SF002-96-1, a new drimane sesquiterpene lactone from an Aspergillus species, inhibits survivin expression

• Silke Felix,
• Louis P. Sandjo,
• Till Opatz and
• Gerhard Erkel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2866–2876, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.323

• characteristic of apoptosis, like cleavage of the chromosomal DNA at internucleosomal sites into fragments of approximately 200 bp and the fragmented morphology of the nuclear bodies (Figure 6B,C) after 5 h of treatment. Exposure of the cells with different concentrations of SF002-96-1 showed a concomitant

• glass-slide, covered with a coverslip and the morphology of the cell nuclei was observed by using a fluorescence microscope (Zeiss, Axioskop). Structure of SF002-96-1. COSY (bold) and HMBC (arrow) correlations of SF002-96-1. NOESY correlations of SF002-96-1. Effect of SF002-96-1 on survivin promoter

• ) Detection of DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis after treatment of Colo 320 cells for 5 h with different concentrations of the test compound. Control: untreated cells only. (C) Morphology analysis of the cell nuclei by DAPI staining after treatment of Colo 320 cells with 26.31 µM of SF002-96-1

Crystal design using multipolar electrostatic interactions: A concept study for organic electronics

• Peer Kirsch,
• Qiong Tong and
• Harald Untenecker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2367–2373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.272

• ]. However, the price to pay for this optimized morphology is the presence of bulky silyl groups which do not electronically contribute to the charge transport. For this reason we set out to execute an alternative concept to achieve a brick-like, slipped stacking in planar, acene-based organic semiconductors

Self-assembly of 2,3-dihydroxycholestane steroids into supramolecular organogels as a soft template for the in-situ generation of silicate nanomaterials

• Valeria C. Edelsztein,
• Andrea S. Mac Cormack,
• Matías Ciarlantini and
• Pablo H. Di Chenna

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.213

• cyclohexane and dichloromethane also showed a good gelling ability. These remarkable properties for such a simple steroid molecule prompted us to study the gelation scope, morphology, mode of self-assembly and the potential use of the gels to prepare silica nanoparticles through a bottom-up approach. Gelation

• bonding, had a maximum Tg of 72 °C, 77 °C and 66 °C, respectively, but at considerably higher concentrations of 26, 6 and 8 wt % (see Supporting Information File 1). LMOG 1 could also selectively gelate the organic layer from a water/organic solvent mixture after a heating–cooling process. Morphology and

• LMOG 1 in the liquid-like solution phase trapped within the SAFIN (see Supporting Information File 1 for IR spectra) [17]. The microscopic morphology of the xerogel of 1 from DCM, n-hexane and dioxane was analyzed by SEM. The images showed an entangled fibrillar network for all solvents. Particularly

The application of a monolithic triphenylphosphine reagent for conducting Ramirez gem-dibromoolefination reactions in flow

• Kimberley A. Roper,
• Malcolm B. Berry and
• Steven V. Ley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1781–1790, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.207

• as well as presenting practical problems when used in packed beds in flow reactions due to changes in structure and morphology when subjected to solvents of varying polarity [14][15]. To avoid some of the problems associated with using resin beads, monolithic supports have been developed for use in

Metal-free aerobic oxidations mediated by N-hydroxyphthalimide. A concise review

• Lucio Melone and
• Carlo Punta

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1296–1310, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.146

• morphology and the molecular weight of the starting material [48]. Moreover, this catalytic system could be employed with dioxygen in place of NaClO as the ultimate oxidizing agent [49]. In this case, the mechanism follows a radical chain via classical HAT by PINO abstraction (Scheme 17). Aldehydes and the

Incorporation of perfluorohexyl-functionalised thiophenes into oligofluorene-truxenes: synthesis and physical properties

• Neil Thomson,
• Alexander L. Kanibolotsky,
• Joseph Cameron,
• Tell Tuttle,
• Neil J. Findlay and
• Peter J. Skabara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1243–1251, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.141

• ; star-shaped molecules; synthesis; truxene; Introduction Star-shaped oligomers share a common central unit with multiple arms branching from the core [1]. The morphology and electronic properties of these oligomers often vary from the linear versions of the arms alone. 10,15-Dihydro-5H-diindeno[1,2-a;1

Simple and rapid hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol with aqueous formic acid in catalytic flow reactors

• Rahat Javaid,
• Shin-ichiro Kawasaki,
• Akira Suzuki and
• Toshishige M. Suzuki

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1156–1163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.129

• emission spectroscopy (ICP–AES, Model SPS 3100; SII Nano Technology Inc.). The morphology of the inner surface of the catalytic tubular reactors was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX, XL30S; Philips Co.). UV–vis absorption spectra were

• measurement. (a) Graphical presentation of Pd–Ag co-plating and sequential removal of Ag to give a porous Pd surface. (b) SEM image of Pd–Ag co-plated surface along with EDX presentation of Pd and Ag deposition. (c) Surface morphology of porous Pd. Schematic diagram of experimental setup used for the

C–C Bond formation catalyzed by natural gelatin and collagen proteins

• Dennis Kühbeck,
• Basab Bijayi Dhar,
• Eva-Maria Schön,
• Carlos Cativiela,
• Vicente Gotor-Fernández and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1111–1118, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.123

• -emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of the biocatalysts associated faster reactions with porous fibrilar morphologies and slower kinetics with thicker and close-grained surfaces (Figure 3). These results suggest that the morphology and/or physical state of the proteins play an important

• study with other biocatalysts showed an increase of the first-order rate constant as follows: Chitosan < gelatin < BSA < collagen. Remarkably, the morphology and the physical state of the protein play an important role on the kinetics of the nitroaldol reaction. It should be emphasized that although

Enhancement of efficiency in organic photovoltaic devices containing self-complementary hydrogen-bonding domains

• Rohan J. Kumar,
• Jegadesan Subbiah and
• Andrew B. Holmes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1102–1110, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.122

• weight and polydispersity [16][17], as well as the technical difficulty of studying morphology changes in thin films. Whilst high-efficiency BHJ devices based on solution-processed small molecules have also relied on the use of solvent additives in order to achieve high efficiencies [18][19], they offer

• a relatively simple basis for designing supramolecular interactions. Such interactions can be readily investigated in solution and the results can be translated to the solid state. As such, these supramolecular interactions may offer a means to control bulk morphology without reliance on post

The conjugation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to small peptides for generating multifunctional supramolecular nanofibers/hydrogels

• Jiayang Li,
• Yi Kuang,
• Junfeng Shi,
• Yuan Gao,
• Jie Zhou and
• Bing Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 908–917, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.104

• with an average width of around 48 nm (Figure 2B), which is a different morphology from that of 1a, and likely contributes to the thermal irreversibility of the hydrogel of 1b. Besides, the low density of the network in hydrogel 1b (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1) [64] agrees with its poor

Self-assembled organic–inorganic magnetic hybrid adsorbent ferrite based on cyclodextrin nanoparticles

• Ângelo M. L. Denadai,
• Frederico B. De Sousa,
• Joel J. Passos,
• Fernando C. Guatimosim,
• Kirla D. Barbosa,
• Ana E. Burgos,
• Fernando Castro de Oliveira,
• Jeann C. da Silva,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Nelcy D. S. Mohallem and
• Rubén D. Sinisterra

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1867–1876, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.215

• determine the particle size distribution, morphology and available binding sites on the surface of the materials. Microscopy analysis demonstrated that both ferrites present two different size domains, at the micro- and nanoscale level, with the latter being able to self-assemble into larger particles. Fe

• adsorption properties for both ferrites using chrome ions (Cr3+ and Cr2O72−) in aqueous solutions were tested and evaluated by ZP measurements. Results and Discussion Fe-Ni/Zn and Fe-Ni/Zn/βCD size characterization In order to investigate the Fe-Ni/Zn and Fe-Ni/Zn/βCD morphology and size distribution at

• . Ferrite morphology in the solid state was affected by βCD insertion, probably due to its size and key role as modulator during inorganic nucleation. Ferrites presented at least three different organization scales, from the micrometric to the nanometric level, and on the nanometric scale it was possible to

Design and synthesis of a photoswitchable guanidine catalyst

• Philipp Viehmann and
• Stefan Hecht

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1825–1830, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.209

• rac-lactide in order to explain the findings. Keywords: azobenzenes; guanidines; molecular switches; organocatalysis; photochromism; ring opening polymerization; Introduction The macroscopic properties of a given polymer, e.g., the glass-transition temperature, morphology, density and tensile

Dimerization of a cell-penetrating peptide leads to enhanced cellular uptake and drug delivery

• Jan Hoyer,
• Ulrich Schatzschneider,
• Michaela Schulz-Siegmund and
• Ines Neundorf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1788–1797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.204

• cells, indicating that a large fraction of (sC18)2 was able to reach the cytosol. Whether this is due to a different mechanism of uptake or to improved endosomal escape requires further investigation. Importantly, no effect on cell morphology is apparent and, thus, no cytotoxicity at a concentration

• , which exert the same effect on cell morphology (Figure 8) and induce an equal amount of LDH release (Figure 9). This is surprising at least for compound 4, since several PAD–CPP conjugates were shown to induce apoptosis upon cytosolic delivery [28][29]. It is possible, though, that the even higher

Polysiloxane ionic liquids as good solvents for β-cyclodextrin-polydimethylsiloxane polyrotaxane structures

• Narcisa Marangoci,
• Rodinel Ardeleanu,
• Laura Ursu,
• Constanta Ibanescu,
• Maricel Danu,
• Mariana Pinteala and
• Bogdan C. Simionescu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1610–1618, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.184

• observation indicates the complete dissolution of PRot in PDMS-Im/Br ionic liquid. This may be due to the disruption of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds that exist in β-CD-polymer polyrotaxane structures by the ionic liquid [9]. In addition, an ordered morphology was observed from wet-STEM images of the

• mixture, which also indicates a good dissolution of PRot in the PDMS-Im/Br ionic liquid (Figure 2). Apparently, the size of the morphology is maintained in PDMS-Im/Br with PRot mixture (Figure 2C,D) when we compare it with those corresponding to the ionic liquid (Figure 2A,B). The rheological properties

Synthesis and characterization of low-molecular-weight π-conjugated polymers covered by persilylated β-cyclodextrin

• Aurica Farcas,
• Ana-Maria Resmerita,
• Andreea Stefanache,
• Mihaela Balan and
• Valeria Harabagiu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1505–1514, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.170

• morphology and thermal properties of the PDOF-BTc rotaxane copolymer compared to its noncomplexed PDOF-BT homologue. In contrast, the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of PDOF-BTc rotaxane copolymer indicated lower values suggesting that the condensation reaction is subjected to steric effects of the

• ][27][31], continues for the PDOF-BTc polymer rotaxane, where a decrease of the Sq and the value of the Ha parameter (the first moment of the height distribution) indicated that the rotaxane architecture changed the morphology of PDOF-BT copolymer. These results could provide microscopic evidence for

Restructuring polymers via nanoconfinement and subsequent release

• Alan E. Tonelli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1318–1332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.151

• nucleant, the semi-crystalline morphology of PCL may be controlled. Of course, not only is the c-PCL nucleant necessarily nontoxic and biodegradable/bioabsorbable, it is also chemically compatible and has a “stealthy” nature. Bulk, as-received poly(ethylene terephthalate) (asr-PET) has been observed to

• demonstrated [69] that p-PET can be used in small quantities (a few percent) as an effective self-nucleating agent to control the bulk semicrystalline morphology of melt-processed asr-PET, and the resulting properties of nucleated PET (nuc-PET) were assessed. For instance, comparison of asr- and nuc-PET films

Control over molecular motion using the cis–trans photoisomerization of the azo group

• Estíbaliz Merino and
• María Ribagorda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1071–1090, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.119

• capable of holding other molecules. The isomerization process of azobenzene generates a molecular flapping and the molecules can be expelled outside in a photoinduced way. The morphology of the light-activated mesostructured silica nanoparticles (LAMs) is evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM

An easily accessible sulfated saccharide mimetic inhibits in vitro human tumor cell adhesion and angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells

• Grazia Marano,
• Claas Gronewold,
• Martin Frank,
• Anette Merling,
• Christian Kliem,
• Sandra Sauer,
• Manfred Wiessler,
• Eva Frei and
• Reinhard Schwartz-Albiez

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 787–803, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.89

• of the cell migration. GSF at a concentration of 5 mM diminished the number of WM-115 cells migrating into the wound after 24 h (Figure 5), and as shown in Figure 1 this is not due to a toxic effect of GSF. The influence on WM-266-4 cells was even more pronounced. These cells changed their morphology

Cyanoethylation of the glucans dextran and pullulan: Substitution pattern and formation of nanostructures and entrapment of magnetic nanoparticles

• Kathrin Fiege,
• Heinrich Lünsdorf,
• Sevil Atarijabarzadeh and
• Petra Mischnick

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 551–566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.63

• specific interaction between cyano groups and iron could be proven. The size distribution and morphology of the nanoparticles were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EF–TEM) with parallel electron energy loss

• electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were recorded. Using SEM the morphology of polysaccharide particles is accessible. The parameters and results of the DLS and SEM measurements are summarized in Table 3. DLS measurements were in good agreement with the evaluation of the electron microscopy images

• . According to the micrographs, the morphology of the cyanoethyl nanoparticles can be considered as spherical. Representative SEM pictures of CEP-3 + Fe-np (Table 3, entry 2) are shown in Figure 10. The influence of different amounts of ferromagnetic nanoparticle dispersion was investigated (10–200 μL or

Enantioselective supramolecular devices in the gas phase. Resorcin[4]arene as a model system

• Caterina Fraschetti,
• Matthias C. Letzel,
• Antonello Filippi,
• Maurizio Speranza and
• Jochen Mattay

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 539–550, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.62

• simplified models under conditions, such as the gas phase, in which the noncovalent interactions in the guest–host complex are not perturbed by effects owing to the medium. As biological function and morphology are strongly correlated, knowledge of the supramolecular host–guest structures is expected to shed

Liquid-crystalline nanoparticles: Hybrid design and mesophase structures

• Gareth L. Nealon,
• Romain Greget,
• Cristina Dominguez,
• Zsuzsanna T. Nagy,
• Daniel Guillon,
• Jean-Louis Gallani and
• Bertrand Donnio

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 349–370, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.39

• addressable 2-D and 3-D arrangements exhibiting high processability and self-healing properties. Herein, we review the developments in the field of discrete thermotropic liquid-crystalline nanoparticle hybrids, with special emphasis on the relationship between the nanoparticle morphology and the nature of the

• morphology (size, shape and roughness) and can be manipulated by coating with suitable structure-directing agents. Amongst the techniques used to assemble NPs, self-assembly methods show immense promise towards achieving the ambitious results expected from the field of nanotechnology research [23]. Liquid

• surface chemistry and morphology characteristics of the NP under investigation, ensuring a suitable anchoring group and structure-directing groups are present in the molecular structure. In the case of Au NPs, which are by far the most extensively investigated, there are two main methods used for the

Continuous preparation of carbon-nanotube-supported platinum catalysts in a flow reactor directly heated by electric current

• Alicja Schlange,
• Antonio Rodolfo dos Santos,
• Ulrich Kunz and
• Thomas Turek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1412–1420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.165

• transportation in comparison to hydrogen. At present, factors such as low power densities and high material costs, especially of the electrode, are the main challenges in widespread commercialization of DMFCs. Several research groups have shown that there is a clear correlation between the morphology of a carbon

• preparation method is one of the most important factors determining the morphology and activity of Pt catalysts supported by carbon nanotubes. Short heating times and short reaction times are essential for the reduction of highly active platinum particles on nanotube supports. The proposed continuous

Air-stable, recyclable, and time-efficient diphenylphosphinite cellulose-supported palladium nanoparticles as a catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura reactions

• Qingwei Du and
• Yiqun Li

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 378–385, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.48

• morphology of Cell–OPPh2–Pd0 and Cell–OPPh2 was studied by SEM and TEM. A clear change in morphology is observed after anchoring palladium onto the polymer support (Figure 3). The TEM image of the Cell–OPPh2–Pd0 catalyst shows that the average size of the nanopalladium particles is in the range of 4–15 nm

• (Figure 4a). The TEM image of the used catalyst indicates that the size and morphology of the nanopalladium has suffered slightly from agglomeration in the recovered catalyst after being reused six times (Figure 4b). Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions To explore the efficiency of the

Protonation and deprotonation induced organo/hydrogelation: Bile acid derived gelators containing a basic side chain

• Uday Maitra and
• Arkajyoti Chakrabarty

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 304–309, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.40

• /water hydrogel (normally cooled), inter-connected fibres (Figure 5a) and some needle-like microcrystallites (Figure 5b) were observed under a polarizing optical microscope. Interestingly, there were two types of morphology observed in the SEM micrographs: Normally-cooled gels showed finer fibres as

• -stability of the hydrogel. However, it was also found that the organogel showed high thermal stability and the nanoscale morphology represented fibres of diameters ranging from 80 nm to 1 μm. The hydrogel had comparatively lower thermal stability and showed different morphologies on sonication induced

Synthesis and self-assembly of 1-deoxyglucose derivatives as low molecular weight organogelators

• Guijun Wang,
• Hao Yang,
• Sherwin Cheuk and
• Sherman Coleman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 234–242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.31

• 9A formed fibrous assemblies (Figure 3A, Figure 3B). Compound 9B showed tubular assemblies (Figure 3C) and more straight cylindrical tube or ribbons (Figure 3D) at different areas. Compound 15B formed gels more efficiently at 4 mg/mL in the ethanol/water mixture. The morphology of the assembly showed