One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• electrochemical long-term stability of these electrodes is often unsatisfactory due to particle coalescence and Ostwald ripening [15]. These degradation processes can be avoided by increasing interparticle distance (at the expense of the electrochemically active surface) or by creating barriers to prevent NP

Phase inversion-based nanoemulsions of medium chain triglyceride as potential drug delivery system for parenteral applications

• Eike Folker Busmann,
• Dailén García Martínez,
• Henrike Lucas and
• Karsten Mäder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 213–224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.16

• by the colored zones. The solutions corresponding to the grey zones did not yield any stable nanoemulsions because they (1) resulted in creaming and/or coalescence directly after the shock dilution, or (2) the phase inversion temperature was higher than the boiling point of the aqueous phase. For

• on the particle diameter is illustrated in Figure 6. With the exception of emulsion NE25, all nanoemulsions were stable over the course of eight weeks at the three storage conditions. Only NE25 underwent creaming and coalescence at 40 °C resulting in a significant increase of the particle diameter up

• coalescence or no phase inversion were observed in the grey zone. Ideal osmolality of aqueous sodium chloride solutions after Ph. Eur. 2.2.35 and experimental osmolality of aqueous dissolved Kolliphor HS 15, fitted according to Equation 1 and Equation 2. Ternary phase diagrams showing (a) the resulting

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• stepwise growth, falls below −40 mV, the particles can be dispersed in an ammoniacal ethanol solution and grown further by the continuous addition of tetraethyl orthosilicate to a diameter larger than 500 nm. Due to the high colloidal stability, a coalescence of the particles can be suppressed, and single

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• limited coalescence. Au-CPMV assemblies were freely suspended; no aggregation was observed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) or dynamic light scattering (DLS). The successful coating of CPMV particles with gold was confirmed by TEM (Figure 1). Nearly spherical NPs were observed the average diameters

Synthesis and potent cytotoxic activity of a novel diosgenin derivative and its phytosomes against lung cancer cells

• Liang Xu,
• Dekang Xu,
• Ziying Li,
• Yu Gao and
• Haijun Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1933–1942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.189

• be attribute to the coalescence of particles during drying. According to the literature, phytosomes will display micellar shapes in aqueous solution [37]. The spherical phytosomes may probably coagulate into rods in the drying step during TEM sample preparation. From the DLS and TEM measurements, the

Fabrication and characterization of Si_1−xGe_x nanocrystals in as-grown and annealed structures: a comparative study

• Muhammad Taha Sultan,
• Adrian Valentin Maraloiu,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Jón Tómas Gudmundsson,
• Andrei Manolescu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Magdalena Lidia Ciurea and
• Halldór Gudfinnur Svavarsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.182

• mainly related to the coalescence of small nanoparticles when the structure underwent annealing. A part of the stress in the structure is relieved by the formation of dislocations and the remaining stress is accommodated as local stress at the NC/matrix interface. Photocurrent measurements The

Fabrication of silver nanoisland films by pulsed laser deposition for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Bogusław Budner,
• Mariusz Kuźma,
• Barbara Nasiłowska,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Malwina Liszewska and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 882–893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.89

• determined by the number of laser pulses used during deposition. Island dimensions increase from about 40 nm for sample A (Figure 2A) to 300 nm for sample C (Figure 2C). In the case of 4000 laser pulses for sample C, the coalescence of neighboring islands into larger structures with elongated shape (Figure

Co-doped MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles: magnetic anisotropy and interparticle interactions

• Bagher Aslibeiki,
• Parviz Kameli,
• Hadi Salamati,
• Giorgio Concas,
• Maria Salvador Fernandez,
• Alessandro Talone,
• Giuseppe Muscas and
• Davide Peddis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 856–865, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.86

• the FC curves at low temperature, all samples exhibit a marked interaction regime, with negative deviations connected to prevalent dipole-dipole interactions (Figure 6a). This is expected for bare particles in close contact but without any major coalescence [52]. The larger intensity of the

On the transformation of “zincone”-like into porous ZnO thin films from sub-saturated plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition

• Alberto Perrotta,
• Julian Pilz,
• Stefan Pachmajer,
• Antonella Milella and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 746–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.74

• literature, post-deposition annealing studies on ALD ZnO layers [62] reported an increase of refractive index between 400 and 700 °C. The increase was attributed to the growth and coalescence of the ZnO crystallites. In the present contribution, similar conclusions were drawn based on the XRD measurements

• temperatures, starting from 300 °C, most likely due to the coalescence of ZnO crystallites already formed during the deposition process at room temperature. However, the intensity was found to mostly increase when the calcination temperature reached 400 °C. As a function of the plasma exposure time during

Hydrophilicity and carbon chain length effects on the gas sensing properties of chemoresistive, self-assembled monolayer carbon nanotube sensors

• Juan Casanova-Cháfer,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Eduard Llobet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 565–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.58

• decoration of CNT sidewalls with Au nanoparticles, preventing their mobility and coalescence. The different thiols employed in this work were characterized by Raman spectroscopy (see Figure 2). A Peltier cell was used in order to keep samples at 4 °C and stabilize them, because unbound thiols present high

• CNTs with Au nanoparticles would lead to poor results [36]. Au is mobile on the surface of pristine CNTs, resulting in coalescence effects (uncontrolled size of particles and bad homogeneity in the decoration). Previous works have reported the benefits of employing oxygen-plasma-treated CNTs, which

• need to be subsequently decorated with Au nanoparticles. Oxygenated defects act as anchoring and nucleation sites. Therefore, high control in the decoration homogeneity and the size of Au nanoparticles (avoiding coalescence effects) have been reported in oxygen-plasma-treated CNTs [37]. Since

A Ni(OH)₂ nanopetals network for high-performance supercapacitors synthesized by immersing Ni nanofoam in water

• Donghui Zheng,
• Man Li,
• Yongyan Li,
• Chunling Qin,
• Yichao Wang and
• Zhifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 281–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.27

• flower-like structures may arise from nucleation and coalescence processes [32]. The thickness of the nanopetals rises with immersion time from 0.5 μm (inset of Figure 2b) over 1.0 μm (inset of Figure 2c) to 1.5 μm (inset of Figure 2c). We can see from Figure 2f–h that the curly Ni(OH)2 nanopetals

Uniform Sb₂S₃ optical coatings by chemical spray method

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 198–210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.18

• Sb2S3 layers (6-200-As-dep., Figure 3A,B; 3-200-As-dep.; 3-210-As-dep., Figure 3G,H, Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2A,B) in vacuum at 170 °C for 5 minutes yields enhanced substrate coverage at the expense of decreased layer thickness due to coalescence of grains and film formation (6-200-170

• , Figure 4A,B; 3-200-170, Figure 4G,H; 3-210-170, Figure 4I,J). Complete substrate coverage is observed in the Sb2S3 layers deposited at 210 °C from Sb/S 1:3 solution as coalescence is facilitated during treatment in vacuum at 170 °C due to the near-continuous coverage of the TiO2 substrate in the as

• precipitation from a molten SbCl3–SC(NH2)2 mixture: A – Amorphous Sb2S3 islands nucleate on the rigid TiO2 substrate and grow by 3D Volmer–Weber growth, surrounded by a protective bubbling liquid film of volatile SbCl3 and TU decomposition products (1), eventually interconnecting by coalescence of sufficiently

Mechanism of silica–lysozyme composite formation unravelled by in situ fast SAXS

• Tomasz M. Stawski,
• Daniela B. van den Heuvel,
• Rogier Besselink,
• Dominique J. Tobler and
• Liane G. Benning

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 182–197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.17

• between 150 and 300 s, the silica NPs themselves started to grow, e.g., due the coalescence of NPs or similar processes (under an assumption that the particles remained spherical in shape). Scattering model In the considered silica–LZM composites, the scattering contrast originating from the lysozyme

• that the observed change is caused by a partial coalescence or Ostwald ripening of NPs inside of the aggregates. It is well documented that silica NPs synthesized from monosilicic acid are internally highly disordered and hydrated at their surfaces [31]. Previous studies found that the initially formed

Controlling surface morphology and sensitivity of granular and porous silver films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS

• Sherif Okeil and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2813–2831, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.263

• are observed due island formation during sputtering (Figure 1c,d) [77]. The granular morphology could be advantageous for the formation of hot spots resulting in an efficient SERS activity of the silver film. For the 200 nm thick silver film the coalescence of the adjacent silver clusters formed in

Variation of the photoluminescence spectrum of InAs/GaAs heterostructures grown by ion-beam deposition

• Alexander S. Pashchenko,
• Leonid S. Lunin,
• Eleonora M. Danilina and
• Sergei N. Chebotarev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2794–2801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.261

• QD growth process by MBE [17][18][20] and metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) [32][33] reduces the In adatom diffusion length and prevents the coalescence of InAs QDs. Then, the QD array density increases. Others argue that the usage of Bi during MOVPE and MBE of InAs QDs [57][58] enhances In

Optimization of Mo/Cr bilayer back contacts for thin-film solar cells

• Nima Khoshsirat,
• Fawad Ali,
• Vincent Tiing Tiong,
• Mojtaba Amjadipour,
• Hongxia Wang,
• Mahnaz Shafiei and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2700–2707, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.252

• energies of the atoms favor the coalescence of grains. Similarly, low pressure leads to higher grain sizes due to the lower number of collisions and the higher energy of atoms landing on the substrate [9][32][33]. As shown in Figure 3, the films deposited at lower pressure and higher power have larger and

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• interfibrillar hydrogen bonding and avoid reverse coalescence or fibril aggregation [32]. Several examples of commonly used techniques for efficient delamination of cellulosic fibre include homogenization [63], grinding [64][65], and refining [66]. Unlike finely structured or short rod-like nanocelluloses

Synthesis of hafnium nanoparticles and hafnium nanoparticle films by gas condensation and energetic deposition

• Irini Michelakaki,
• Nikos Boukos,
• Dimitrios A. Dragatogiannis,
• Spyros Stathopoulos,
• Costas A. Charitidis and
• Dimitris Tsoukalas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1868–1880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.179

• van der Waals interaction between NPs and substrate [62].When increasing the substrate voltage, the strengthening is attributed to the high temperatures that arise locally when the NPs impact on the substrate [63]. Due to the high temperatures lead to partial coalescence of the NPs and neck formation

• of the NPs leads to a very porous structure. When the substrate voltage is increased, partial coalescence (Figure 10a) of the NPs leads to more compact NTFs. The porosity values are 32%, 27% and 12% for Vs = 0, 2 and 4.5 kV, respectively. These results render energetic deposition of NPs as an

• coalescence lead to the growth of nanoparticles [67]. Due to the pressure gradient the nanoparticles enter the deposition chamber, where they land onto a suitable substrate. The nanoparticle size can be adjusted through the residence time in the aggregation zone. The residence time is affected by modifying

Fatigue crack growth characteristics of Fe and Ni under cyclic loading using a quasi-continuum method

• Ren-Zheng Qiu,
• Yi-Chen Lin and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1000–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.93

• that under cyclic loading, the initially damaged area of the crack will coalesce again after compression or shear to the initial geometry leading to a strengthening of the material. If no coalescence appears, the crack spreads rapidly and the material breaks. Moreover, under the cyclic loading of shear

• larger holes were observed in the sample under the second compression loading. In a previous study reported by Wu et al. [10], holes were observed in single-crystal Ni during the cyclic loading of tension and compression. Moreover, coalescence was observed during compression. These results are in good

• , coalescence was not observed, and the split occurred more rapidly. The sample completely split after the fifth cyclic loading (Figure 6f). The following paragraph will focus on the crack growth and expansion for single-crystal Fe under cyclic loading. Figure 7 shows the force–distance curve of Fe under two

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• apparent exchange current densities of cathodic and anodic partial reactions as a result of the modified oxide defect density. Furthermore, lower defect density makes vacancy coalescence as the first step of breakdown of an oxide, e.g., in pitting corrosion, less likely. Conclusion β-CD shows inhibition

Temperature-tunable lasing from dye-doped chiral microdroplets encapsulated in a thin polymeric film

• Gia Petriashvili,
• Mauro Daniel Luigi Bruno,
• Maria Penelope De Santo and
• Riccardo Barberi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 379–383, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.37

• the coalescence of droplets and to induce the planar alignment of the liquid-crystal molecules at the interface. Inside the droplets, the cholesteric helices arrange in a radial configuration, with the cholesteric layers bent in concentric spherical surfaces. In order to study laser emission from

• water evaporation, the formed thin film can be easily detached from the glass (Figure 4). In Figure 5, a picture of the microdroplets obtained through confocal microscopy (Leica,DM6000 TCS SP8) is shown, which confirms the stabilization through PVA by preventing the coalescence of droplets during the

BN/Ag hybrid nanomaterials with petal-like surfaces as catalysts and antibacterial agents

• Konstantin L. Firestein,
• Denis V. Leybo,
• Alexander E. Steinman,
• Andrey M. Kovalskii,
• Andrei T. Matveev,
• Anton M. Manakhov,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Pavel V. Slukin,
• Nadezda K. Fursova,
• Sergey G. Ignatov,
• Dmitri V. Golberg and
• Dmitry V. Shtansky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 250–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.27

• tests terminated at 600 °C are presented in Figure 7a–d. It can be seen that the size of Ag NPs significantly increased from 5–15 nm to 15–120 nm. Since Ag and BN are two immiscible components of BN/Ag HNMs, the rise in temperature can lead to an increase of Ag atom mobility and coalescence of Ag NPs

Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)₂, Co₂(CO)₈ and Me₂Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID

• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Artur Rydosz,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Fanny Béron,
• Kleber R. Pirota,
• Stanislav Moshkalev,
• José Alexandre Diniz and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.11

• nanometres for the FEBID materials under consideration, as well as to be pure metal [5][54][55]. Thus, the SEM measurements of the agglomerates rather give information on grain mobility and grain coalescence than on individual grain growth inside the agglomerates. Concerning the Co–C deposits, the

• measurements show a reduction of the resistivity of Co–C by two orders of magnitude after annealing at 100 °C, which can be attributed to the coalescence of metallic agglomerates and the release of oxygen. On the other hand, the resistivities of Cu–C and Au–C remain approximately constant up to 200 °C

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• particles and the aliphatic chains stabilize the particles sterically; steric repulsion was strong enough only for chains above twelve carbon atoms to prevent rapid coalescence of the nanoparticles [28]. Karg et al. prepared gold nanoparticles in aqueous solutions and transferred them to chloroform and

• sintering at 140 °C. The authors suggest that the shorter acid first disassociated, which caused partial nanoparticle coalescence, released heat, and led to partial dissociation of the decanoic acid, and the formation of conductive patterns [125]. Copper nanoparticles with glycolic (Figure 3) and lactic

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

• Fan Tu,
• Martin Drost,
• Imre Szenti,
• Janos Kiss,
• Zoltan Kónya and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

• , hindering the coalescence of Fe nanoparticles, resulting in more active sites for CNT nucleation [28][29][30]. A peculiar lift-up of the CNT nanostructure was also observed for the first time. Based on energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and SEM data, the corresponding mechanism is also discussed