Genome mining in Trichoderma viride J1-030: discovery and identification of novel sesquiterpene synthase and its products

• Xiang Sun,
• You-Sheng Cai,
• Yujie Yuan,
• Guangkai Bian,
• Ziling Ye,
• Zixin Deng and
• Tiangang Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2052–2058, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.202

• Xiang Sun You-Sheng Cai Yujie Yuan Guangkai Bian Ziling Ye Zixin Deng Tiangang Liu Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China 10.3762/bjoc.15.202 Abstract Sesquiterpene

Recent advances on the transition-metal-catalyzed synthesis of imidazopyridines: an updated coverage

• Gagandeep Kour Reen,
• Ashok Kumar and
• Pratibha Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1612–1704, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.165

• been given much attention in various research fields, such as the discovery of lead compounds in medicinal chemistry, or combinatorial chemistry [95][96]. Copper-catalyzed synthetic protocols Ghosh and Mishra [97] have successfully reported the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in a three-component

Ugi reaction-derived prolyl peptide catalysts grafted on the renewable polymer polyfurfuryl alcohol for applications in heterogeneous enamine catalysis

• Alexander F. de la Torre,
• Gabriel S. Scatena,
• Oscar Valdés,
• Daniel G. Rivera and
• Márcio W. Paixão

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1210–1216, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.118

• . We have previously proven the feasibility of this multicomponent approach for the combinatorial synthesis and rapid screening of pseudo-peptide catalysts [7] and their silica gel-immobilized variants [8]. The choice of using acetone and the S-configured α-methylbenzylamine was made in agreement with

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs): a useful access to the synthesis of benzo-fused γ-lactams

• Edorta Martínez de Marigorta,
• Jesús M. de Los Santos,
• Ana M. Ochoa de Retana,
• Javier Vicario and
• Francisco Palacios

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1065–1085, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.104

• heterocycles. Especially interesting are the applications of these MCRs [61][62][63][64] in combinatorial chemistry [65] and diversity-oriented synthesis [66], where structurally diverse compound libraries can be rapidly synthesized. Therefore, this article reviews the procedures disclosed recently for the

A chemically contiguous hapten approach for a heroin–fentanyl vaccine

• Yoshihiro Natori,
• Candy S. Hwang,
• Lucy Lin,
• Lauren C. Smith,
• Bin Zhou and
• Kim D. Janda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1020–1031, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.100

• fentanyl contaminating the supply of heroin and cocaine to enhance their overall potencies. This trend is particularly disconcerting due to the observation that the combinatorial consumption of 10% fentanyl in heroin significantly enhances the risk of overdose by prolonging the detrimental effects of

Synthesis of (macro)heterocycles by consecutive/repetitive isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions

• Angélica de Fátima S. Barreto and
• Carlos Kleber Z. Andrade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 906–930, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.88

• of polystyrene resin 3 as the amine component. After resin removal with piperidine in DMF, a combinatorial strategy of replacing the carboxylic acid component with trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN3) (azido-Ugi reaction) or cyanic acid, followed by Fmoc removal (TFA), allowed the formation of the tetrazole

• has been found in the use of dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) [42]. One of the most accessible reversible bonds is the imine bond and has been widely used in DCC. In this context, a freezing process of a dynamic combinatorial library (DCL), which is a system of recognition and thermodynamic

Mechanochemistry of supramolecules

• Anima Bose and
• Prasenjit Mal

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 881–900, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.86

• supramolecular chemistry are dynamic combinatorial chemistry [11], subcomponent self-assembly approach [12][13][14], and systems chemistry [15][16][17][18], etc. There also has been growing interest towards exploration of nontraditional energy sources like visible light [19][20], microwave [21], mechanochemical

• achieved from benzyl alcohol using a Br+ source as the catalyst (Figure 16). In the reaction pot subcomponents such as benzaldehydes and H+ were formed which further participated in a cascade transformation to give dihydropyrimidones 29. Dynamic combinatorial chemistry and mechano-milling Dynamic

• combinatorial chemistry (DCC) is one of the most important topics which make us understand the relationship between complex molecules and living systems. With this approach, a library of chemical species called dynamic combinatorial library (DCL) can be designed which are in thermodynamic equilibrium with each

Polyaminoazide mixtures for the synthesis of pH-responsive calixarene nanosponges

• Antonella Di Vincenzo,
• Antonio Palumbo Piccionello,
• Alberto Spinella,
• Delia Chillura Martino,
• Marco Russo and
• Paolo Lo Meo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 633–641, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.59

• their relative amount as well. Hence, keeping into account the structures of the precursor species, by means of a simple combinatorial analysis it is possible to show how each component is indeed the product of simple nucleophilic displacement processes. The HR-ESIMS spectra of both mixtures appear very

Selectivity in multiple multicomponent reactions: types and synthetic applications

• Ouldouz Ghashghaei,
• Francesca Seghetti and
• Rodolfo Lavilla

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 521–534, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.46

• early example involves the synthesis of protease inhibitors by double Ugi 4CR using pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, isocyanides, amines and aldehydes (Scheme 2), and the combinatorial implications of this protocol were analyzed [6]. Ugi and Dömling soon realized the potential of such experiments, which

• helped to pave the way of combinatorial chemistry and its applications for the fast generation of pharmacological hits through library deconvolution. The reactivity of the system led to complex product mixtures, with no practical substrate selectivity. However, if in analogous experiments several

• formal 8-component adduct can be assembled through a one-pot protocol combining imidazoline, cyanomethylamide and Ugi MCRs. Although the final product is a complex stereoisomeric mixture, the process stands as a milestone for the rapid construction of complex structures, amenable to combinatorial

Aqueous olefin metathesis: recent developments and applications

• Valerio Sabatino and
• Thomas R. Ward

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 445–468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.39

• combinatorial library [88]. The work carried out by Davis and co-workers led to the metabolic incorporation of unnatural amino acids (uAAs) bearing a terminal alkene as CM substrates for protein modification [89]. The authors investigated the possibility to incorporate methionine (Met) analogues in a Met

Repurposing the anticancer drug cisplatin with the aim of developing novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection control agents

• Mingjun Yuan,
• Song Lin Chua,
• Yang Liu,
• Daniela I. Drautz-Moses,
• Joey Kuok Hoong Yam,
• Thet Tun Aung,
• Roger W. Beuerman,
• May Margarette Santillan Salido,
• Stephan C. Schuster,
• Choon-Hong Tan,
• Michael Givskov,
• Liang Yang and
• Thomas E. Nielsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3059–3069, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.284

• the PAO1 biofilms, as combinatorial treatment of 2 × MIC of cisplatin with 4 × MIC or 8 × MIC tobramycin killed the biofilm cells at a higher rate compared to the mono-compound treatment (Figure 6). These results suggest that combination of cisplatin and other conventional antimicrobials could be a

Ring-closing-metathesis-based synthesis of annellated coumarins from 8-allylcoumarins

• Christiane Schultze and
• Bernd Schmidt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2991–2998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.278

• these established methods necessary. Examples from the past 15 years include transition metal-catalyzed transformations [21][22][23], solid-phase synthesis directed at combinatorial library design [24] and organocatalytic annellation reactions [25][26]. Sparked by our interest in the development and

Protein–protein interactions in bacteria: a promising and challenging avenue towards the discovery of new antibiotics

• Laura Carro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2881–2896, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.267

• correlated with improved minimal inhibitory concentrations and that Gram-positive microorganisms are more susceptible, likely due to the inability of molecules to permeate the outer membrane of Gram-negative pathogens [88]. In a follow-up study, a combinatorial synthesis approach was utilized to generate a

• a challenge. Thus far, extensive in silico and high throughput screening campaigns of libraries of compounds, combinatorial synthesis and structure-based design approaches, biophysical screening techniques (i.e., fluorescence polarization, surface plasmon resonance and differential scanning

Carbohydrate inhibitors of cholera toxin

• Vajinder Kumar and
• W. Bruce Turnbull

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 484–498, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.34

• synthesis, so they designed second generation inhibitors by changing the synthetically challenging α-Neu5Ac with alpha-hydroxy acids 2 [33][34]. Using a combinatorial approach, a library of non-hydrolyzable, non O-glycosidic third generation inhibitors were synthesised using appropriate linkers. The CTB

• presented on the polymer scaffold with an IC50 value of 0.005 µM. In contrast, the IC50 value shown by a monomeric version of this heterobifunctional ligand 39 was in the millimolar range, similar to the compound m-nitrophenyl galactopyranoside (4). Fulton and co-workers developed a dynamic combinatorial

Aminosugar-based immunomodulator lipid A: synthetic approaches

• Alla Zamyatina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 25–53, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.3

Grip on complexity in chemical reaction networks

• Albert S. Y. Wong and
• Wilhelm T. S. Huck

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1486–1497, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.147

• ][75][76][77]. The underlying principle of compartmentalization, dynamic combinatorial chemistry, and hydrogelation also appears in different types of networks [78][79][80][81][82][83][84]. Chemical networks can be readily made from tunable organic structures, holding considerable potential in the

• of a bilayer network composed of the mechanical action of a temperature-responsive gel coupled with various exothermic reactions. Reprinted with permission from [34], copyright 2012 Nature Publishing Group. (b) Small dynamic combinatorial library made from dithiol building blocks. Adapted with

Biomimetic molecular design tools that learn, evolve, and adapt

• David A Winkler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1288–1302, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.125

• for the design and discovery of novel technologies, materials, and molecules has its origin in two seemingly unrelated historical figures. Charles Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood Many are not aware that, arguably, one of the first ‘combinatorial’ materials scientists was Josiah Wedgwood. His ultimate

• materials synthesis, characterization, and testing technologies – e.g., RAMP, flow chemistry, high-throughput beam lines, combinatorial chemistry. They suggest that an automatic, closed loop system could be developed where the fittest materials synthesized in a given generation are used to design the next

From chemical metabolism to life: the origin of the genetic coding process

• Antoine Danchin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1119–1135, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.111

New tricks of well-known aminoazoles in isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions and antibacterial activity of the compounds synthesized

• Maryna V. Murlykina,
• Maryna N. Kornet,
• Sergey M. Desenko,
• Svetlana V. Shishkina,
• Oleg V. Shishkin,
• Aleksander A. Brazhko,
• Vladimir I. Musatov,
• Erik V. Van der Eycken and
• Valentin A. Chebanov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1050–1063, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.104

• , anti-inflammatory [28][43], antiviral [39][44], antidiabetic [45] effects and cancer cell growth-inhibitory features should be mentioned [29][46][47][48]. Ugi-4CR has been applied in the synthesis of natural products, as bicyclomycin, furanomycin, penicillin etc. [53]. The high combinatorial potential

Opportunities and challenges for the sustainable production of structurally complex diterpenoids in recombinant microbial systems

• Katarina Kemper,
• Max Hirte,
• Markus Reinbold,
• Monika Fuchs and
• Thomas Brück

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 845–854, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.85

• , combinatorial enzyme design and microbial engineering. Mutational engineering of terpene synthases Site-directed mutagenesis of diterpene cyclases is conventionally applied to elucidate structure–function relationships and mostly targets the active site of the enzyme in order to change the polarity or dimension

• mutations of MvCPS1, W323L:F505Y, and W323F:F505Y completely changed the product specificity towards a novel, so far uncharacterized halimadane type diterpene [58] (Scheme 2). Combinatorial biosynthesis – enzyme design for manufactured terpenes Conventional identification of new enzyme activities involved

• performed in vivo substrate promiscuity tests following a combinatorial approach [41][66]. The resulting products entailed pimarane- and abietane-type diterpenes as well as the trans-clerodane type diterpene kolavenol, a putative intermediate in the salvinorin A biosynthesis. Other bifunctional diterpene

A practical and efficient approach to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-fused isoquinolines through the post-GBB transformation strategy

• Taofeng Shao,
• Zhiming Gong,
• Tianyi Su,
• Wei Hao and
• Chao Che

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 817–824, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.82

• the application in parallel synthesis and combinatorial chemistry. Experimental Typical procedure for the GBB multicomponent reaction. To a solution of 2-aminopyridine (1a, 0.5 mmol), 2-ethynylbenzaldehyde (2a, 0.5 mmol), and tert-butylisocyanide (3, 0.6 mmol) in 1 mL of methanol were added p

DMAP-assisted sulfonylation as an efficient step for the methylation of primary amine motifs on solid support

• Johnny N. Naoum,
• Koushik Chandra,
• Dorit Shemesh,
• R. Benny Gerber,
• Chaim Gilon and
• Mattan Hurevich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 806–816, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.81

• procedure on solid support [3][24][25]. These improvements enabled, for the first time, the synthesis of a combinatorial library of all possible N-methylated analogues of a given sequence [26]. These strategies have been used over two decades as standard procedures for N-methylations of linear and cyclic

Conjecture and hypothesis: The importance of reality checks

• David Deamer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 620–624, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.60

• mononucleotides [22][28][29]. Because the resulting polymers can be encapsulated in lipid vesicles, it has been proposed that the resulting protocells are candidates for combinatorial selection and the first steps of evolution [30]. Conclusion From the above discussion, alternative conjectures have been published

• present in the mixture, the conditions will allow them to assemble into membranous compartments. A plausible physical mechanism can produce encapsulated polymers in the form of protocells and subject them to combinatorial selection. These conditions can also be considered to be predictions, because each

A chemoselective and continuous synthesis of m-sulfamoylbenzamide analogues

• Arno Verlee,
• Thomas Heugebaert,
• Tom van der Meer,
• Pavel I. Kerchev,
• Frank Van Breusegem and
• Christian V. Stevens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 303–312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.33

• suitable for automation, thus allowing the fast synthesis of compound libraries, but as opposed to, e.g., combinatorial chemistry, the developed protocols are directly useful for scale-up. A class of small molecules where these principles can apply for are m-sulfamoylbenzamides. These compounds proved to

NMR reaction monitoring in flow synthesis

• M. Victoria Gomez and
• Antonio de la Hoz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 285–300, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.31

• the sample is injected directly into the flow probe to give a simple flow-NMR system. Applications of DI–NMR include combinatorial chemistry for the analysis of libraries [36], analysis of biofluids for clinical diagnosis [37] and metabolomics [38]. Applications in organic synthesis In this section we