Configuration–packing synergy enabling integrated crystalline-state RTP and amorphous-state TADF

• Ruiyan Wang and
• Yunan Wu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 224–236, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.16

• EL spectra were measured under ambient conditions. Synthesis The synthetic route to 1 is shown in Scheme 1 and comprises imide formation followed by a Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling. Synthesis of 5-bromo-2-(p-tolyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (PI-Br, 4) In the first step, 2 (2.00 g, 8.81 mmol) was carefully

• dried crude product was purified by column chromatography using a solvent mixture of dichloromethane and n-hexane in a 1:2 volume ratio. The purified product 4 was obtained as a white solid in a yield of 2.53 g (91%). Synthesis of 5-(3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-2-(p-tolyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (1) For

• the synthesis of compound 1, 5-bromo-2-(p-tolyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (4, 1.00 g, 3.16 mmol) was first dissolved in 80 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF) in a 250 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask. The solution was again purged with nitrogen gas for 30 minutes to create an inert atmosphere and ensure that

Synthesis of diaryl phosphates using phytic acid as a phosphorus source

• Kazuya Asao,
• Seika Matsumoto,
• Haruka Mori,
• Riku Yoshimura,
• Takeshi Sasaki,
• Naoya Hirata,
• Yasuyuki Hayakawa and
• Shin-ichi Kawaguchi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 213–223, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.15

• soil. It can potentially serve as a phosphorus source in the syntheses of organic phosphates; however, this approach has not been utilized for the preparation of phosphate esters. In this study, we report the first successful synthesis of phosphate esters using phytic acid as a phosphorus source. Crude

• rely on phosphate rock but instead uses biomass as a phosphorus source. Keywords: diaryl phosphates; phosphate esters; phosphate ester synthesis; phosphorus recovery; phytic acid; Introduction Phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate, Scheme 1) is a phosphorus-rich molecule, which is

• -free synthetic methods have been reported for the synthesis of phosphorus compounds (Figure 2A) [35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Cummins’s group demonstrated that phosphoric acid and condensed phosphoric acid can be reduced using trichlorosilane. The resulting intermediate, the bis(trichlorosilyl

Screwing the helical chirality through terminal peri-functionalization

• Devesh Chandra,
• Sachin and
• Upendra Sharma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 205–212, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.14

• systems. These methods aim to achieve precise enantioselectivity, enabling the synthesis of helical molecules with specific handedness. In modern day science, helical chirality is gaining more and more importance in various fields such as drug design, optoelectronics, spintronics, diagnosis tool

• in their core structure [8]. Point chirality is the simplest form of chirality, and it is relatively easy to control and characterize during the synthesis of organic molecules. Due to these facts point chirality holds a central position among the different types of chirality. Axial chirality is

• another important type of chirality, where the chirality is controlled by restricted rotation among an axis. These types of molecules play an important role as chiral ligands in organic synthesis, i.e., BINOL, BINAP, etc. [9][10][11]. Another form of chirality, where chirality depends on a constrained

Base-promoted deacylation of 2-acetyl-2,5-dihydrothiophenes and their oxygen-mediated hydroxylation

• Vladimir G. Ilkin,
• Margarita Likhacheva,
• Igor V. Trushkov,
• Tetyana V. Beryozkina,
• Vera S. Berseneva,
• Vladimir T. Abaev,
• Wim Dehaen and
• Vasiliy A. Bakulev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 192–204, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.13

• Oxidative transformations are an important area of modern organic synthesis [1], producing a broad range of valuable synthetic products for the industry. A variety of catalytic reactions were developed for the oxidative conversions of unsaturated compounds [2][3][4][5], alcohols [6][7], alkanes [8][9][10

• migration in the formed tetrahedral intermediate to afford formate ester; c) hydrolysis of the latter to form phenols [28]. The development of methods for the construction of heterocycles and their modification is an important area of organic synthesis [29]. Although the Dakin oxidation has become a

• convenient tool for the preparation of phenols from aromatic ketones, several specific approaches have been developed for the synthesis of hydroxylated heterocycles [30][31][32][33][34]. The deacylation of ketones is also another important direction of their transformation [35][36][37][38]. Dihydrothiophenes

Streptoquinolines A and B, new antibacterial meroterpenoids produced by Streptomyces sp. TMPU-A0679

• Akiho Yagi,
• Hitomi Tomura,
• Ami Konno and
• Ryuji Uchida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 185–191, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.12

• undertaking the total synthesis of this putative natural precursor to further confirm its structure and biological properties. To date, only two structurally related meroterpenoids to 1 and 2 have been reported: thallusin [7] and saccharoquinoline [8], both of which share a drimane-type sesquiterpene skeleton

Improved synthesis and physicochemical characterization of the selective serotonin 2A receptor agonist 25CN-NBOH

• Adrian G. Rossebø,
• Hannah G. Kolberg,
• Anders E. Tønder,
• Louise Kjaerulff,
• Poul Erik Hansen,
• Karla A. Frydenvang,
• Jesper Østergaard and
• Jesper L. Kristensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 175–184, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.11

• respect to the physiochemical properties and handling of the compound in various research scenarios. Keywords: intramolecular hydrogen bond; membrane permeability; solubility; stability; synthesis; Introduction In recent years, classical psychedelics such as psilocybin and LSD have re-emerged as

• have investigated the properties of 25CN-NBOH·HCl (1·HCl) – both in the solid form and in solution. We also optimized the last step in its synthesis and investigated the structural basis for its high membrane permeability, despite the presence of a free phenolic moiety. Results and Discussion Synthesis

• The synthesis of 1 starts from commercially available 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-H), which can be transformed into the intermediate 2C-CN, (Figure 1). We have previously reported high yielding 4-step procedure for this process, whereas the yield in the final step in the synthesis of 1 was a

A new synthesis of Tyrian purple (6,6’-dibromoindigo) and its corresponding sulfonate salts

• Holly Helmers,
• Mark Horton,
• Julie Concepcion,
• Jeffrey Bjorklund and
• Nicholas C. Boaz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 167–174, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.10

• , known as Tyrian purple. In this work, we report a new strategy for the synthesis of 6,6’-dibromoindigo in four steps from p-bromotoluene in 14.5% overall yield. A key improvement in the reported synthesis is the oxidation of the benzylic methyl group of 4-bromo-2-nitrotoluene to 4-bromo-2

• ; sulfonation; synthesis; Tyrian purple; Introduction Tyrian purple, a reddish-purple dye, has been used for millennia to create vibrant, purple-colored textiles [1]. This coveted dye was produced in small quantities using large numbers of sea snails found in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The relative rarity

• purple, several syntheses of 1 have been reported in the literature [5]. As shown in Scheme 1A, a common route to 1 uses 4-bromo-2-nitrotoluene (3) as a key intermediate [5]. We were interested in a safe and cost-efficient synthesis of the major component of Tyrian purple that is amenable to generating

Circumventing Mukaiyama oxidation: selective S–O bond formation via sulfenamide–alcohol coupling

• Guoling Huang,
• Huarui Zhu,
• Shuting Zhou,
• Wanlin Zheng,
• Fangpeng Liang,
• Zhibo Zhao,
• Yifei Chen and
• Xunbo Lu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 158–166, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.9

• /bjoc.22.9 Abstract A selective and efficient method for the synthesis of sulfinimidate esters via an NBS-promoted oxidative coupling of sulfenamides with alcohols has been developed. This operationally simple, metal-free protocol uses inexpensive and readily available reagents, operates under mild

• versatile intermediates for enantioselective S–C bond formation under mild and metal-free conditions. Keywords: asymmetric synthesis; late-stage functionalization; selective oxidation; sulfenamides; sulfinimidate esters; Introduction Sulfur is a privileged heteroatom in organic chemistry, celebrated for

• constructing S–C and S–N bonds, particularly in the synthesis of sulfilimines [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] and sulfinamidines [32][33][34]. Their tunable reactivity and modularity have positioned them as versatile scaffolds for sulfur–nitrogen architecture development. Our group

Asymmetric Mannich reaction of aromatic imines with malonates in the presence of multifunctional catalysts

• Kadri Kriis,
• Harry Martõnov,
• Annette Miller,
• Mia Peterson,
• Ivar Järving and
• Tõnis Kanger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 151–157, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.8

• been used in the synthesis of numerous pharmaceuticals and natural products [7]. The application of asymmetric synthesis enables access to enantiomerically pure targets. Earlier, metal catalysis was used for Mannich reactions [8][9], but in recent years, methods of asymmetric organocatalysis have been

Design and synthesis of an axially chiral platinum(II) complex and its CPL properties in PMMA matrix

• Daiki Tauchi,
• Sota Ogura,
• Misa Sakura,
• Kazunori Tsubaki and
• Masashi Hasegawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 143–150, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.7

• also from the perspective of fundamental chemistry. In recent years, the design and synthesis of luminescent pincer-type platinum(II) metal complexes incorporating chirality, as well as the study of their physicochemical properties, have gained significant interest [18][19][20][21][22]. Such efforts

• and synthesis of a chiral ligand featuring an axially chiral binaphthyl backbone and its employment in the construction of novel types of a chiral platinum(II) complex with pincer ligand (Figure 1). We investigated the spectroscopic properties of the resulting complex, including its chiroptical

• environment. Results and Discussion Synthesis Each enantiomer of the target platinum(II) complex was synthesized separately. The synthesis of the chiral backbone S/R-3 was prepared in two steps starting from a chiral binaphthyl derivative [23]. Compound S/R-2 was obtained by using a Sonogashira coupling

Symmetrical D–π–A–π–D indanone dyes: a new design for nonlinear optics and cyanide detection

• Ergin Keleş,
• Alberto Barsella,
• Nurgül Seferoğlu,
• Zeynel Seferoğlu and
• Burcu Aydıner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 131–142, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.6

• Supporting Information File 16: Synthesis of compounds, copies of NMR, HRMS and UV–vis spectra and DFT results. Acknowledgements The numerical calculations reported in this paper were fully performed at TUBITAK ULAKBIM, High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TRUBA resources). This study constitutes

Highly electrophilic, gem- and spiro-activated trichloromethylnitrocyclopropanes: synthesis and structure

• Ilia A. Pilipenko,
• Mikhail V. Grigoriev,
• Olga Yu. Ozerova,
• Igor A. Litvinov,
• Darya V. Spiridonova,
• Aleksander V. Vasilyev and
• Sergey V. Makarenko

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 123–130, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.5

• group; X-ray; Introduction Trichloromethyl groups containing compounds are widely used in the organic synthesis of practically significant substances [1][2]. Based on them, methods have been developed for the synthesis of hard-to-access 5-aminoisoxazoles [3], α- and γ-heterosubstituted unsaturated

• carboxylic acids [4]. The trichloromethyl group is a convenient precursor of the carboxylic function, which determines their use in the synthesis of α-amino acids [5]. A number of natural trichloromethyl-containing compounds are metabolites of symbionts of marine sponges – cyanobacteria [6][7][8] – and have

• nitro group upon breaking the C–C bond [16][17]. Substituted nitrocyclopropanes in reactions with various nucleophiles form linear precursors for the synthesis of γ-substituted α-aminobutyric acids [18][19], cyclic nitropyrrolines [20] and isoxazoline N-oxides [18]. The nitrocyclopropane fragment is a

Total synthesis of natural products based on hydrogenation of aromatic rings

• Haoxiang Wu and
• Xiangbing Qi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 88–122, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.4

• synthesis of complex natural products and pharmaceutical agents. This review highlights recent advances in catalytic (hetero)arene hydrogenation, with a focus on its application in natural product synthesis. Keywords: aromatic rings; dearomatization; hydrogenation; natural products; total synthesis

• ; Introduction For decades, a principal objective in natural product synthesis has been the development and utilization of efficient methods to access molecular frameworks with defined stereochemical complexity [1]. Natural products, such as taxol [2], strychnine [3][4][5], and tetrodotoxin [6][7][8], which

• contain complex three-dimensional structures, make total synthesis challenging. The retrosynthetic analysis [9], alongside the evolution of methodologies such as “two-phase synthesis” [10], “biomimetic synthesis” [11], or “protecting-group-free synthesis” [12], has progressively streamlined synthetic

Advances in Zr-mediated radical transformations and applications to total synthesis

• Hiroshige Ogawa and
• Hugh Nakamura

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 71–87, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.3

• where organic synthesis plays a central role, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, materials chemistry, organic semiconductors, and organic thin-film solar cells. These areas are intimately linked to human life; thus, advances in organic synthesis are essential for improving human well-being

• . Nearly two centuries after the seminal 1828 synthesis of urea from inorganic precursors – often regarded as the birth of organic synthesis – the field continues to evolve rapidly and to exert profound impact on society. A retrospective of almost 200 years of organic synthesis shows that the development

• for future development. Keywords: halogen atom transfer; photoredox; radical; total synthesis; zirconium; Introduction Zirconium, a transition metal in the same group as titanium, has been employed across research fields and in medical applications owing to its distinctive physical and chemical

Synthesis and applications of alkenyl chlorides (vinyl chlorides): a review

• Daniel S. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2026, 22, 1–63, doi:10.3762/bjoc.22.1

• prepared in 1868 by Charles Friedel – best known for the Friedel–Crafts reaction – via the reaction of ketones with phosphorus pentachloride, these compounds have steadily gained attention over the decades. In recent years, their distinct reactivity and potential in organic synthesis have been increasingly

• recognized. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and application of alkenyl chlorides, with a focus on developments over the past four decades. By organizing this growing body of work, I aim to highlight key advances and help guide the design of new transformations involving this

• ], and pesticides [7] (Figure 2). Throughout this review, the term “alkenyl chloride” refers broadly to chloroalkenes beyond vinyl chloride (CH2=CHCl), the monomer used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production. Before detailing the synthesis and applications of alkenyl chlorides, we wish to acknowledge

One-pot synthesis of ethylmaltol from maltol

• Immanuel Plangger,
• Marcel Jenny,
• Gregor Plangger and
• Thomas Magauer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2755–2760, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.212

• synthesis of ethylmaltol from a renewable precursor. Keywords: ethylmaltol; flavor enhancer; maltol; methylation; 4-pyrones; Introduction In 1969, a Pfizer patent first disclosed ethylmaltol (1) as a powerful, purely synthetic flavor and aroma enhancer (Scheme 1a) [1]. It has been found to have a 6-times

• ethylmaltol (1) is the use of maltol (2) as the starting material, which is readily available from tree barks. Importance and synthetic approaches to ethylmaltol (1). (a) Ethylmaltol (1) is widely used as a flavor enhancer. (b) Reported syntheses. (c) One-step synthesis from naturally occurring maltol (2

Sustainable electrochemical synthesis of aliphatic nitro-NNO-azoxy compounds employing ammonium dinitramide and their in vitro evaluation as potential nitric oxide donors and fungicides

• Alexander S. Budnikov,
• Nikita E. Leonov,
• Michael S. Klenov,
• Andrey A. Kulikov,
• Igor B. Krylov,
• Timofey A. Kudryashev,
• Aleksandr M. Churakov,
• Alexander O. Terent’ev and
• Vladimir A. Tartakovsky

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2739–2754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.211

• , Russian Federation 10.3762/bjoc.21.211 Abstract An atom- and step-economical electrochemical method for the synthesis of aliphatic nitro-NNO-azoxy compounds from the corresponding nitroso compounds was developed employing ammonium dinitramide, a prospective green oxidant for aerospace propulsion

• applications in organic synthesis as precursors for free radicals in selective transformations [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and polymerization initiators [12], energetic materials [13][14][15], NO donors [16][17], and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) [18]. Despite the wide diversity of their applications

• , electroorganic synthesis has become a powerful and reliable strategy for the functionalization of organic compounds under green and mild reaction conditions [36][37][38][39]. The control of selectivity through the variation of parameters such as current, voltage, electrolyte, electrodes, and the type of

Total synthesis of asperdinones B, C, D, E and terezine D

• Ravi Devarajappa and
• Stephen Hanessian

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2730–2738, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.210

• Ravi Devarajappa Stephen Hanessian Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C.P. 6128, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA 10.3762/bjoc.21.210 Abstract The total synthesis of new

• their architecturally intricate structures [8]. For these reasons, and considering the structural and stereochemical complexities of some members, indole alkaloids have been prime compounds of interest for total synthesis with spectacular successes [2][9][10]. A subset of simple indole alkaloids

• activity [20]. A related metabolite lacking the C7 prenyl group had been isolated from the cultures of Aspergillus chevalieri in 1976 [21]. The structure and absolute stereochemistry were confirmed by synthesis from tryptophan and ʟ-alanine [22]. The isolation of terezine D (6) and more recently, the (3R

Competitive cyclization of ethyl trifluoroacetoacetate and methyl ketones with 1,3-diamino-2-propanol into hydrogenated oxazolo- and pyrimido-condensed pyridones

• Svetlana O. Kushch,
• Marina V. Goryaeva,
• Yanina V. Burgart,
• Marina A. Ezhikova,
• Mikhail I. Kodess,
• Pavel A. Slepukhin,
• Alexandrina S. Volobueva,
• Vladimir V. Zarubaev and
• Victor I. Saloutin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2716–2729, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.209

• Svetlana O. Kushch Marina V. Goryaeva Yanina V. Burgart Marina A. Ezhikova Mikhail I. Kodess Pavel A. Slepukhin Alexandrina S. Volobueva Vladimir V. Zarubaev Victor I. Saloutin Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskoy St. 22/20

• -trifluoroacetoacetate and methyl ketones enables the synthesis to be carried out for octahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-6-ones and hexahydrooxazolo[3,2-a]pyridin-5-ones, the preferential formation of which depends on the substituent in the methyl ketone component. Dual acid–base catalysis of the reactions with alkyl

• methyl ketones increases the regioselectivity in the synthesis of octahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidinones. The cyclization with acetophenone is characterized by the regiospecific generation of these bicycles. The presence of three chiral centers in the synthesized bicycles, depending on the alkyl substituent

Tandem hydrothiocyanation/cyclization of CF₃-iminopropargyl alcohols with NaSCN in the presence of AcOH

• Ruslan S. Shulgin,
• Ol’ga G. Volostnykh,
• Anton V. Stepanov,
• Igor’ A. Ushakov,
• Alexander V. Vashchenko and
• Olesya A. Shemyakina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2694–2702, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.207

• Ruslan S. Shulgin Ol'ga G. Volostnykh Anton V. Stepanov Igor' A. Ushakov Alexander V. Vashchenko Olesya A. Shemyakina A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia 10.3762/bjoc.21.207 Abstract The synthesis of

• from chemists as it is one of the most expedient and direct methods for the formation of a new C–S bond [9][10][11]. Thiocyanates represent a valuable class of molecules serving as versatile intermediates [12][13][14][15] in the synthesis of a broad range of organosulfur compounds, including thiols

• medicinal chemistry [33][34] and organic synthesis [35]. For example, they have been found to exhibit inhibitory activity against human leukocyte elastase (HLE) [35] and anti-HIV-1-activity [36]. Hydroperoxy sultams can also act as oxidants [37]. Conclusion In summary, we have developed a simple route to

Recent advancements in the synthesis of Veratrum alkaloids

• Morwenna Mögel,
• David Berger and
• Philipp Heretsch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2657–2693, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.206

• dense stereochemistry and, thus, have stood long as benchmarks in chemical synthesis. Recently, these steroid alkaloids gained popularity as challenging targets in total synthesis, with a clear shift toward convergent strategies. Not only do these syntheses feature rapid assembly of their challenging

• functionalization for rapid access to these exceptional alkaloids, while also showcasing the evolution of the art of synthesis and its ability in meeting the demands posed by molecular complexity. Keywords: alkaloid synthesis; convergent synthesis; total synthesis; Veratrum alkaloids; Introduction Veratrum

• alkaloids belong to the class of steroid alkaloids and are pseudoalkaloids, as they emerge biogenetically from steroidal biosynthesis via cholesterol and not, as usual for alkaloids, from amino acids [1]. For synthetic chemists, this combines challenges for steroid and alkaloid total synthesis and poses

Synthesis of new tetra- and pentacyclic, methylenedioxy- and ethylenedioxy-substituted derivatives of the dibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine ring system

• Gábor Berecz,
• András Dancsó,
• Mária Tóthné Lauritz,
• Loránd Kiss,
• Gyula Simig and
• Balázs Volk

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2645–2656, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.205

• ; Friedel–Crafts reaction; heterocycles; new ring systems; Introduction In our prior report [1] we disclosed the synthesis of new fused ring derivatives of the dibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine skeleton (1, Figure 1) shown by general structure 2. In recent publications we have also reported the synthesis of new

• have been also prepared. The synthesis of key intermediates 6 and 7 is presented in Scheme 1. The reaction of sulfonyl chloride 9 with 1,3-benzodioxol-5-amine or 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-amine gave sulfonamides 10 or 11, respectively. N-Methylation with methyl iodide via compounds 12 and 13

• , respectively (Scheme 2). The structure of compounds 20e and 21g was also confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (Figure 3). We demonstrated the potential utility of the synthesized new ring systems in the field of medicinal chemistry by the synthesis of tetracyclic analogues 20b and 21b of tianeptine

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the cardenolide rhodexin A and its aglycone sarmentogenin

• Fuzhen Song,
• Mengmeng Zheng,
• Dongkai Wang,
• Xudong Qu and
• Qianghui Zhou

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2637–2644, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.204

• Sciences and Biotechnology, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China 10.3762/bjoc.21.204 Abstract Herein, we report a concise chemoenzymatic synthesis of the cardenolide rhodexin A in 9 steps and the first protecting-group-free synthesis of its

• aglycone sarmentogenin in 7 steps from 17-deoxycortisone. The synthesis features a scalable enzymatic C14–H α-hydroxylation, a Bestmann ylide-enabled one-step construction of the butenolide motif, a late stage Mukaiyama hydration, and a stereoselective C11 carbonyl reduction. Keywords: cardiac glycosides

• ; C–H hydroxylation; chemoenzymatic synthesis; Mukaiyama hydration; protecting-group-free synthesis; Introduction Cardiac glycosides (CGs) are widely distributed natural products, generated by plants and amphibians [1]. Structurally, they are composed of an aglycone-steroidal moiety, an unsaturated

Thiazolidinones: novel insights from microwave synthesis, computational studies, and potentially bioactive hybrids

• Luan A. Martinho,
• Victor H. J. G. Praciano,
• Guilherme D. R. Matos,
• Claudia C. Gatto and
• Carlos Kleber Z. Andrade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2618–2636, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.203

• different products were obtained), delivers excellent yields (up to 99%), and requires low catalyst loading (10 mol %). This new approach was successfully applied to the synthesis of eight novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine–thiazolidinone hybrids in good to excellent yields (66–99%). A spectroscopic study of

• ], antioxidant [34], cytotoxic [35], and antiproliferative [36]. The structures of these compounds allow the synthesis of a large collection of bioactive molecules due to their nucleophilic and electrophilic properties [37]. One of the forms of modifications is at the methylene group, particularly in the 5

• explored. One notable approach is the use of microwave irradiation. Microwave-assisted synthesis has proven effective in reducing reaction times and improving yields [59][60][61][62]. Herein, we report the synthesis of 5-arylidene derivatives from rhodanine or thiazolidine-2,4-dione via the Knoevenagel

Efficient solid-phase synthesis and structural characterization of segetalins A–H, J and K

• Liangyu Liu,
• Wanqiu Lu,
• Quanping Guo and
• Zhaoqing Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 2612–2617, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.202

• strategy for the total synthesis of segetalins A–H, J and K (1–10), bioactive cyclopeptides isolated from Vaccaria segetalis. Linear precursors were assembled on cost-effective 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin via Fmoc-SPPS, followed by PyBOP-mediated head-to-tail cyclization in DMF (10−3 M). After RP-HPLC

• scalable methodology overcomes limitations of prior syntheses, enabling biological evaluation. Keywords: Fmoc-solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS); head-to-tail cyclization; plant cyclopeptides; Vaccaria segetalis; Introduction Cyclopeptides have garnered significant research interest owing to their

• synthetic approaches have encountered significant challenges. Sonnet et al. reported the first total synthesis of segetalin A (1) via Sasrin resin-based SPPS, followed by cyclization under highly dilute conditions (10−4 M) with diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) [17]. While successful, this approach suffers