines via electrochemical decarboxylative amidation of N‑acetylamino malonic acid monoesters

  • Olesja Koleda,
  • Janis Sadauskis,
  • Darja Antonenko,
  • Edvards Janis Treijs,
  • Raivis Davis Steberis and
  • Edgars Suna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 630–638, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.50

Graphical Abstract
  • , NaOAc) did not improve the efficiency of the anodic decarboxylation/cyclization reaction (Table 1, entries 2–4). Even though the amount of hemiaminal 10a was slightly reduced, the formation of amino acid ester 11a as side product was observed in the crude reaction mixture (Table 1, entries 2–4). The
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Published 19 Mar 2025

Photocatalyzed elaboration of antibody-based bioconjugates

  • Marine Le Stum,
  • Eugénie Romero and
  • Gary A. Molander

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 616–629, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.49

Graphical Abstract
  • strategy maximizes the efficiency and specificity of functionalization, representing a significant advancement in the selective modification of antibodies. This method demonstrated an innovative mode of selectivity, even though some drawbacks remain. For example, the 1-methyl-4-arylurazole used in these
  • transformations targeted toward a variety of diverse canonical amino acids would introduce more versatility, efficiency, and convenience in the construction of these increasingly important structural units. Cautionary considerations Photoredox chemistry offers a powerful approach for the targeted modification of
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Published 18 Mar 2025

Total synthesis of (±)-simonsol C using dearomatization as key reaction under acidic conditions

  • Xiao-Yang Bi,
  • Xiao-Shuai Yang,
  • Shan-Shan Chen,
  • Jia-Jun Sui,
  • Zhao-Nan Cai,
  • Yong-Ming Chuan and
  • Hong-Bo Qin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 601–606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.47

Graphical Abstract
  • reductive elimination with Zn/AcOH and spontaneous oxy-Michael addition. This route largely enhances the synthetic efficiency and shortens the number of synthetic steps. The whole synthesis route involves 8 steps and affords the final product in a total yield of 13%, which could be the shortest synthesis
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Published 17 Mar 2025

Sequential two-step, one-pot microwave-assisted Urech synthesis of 5-monosubstituted hydantoins from L-amino acids in water

  • Wei-Jin Chang,
  • Sook Yee Liew,
  • Thomas Kurz and
  • Siow-Ping Tan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 596–600, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.46

Graphical Abstract
  • . Additionally, the reaction proceeds efficiently without the need for toxic or moisture-sensitive reagents, further making it suitable for large-scale applications. The shorter reaction time (less than 2 hours) also contributes to improve energy efficiency when compared to traditional methods. These factors
  • demonstrate that the process can be effectively scaled up, particularly in industries that prioritize sustainability and operational efficiency. In terms of green chemistry principles, this approach already meets several key goals, such as reducing the use of hazardous reagents and solvents, increasing
  • reaction efficiency, and minimizing waste. Future studies can quantitatively evaluate these aspects using established metrics such as E-factor, atom economy, and reaction mass efficiency. These indicators will provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the environmental sustainability of the reaction and
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Published 14 Mar 2025

Formaldehyde surrogates in multicomponent reactions

  • Cecilia I. Attorresi,
  • Javier A. Ramírez and
  • Bernhard Westermann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 564–595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.45

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  • temperatures, no specifically prepared solvents), one-pot, batch processes leading to tandem or cascade reactions, resource efficiency through the application of the 12 principles of Green Chemistry, and readily available starting materials such as waste materials from food production processes [1][2][3]. In
  • reported using an alternative synthetic strategy [92], but lower efficiency in terms of yields, number of steps, and scope compared to this multicomponent methodology. Inspired by this previous work, Sharma et al. improved the reaction for free and immobilized glyoxylic acid, with and without acid
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Published 13 Mar 2025

Unprecedented visible light-initiated topochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition in a functionalized bimane dye

  • Metodej Dvoracek,
  • Brendan Twamley,
  • Mathias O. Senge and
  • Mikhail A. Filatov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 500–509, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.37

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  • irradiation conditions. Inefficient intersystem crossing (or complete lack thereof) and short singlet-state lifetimes can both affect the efficiency of a photoreaction [20]. Crystal packing Similar to Cl2B, the potentially reactive double bonds in Me2B are coplanar and parallel, with a torsion angle of 0(0
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Published 05 Mar 2025

Synthesis of N-acetyl diazocine derivatives via cross-coupling reaction

  • Thomas Brandt,
  • Pascal Lentes,
  • Jeremy Rudtke,
  • Michael Hösgen,
  • Christian Näther and
  • Rainer Herges

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.36

Graphical Abstract
  • Abstract Diazocines are photoswitches derived from azobenzenes by bridging the two phenyl rings in ortho position with a CH2CH2 group forming an eight membered (diazocine) ring. Diazocine is superior to most azobenzenes in almost all photophysical properties (switching efficiency, quantum yield
  • azobenzene is that the switching efficiency decreases sharply with increasing water content in the solvent. In a recently published paper, we reported that replacing one CH2 group in the bridge with NCOCH3 not only confers intrinsic water solubility, but also largely eliminates the problem of reduced
  • switching efficiency in aqueous solutions. In order to investigate the chemistry of this promising photoswitch and to unlock further applications, we now investigate strategies for the synthesis of derivatives, which are based on cross-coupling reactions. Fourteen vinyl-, aryl-, cyano-, and amino
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Published 04 Mar 2025

Synthesis of electrophile-tethered preQ1 analogs for covalent attachment to preQ1 RNA

  • Laurin Flemmich and
  • Ronald Micura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 483–489, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.35

Graphical Abstract
  • bacterial as well as eukaryotic aspartyl-, asparaginyl-, histidyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA isoacceptors bearing the G34U35N36 anticodon motif [1]. Like other tRNA anticodon modifications, queuosine has been shown to increase translational fidelity and efficiency [2]. Structurally, queuosine and preQ1 (compound 1
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Published 04 Mar 2025

Photomechanochemistry: harnessing mechanical forces to enhance photochemical reactions

  • Francesco Mele,
  • Ana M. Constantin,
  • Andrea Porcheddu,
  • Raimondo Maggi,
  • Giovanni Maestri,
  • Nicola Della Ca’ and
  • Luca Capaldo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 458–472, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.33

Graphical Abstract
  • hydrogen-atom transfer or solvolysis are often observed. A technological solution to cope with the Beer–Lambert law was offered by flow chemistry [19][20][21] by employing microreactors with reduced optical paths to enhance irradiation efficiency [22][23][24]. Photon-limited reactions, whose efficiency is
  • the surface area of the solids and, therefore, irradiation efficiency. UV lamps (e.g., medium-pressure Hg lamps) are typically used for irradiation, thus requiring specialized safety equipment. While it offers some control over pressure and duration, manual grinding suffers from inconsistencies due to
  • in enhancing the mixing efficiency and increasing the exposure of the surface of the reaction mixture to light. Additionally, the formation of compound 8.2 was associated with the observation of an initial molten state of the mixture, which could have promoted single-electron-transfer processes that
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Published 03 Mar 2025

Beyond symmetric self-assembly and effective molarity: unlocking functional enzyme mimics with robust organic cages

  • Keith G. Andrews

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 421–443, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.30

Graphical Abstract
  • , chemists have made use of selectively reactive chemicals by handling them, individually, in unreactive bottles. Meanwhile, Nature has learned to convert mixtures of unreactive chemicals by handling them in selectively reactive bottles (enzymes). Only the latter approach offers the efficiency, rate
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Published 24 Feb 2025
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