Automated high-content imaging for cellular uptake, from the Schmuck cation to the latest cyclic oligochalcogenides

• Rémi Martinent,
• Javier López-Andarias,
• Dimitri Moreau,
• Yangyang Cheng,
• Naomi Sakai and
• Stefan Matile

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2007–2016, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.167

• ), here exemplified by asparagusic acid. A persistent challenge in this evolution is the simultaneous and quantitative detection of cytosolic delivery and cytotoxicity in a high-throughput format. Here, we show that the combination of the HaloTag-based chloroalkane penetration assay (CAPA) with automated

• on the endosomal uptake and release. However, a better binding affinity to DNA does not necessarily mean a higher DNA transfection efficiency. As an example, two GCP-modified peptide tweezers 14 with nanomolar dissociation constants, identified by the high-throughput screening of a combinatorial

• ][58] has been suggested to further improve the standards set by the CAPA [59]. Standard high-throughput (HT) screening has been used regularly to facilitate studies on cellular uptake [60]. In standard assays, a single macroscopic parameter, usually the fluorescence intensity, is automatically

Models of necessity

• Timothy Clark and
• Martin G. Hicks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1649–1661, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.137

• fragments thereof serve equally well as descriptors [70]. Thus, with very few exceptions based on physical observables such as the molecular electrostatic potential [35], cheminformatics, including the use of ML and AI, is based on Lewis structures. Even the widespread fingerprints used for very high

• -throughput screening [71] are based on the occurrence of patterns within the Lewis structure. For chemists, the Lewis structure represents both metadata for AI/ML and an essential language for communication. However, like language, the Lewis model is context dependent (aromatic bonds, boron bonding…) and

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

• high-throughput reaction screening, both of which are progressive areas of chemical research [69][70][71][72][73]. 2 Heterogeneous photocatalysts Probably the first report of HPC was published by Renz in 1921, who observed the partial reduction of titania (TiO2) in the presence of glycerol when

In silico rationalisation of selectivity and reactivity in Pd-catalysed C–H activation reactions

• Liwei Cao,
• Mikhail Kabeshov,
• Steven V. Ley and
• Alexei A. Lapkin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1465–1475, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.122

• desired. Recent years have seen the emergence of new methods of research in chemistry and process development, which include high-throughput experiments [3], autonomous self-optimising reactors [4][5][6], as well as predictions of reaction outcomes and of reaction conditions based on machine learning (ML

Anthelmintic drug discovery: target identification, screening methods and the role of open science

• Frederick A. Partridge,
• Ruth Forman,
• Carole J. R. Bataille,
• Graham M. Wynne,
• Marina Nick,
• Angela J. Russell,
• Kathryn J. Else and
• David B. Sattelle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1203–1224, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.105

• and at low cost which enables high-throughput chemical and genetic screening studies. It is often difficult or impossible to undertake comparable studies on parasitic worms due to the challenges of maintaining parasitic worms outside their host, although rodent models are available for many classes of

• anthelmintic drug targets from a parasitic worm [95][96]. These approaches are still in their infancy, but such genetic modifications can give rise to scorable phenotypes reflecting the properties of the parasite drug target which may in future lend themselves to high-throughput chemical and genetic (RNAi

• and viability Several groups have developed image acquisition and analysis systems for high-throughput phenotypic screening of parasites (Table 3), typically using the approach of thresholding difference images/movies to quantify motility, sometimes segmenting the image by recognising the organism of

Accelerating fragment-based library generation by coupling high-performance photoreactors with benchtop analysis

• Quentin Lefebvre,
• Christophe Salomé and
• Thomas C. Fessard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 982–988, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.87

• initiated a high-throughput program of fragment-based library generation and after shortcomings using more classical cross-coupling conditions, we turned our attention to the photoredox-nickel dual-catalysis strategy recently reported by MacMillan and Buchwald [10]. The reported conditions use lower

Microwave-assisted efficient and facile synthesis of tetramic acid derivatives via a one-pot post-Ugi cascade reaction

• Yong Li,
• Zheng Huang,
• Jia Xu,
• Yong Ding,
• Dian-Yong Tang,
• Jie Lei,
• Hong-yu Li,
• Zhong-Zhu Chen and
• Zhi-Gang Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 663–669, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.63

• compounds makes them attractive for library generations and sequential biological testing [15][16]. Although several classical synthetic procedures were developed [17][18][19][20][21], more effective and facile syntheses for a large number of compounds are still required for high throughput screening in

• good yields. As such, this newly developed protocol provided a facile access to tetramic acid derivatives in one pot, and it could be used for the preparation of chemical compound libraries containing a large number of tetramic acid analogues for subsequent high throughput screenings. Based on these

Photophysics and photochemistry of NIR absorbers derived from cyanines: key to new technologies based on chemistry 4.0

• Bernd Strehmel,
• Christian Schmitz,
• Ceren Kütahya,
• Yulian Pang,
• Anke Drewitz and
• Heinz Mustroph

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 415–444, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.40

Bacterial terpene biosynthesis: challenges and opportunities for pathway engineering

• Eric J. N. Helfrich,
• Geng-Min Lin,
• Christopher A. Voigt and
• Jon Clardy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2889–2906, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.283

• , remain to be explored [152]. One major bottleneck in these studies is the lack of high-throughput screening tools for terpenoid production and characterization. Most terpenoids do not have any chromogenic groups and their detection still relies on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry setups, limiting

Facile regiodivergent synthesis of spiro pyrrole-substituted pseudothiohydantoins and thiohydantoins via reaction of [e]-fused 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with thiourea

• Aleksandr I. Kobelev,
• Nikita A. Tretyakov,
• Ekaterina E. Stepanova,
• Maksim V. Dmitriev,
• Michael Rubin and
• Andrey N. Maslivets

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2864–2871, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.280

• in medicinal chemistry. Indeed, they are structurally related to rhodanine (2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one), and sometimes are classified as pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS), which are abhorrent in high-throughput screenings [6]. To clarify whether such compounds are privileged scaffolds or

Isolation of fungi using the diffusion chamber device FIND technology

• Benjamin Libor,
• Henrik Harms,
• Stefan Kehraus,
• Ekaterina Egereva,
• Max Crüsemann and
• Gabriele M. König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2191–2203, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.216

• sample collection, to ensure favourable growth conditions for specific fungi. Inoculation is performed in only one step and thus suitable for high throughput approaches. Scheme 1 illustrates the FIND, consisting of merely three plastic parts crafted from polyoxymethylene, which are solid and durable

• ]. Further research is necessary to shed light on the ecological role of 1 and 2. Conclusion In conclusion the FIND adds a new isolation technique for filamentous fungi to the existing methods. FIND allows high throughput approaches and overcomes limitations in nutrition and growth conditions compared to

Protein–protein interactions in bacteria: a promising and challenging avenue towards the discovery of new antibiotics

• Laura Carro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2881–2896, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.267

• the bacterial interactome without impacting the eukaryotic cell processes. Keck and co-workers identified four small molecules that disrupt the Escherichia coli SSB interaction with one of its well-studied binding partners, exonuclease I (ExoI) [75]. The screening by means of a high-throughput

• found to be 36, 62 and 10 μM, respectively. High-throughput screening initiatives have gained popularity in the past two decades and have become the prevailing approach to identify leads in medicinal chemistry research [77][78]. However, due to the intrinsic features of PPIs, these are not amenable to

• targeted the ZipA/FtsZ protein–protein interaction was first investigated by scientists at Wyeth Research. In this study, a fluorescence polarization-based high-throughput screening of 250,000 corporate compounds led to the identification of pyridylpyrimidine 34 (Figure 8), which was shown to be the most

Targeting the Pseudomonas quinolone signal quorum sensing system for the discovery of novel anti-infective pathoblockers

• Christian Schütz and
• Martin Empting

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2627–2645, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.241

• ) series In 2014, Starkey et al. performed a high-throughput whole-cell screening and identified the benzamide-benzimidazole (BB) motif as a promising scaffold for the inhibition of PqsR [77]. Starting from 41, which was not only able to suppress expression of AQs but also completely blocked pyocyanin

Revisiting ring-degenerate rearrangements of 1-substituted-4-imino-1,2,3-triazoles

• James T. Fletcher,
• Matthew D. Hanson,
• Joseph A. Christensen and
• Eric M. Villa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2098–2105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.184

• facilitated by a high throughput colorimetric assay to directly monitor the generation of a 4-nitroaniline byproduct. Keywords: colorimetric assay; condensation; imine exchange; rearrangement; 1,2,3-triazole; Introduction Examples of multidentate chelators comprised of 1,2,3-triazole units have surged in

• proposed advantages for using 1a in preparing formyltriazole products, while also examining how amine identity impacts rearrangement rates, a high-throughput colorimetric assay exploiting the electronic properties of the para-nitroaniline byproduct was developed. DMSO was selected as the reaction solvent

• colorimetric indicator byproduct encouraged its use in a reaction kinetics investigation, where both electronic and steric properties of the amine reactant were shown to influence rearrangement rates. Having demonstrated its utility in studying this reaction using a high-throughput assay, it is proposed that 1

Preparation of trinucleotide phosphoramidites as synthons for the synthesis of gene libraries

• Ruth Suchsland,
• Bettina Appel and
• Sabine Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.28

• generation of protein mutant libraries and high throughput screening processes to select for variants with improved traits. Protein mutant libraries are produced from gene libraries, which are generated by random mutagenesis at DNA level. Often polymerase chain raction (PCR)-based methods like error-prone

Biomimetic molecular design tools that learn, evolve, and adapt

• David A Winkler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1288–1302, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.125

• . Biomimetic in silico evolutionary methods and their synergy with high throughput materials synthesis technologies (materials defined very broadly) are then briefly described. Finally, all of these concepts are combined in the discussion of new adaptive, learning in silico evolutionary methods for the

• capability is particularly useful in phenomena described by many parameters (high dimensionality) and those sampled by very large numbers of observations (Big Data). Sparse feature selection in silico An increasing number of experiments are employing large scale, high throughput ‘omics’ technologies to probe

• porosity, processing-dependence of final properties etc.) and the size of ‘materials space’ is consequently much larger than that of ‘drug-like’ space. This recognition has accelerated the development of very high throughput synthesis and characterization methods for materials, and spawned the application

Glycoscience@Synchrotron: Synchrotron radiation applied to structural glycoscience

• Serge Pérez and
• Daniele de Sanctis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1145–1167, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.114

• dramatic impact on the throughput and on the complexity of the structures determined. However, despite the development in nano-volume liquid handling for high-throughput screens, the crystallization of biological macromolecules still represents an important bottleneck in structure determination. Nanoliter

Automating multistep flow synthesis: approach and challenges in integrating chemistry, machines and logic

• Chinmay A. Shukla and
• Amol A. Kulkarni

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 960–987, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.97

• discovery process [47]. The chemical library has to go through high-throughput screening (about 100,000 compounds/day approximately) using robots [48]. In multistep synthesis off-line analysis actually becomes a bottleneck as it does not allow the real-time changes to be imposed at the inlet conditions for

Opportunities and challenges for the sustainable production of structurally complex diterpenoids in recombinant microbial systems

• Katarina Kemper,
• Max Hirte,
• Markus Reinbold,
• Monika Fuchs and
• Thomas Brück

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 845–854, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.85

• in diterpene biosynthetic routes entail time-consuming genome-mining and high-throughput screening technologies [64][65]. Additionally, the number of currently available, even partly annotated plant genomes and crystal structures of diterpene synthases is still limited. Yet, in order to establish

Polyketide stereocontrol: a study in chemical biology

• Kira J. Weissman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 348–371, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.39

• diketide 17 [73]. Unexpectedly, however, carrying out the reverse changes with the A-type DEBS KR2 produced a mutant KR with increased wild type behavior towards the model substrate, and thus the targeted residues cannot be the sole determinants of the direction of ketoreduction. Similarly, high-throughput

A chemoselective and continuous synthesis of m-sulfamoylbenzamide analogues

• Arno Verlee,
• Thomas Heugebaert,
• Tom van der Meer,
• Pavel I. Kerchev,
• Frank Van Breusegem and
• Christian V. Stevens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 303–312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.33

• ingredients (APIs) and place specific and conflicting burdens on synthetic protocols. An early synthesis must be extremely fast and flexible, as current high-throughput compound screening takes less than one week for a set of 10,000 compounds [2], which is far beyond the current synthetic capabilities. Once a

Continuous-flow synthesis of highly functionalized imidazo-oxadiazoles facilitated by microfluidic extraction

• Ananda Herath and
• Nicholas D. P. Cosford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 239–246, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.26

• isolation of intermediates. We have shown that the “telescoping” of multiple synthetic steps into a single continuous process provides an efficient method for the production of heterocyclic compound libraries in sufficient quantities for biological screening in high-throughput assay formats as well as

Extrusion – back to the future: Using an established technique to reform automated chemical synthesis

• Deborah E. Crawford

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 65–75, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.9

• ]. This work highlights another advantage of extrusion in that the barrel can have separate heating zones (some also provide cooling), allowing the temperatures to be varied along the production line. In addition, due to the low free volume of the extruder barrel, but the high throughput rates achievable

Computational methods in drug discovery

• Sumudu P. Leelananda and
• Steffen Lindert

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2694–2718, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.267

• methods are discussed. Advances in virtual high-throughput screening, protein structure prediction methods, protein–ligand docking, pharmacophore modeling and QSAR techniques are reviewed. Keywords: ADME; computer-aided drug design; docking; free energy; high-throughput screening; LBDD; lead optimization

• the consumer market. Approximately 75% of the cost is due to failures that happen along the drug discovery and design pipeline [1]. Nowadays with faster high-throughput screening (HTS) experiments, which can assay thousands of molecules with robotic automation, human labor associated with screening of

• it possible to use structure-based tools such as virtual high-throughput screening and direct docking methods on targets and possible drug molecules. The affinity of molecules to targets can be evaluated by computing various estimates of binding free energies. Further filtering and optimization of

Opportunities and challenges for direct C–H functionalization of piperazines

• Zhishi Ye,
• Kristen E. Gettys and
• Mingji Dai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 702–715, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.70

• versatile method to functionalize amines, particularly saturated N-heterocycles [62][63][64][65][66]. However, photoredox catalysis for direct α-C–H functionalization of piperazines is very limited and only a few examples have been reported by MacMillan and co-workers (Figure 15) [63][65][66]. Using a high

• -throughput and automated workflow platform, they have discovered a photoredox-catalyzed C–H arylation of N-arylamines with 1,4-dicyanobenzene (88) to produce pharmaceutically important benzylic amines. This reaction works well with piperazine substrate 87 to synthesize the α-arylated piperazine 89 in 95