Hyperthermic intracavitary nanoaerosol therapy (HINAT) as an improved approach for pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC): Technical description, experimental validation and first proof of concept

• Daniel Göhler,
• Stephan Große,
• Alexander Bellendorf,
• Thomas Albert Falkenstein,
• Mehdi Ouaissi,
• Jürgen Zieren,
• Michael Stintz and
• Urs Giger-Pabst

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2729–2740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.272

• liquid nitrogen. Analyses of in-tissue doxorubicin penetration depth (i.e., distance between luminal surface and innermost positive staining for doxorubicin accumulation) were performed by confocal laser microscopy (Leica TCS SP8, Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) with immersion oil on ten

• charging. As expected, the even more homogeneously deposited ultrafine droplets of the extracavitary-charged HINAT-LAU aerosol showed neither a local methylene blue staining nor a visible staining of the whole peritoneum. In the case of intracavitary aerosol change, which goes along with an increased

• droplet deposition based on the formation of an electrical field between electrode and grounded peritoneum, a significant dye staining could be observed near the electrode as shown in Figure 10. In contrast to the extracavitary-charged HINAT-LAU aerosol, PIPAC-MIP operation with aqueous methylene blue

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• × phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After 1 h of staining (in the dark at RT) and three washing cycles with 1× PBS the cells were mounted using Glycergel mounting media (C0563, Dako, Baar, Switzerland). For live-cell imaging, cells were seeded in a Lab-TekTM II chambered cover glass four-well chamber (1.5

• in 0.15 M cacodylate buffer. Staining occurred with osmium tetraoxide in ddH2O. After the staining, membranes were transferred to 0.05 M maleate buffer and dehydrated with an increased ethanol series (30% and 70%). The membranes were embedded in epon and polymerized at 60 °C. The samples were

Photobleaching of YOYO-1 in super-resolution single DNA fluorescence imaging

• Joseph R. Pyle and
• Jixin Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2296–2306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.229

• homogeneous staining as described by Carlsson et al. [42]. Approximately 200 µL of the YOYO–DNA solution was injected into the microfluidic channel using a syringe pump (New Era Pump Systems Inc., model NE-1000) at 0.40 mL/min. YOYO–DNA adhered to the surface of the amine-modified glass through electrostatic

• fluorescence lifetime of YOYO-1 in DNA is 2–5 ns [52], that is, much shorter than the photon flux interval, all laser powers studied in this work should not be high enough for two-photon absorption to occur. Thus, the error in the experiment is due to both inhomogeneous dye staining and DNA stretching quality

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• solution under stirring. After about 20 h of stirring, the mixture was then used for the preparation of samples for TEM observation. The dried copper containing the above NaSCN-treated nanoparticles was further treated with gentle water washing to remove NaSCN salt and negative staining with the PTA

• adjusting the feeding monomer ratio. TEM images The TEM micrographs of the PAN nanoparticles and the two PAN–PMMA nanoparticles are displayed in Figure 4. As disclosed by Figure 4a, the staining agent phosphate tungsic acid (PTA) molecules could diffuse into and interact with the PAN nanoparticles. Thus

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

Synthesis and functionalization of NaGdF₄:Yb,Er@NaGdF₄ core–shell nanoparticles for possible application as multimodal contrast agents

• Dovile Baziulyte-Paulaviciene,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas,
• Marius Stasys,
• Greta Jarockyte,
• Vilius Poderys,
• Simas Sakirzanovas and
• Ricardas Rotomskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1815–1824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.183

• solutions. A) Confocal images of MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 h treatment with Tween 80-coated core–shell UCNPs (10 µg/mL); UCNPs are green, DAPI staining is blue, the red color represents excitation scattering from intracellular structures. Scale bar equals 10 µm. B) Viability of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-213 cells

Collembola cuticles and the three-phase line tension

• Håkon Gundersen,
• Hans Petter Leinaas and
• Christian Thaulow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1714–1722, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.172

• al demonstrated a lipid layer (epicuticular wax) covering all parts of the Collembola cuticle, using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry [30]. A lipophilic dye, such as Nile Red, will bind to any part of such a layer it came into contact with, thus staining the part of a surface wetted by

Uptake and intracellular accumulation of diamond nanoparticles – a metabolic and cytotoxic study

• Antonín Brož,
• Lucie Bačáková,
• Pavla Štenclová,
• Alexander Kromka and
• Štěpán Potocký

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1649–1657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.165

• 10 min intervals. Viability of SAOS-2 cells incubated with HPHT NDs for three concentrations as a function of the mean particle diameter after 3 days. (Upper row) results of an MTS assay, (lower row) results of cell counting after cell staining. The results are given as the mean ± SD from 3

• row) results of the MTS assay; (lower row) results of cell counting after cell staining. The results are given as the mean ± SD from 3 experiments, each performed in sextuplicate. ANOVA, Tukey HSD post-hoc test. “*” indicates a significant difference from MR-18 at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL (p

• < 0.05). Viability of SAOS-2 cells incubated with NDs at three concentrations as a function of ND type and surface treatment after 3 days. (Upper row) results of the MTS assay; (lower row) results of cell counting after nuclei staining. The results are given as the mean ± SD from 3 experiments, each

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• compounds. The genotoxicity of С60 fullerene, Cis and their complex was evaluated in vitro with the comet assay using human resting lymphocytes and lymphocytes after blast transformation. The cytotoxicity of the mentioned compounds was estimated by Annexin V/PI double staining followed by flow cytometry

• determined using the image analysis software programs Comet Assay IV (Perspective Instruments, UK) and CometScore (TriTec Corp., USA). Cell-death assay Apoptosis was assessed by staining cells with Annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and counterstaining with propidium iodide (PI) with the use Annexin

• fullerene can either consume ROS or induce their generation [59]. Taking into account this fact we have hypothesized that C60 fullerene in the nanocomplex with Cis can affect mode of cell death induced by Cis. In order to testify this hypothesis, Annexin V/PI double staining of human healthy lymphocytes

Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• ][50]. Lysosomal staining showed that some of the (few) internalised nanoparticles were found in the lysosomes, and this was more evident for the 50 nm SiO2-NPs in Caco-2 barriers cultured for 4 days compared to those cultured for 21 days. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging was used to

Evaluation of quantum dot conjugated antibodies for immunofluorescent labelling of cellular targets

• Jennifer E. Francis,
• David Mason and
• Raphaël Lévy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1238–1249, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.125

• cytosolic structures: The vast majority of studies using Qdots show tubulin staining [6][12][16][18][20], therefore we sought to label this abundant cytosolic protein in order to have a positive control for our labelling protocol. After incubation with an anti-tubulin primary antibody and a Qdot 625-Ab, we

• considers them unsuitable in their current form "… because of the lack of reproducibility of the experiments" when using these materials [35]. Interestingly, in all of our Qdot 625 images, even when the staining was non-specific, there was no labelling within the nucleus (Figure 2–6). This suggested that

• primary anti-GFP antibody and Qdot 625-Ab. Both approaches yielded homogenous labelling in the cytosol, with the Qdot signal being excluded from the nucleus (Figure 7). There was also little non-specific Qdot 625 staining in the non-transfected cells (Figures S16 and S17 in Supporting Information File 1

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• proliferation of MSCs. The differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes was not affected by the presence of QDs (Figure 5). Quantification assays for Alcian Blue staining and Alizarin Red S staining confirmed that QDs did not influence chondrogenesis and osteogenesis of skin MSCs (Figure

• S staining. The cells were washed with 1 mL of PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) at room temperature for 30 min. After fixation, the cells were washed two times with distilled water and stained with a 2% Alizarin Red S solution in water (pH adjusted to 4.2 with a 0.1% solution of NH4OH

• evaluated using Oil Red O staining. Cells were washed with PBS and fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature. After fixation, cells were washed with distilled water. Prior to staining, cells were incubated for 5 min at room temperature with 60% isopropanol and subsequently stained with 180

Silicon microgrooves for contact guidance of human aortic endothelial cells

• Sara Fernández-Castillejo,
• Pilar Formentín,
• Úrsula Catalán,
• Josep Pallarès,
• Lluís F. Marsal and
• Rosa Solà

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.72

• ), as described further below. Staining on actin and nuclei and fluorescence confocal microscopy HAECs were cultured on the functionalized substrates for 2 and 7 days. After cell culture experiments, culture media were removed and cells were washed twice with PBS at 37 °C and afterwards fixed as

Innovations from the “ivory tower”: Wilhelm Barthlott and the paradigm shift in surface science

• Christoph Neinhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 394–402, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.41

• same properties as the lotus leaves. Figure 10 shows one of these early attempts. The plate has two sides, one smooth and one covered with PTFE particles. After contaminating both sides with toner from a photocopier and the red staining powder Sudan III, the plate was briefly rinsed with water. While

Comparison of four methods for the biofunctionalization of gold nanorods by the introduction of sulfhydryl groups to antibodies

• Xuefeng Wang,
• Zhong Mei,
• Yanyan Wang and
• Liang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 372–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.39

• cationic surfactant bilayer [17][24], because of the replacement of CTAB by thiolated anti-IgG [17][25]. Anti-IgG were detected in thiolation and nanoconjugates with GNRs, but not in free GNRs, by gel electrophoresis followed by Coomassie brilliant blue staining (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1

“Sticky invasion” – the physical properties of Plantago lanceolata L. seed mucilage

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1918–1927, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.183

• along a dirt road in the wilderness near Wrocław, Poland. To examine the mucilage composition, staining reactions with 0.1% aqueous solution of ruthenium red (pectin staining), with 0.01% aqueous solution of methylene blue (cellulose staining) and with 0.1% aqueous solution of Direct Red 23 (specific

• analysis, and the P-value was set to P < 0.001 if one of both conditions was not achieved. Results Mucilage composition The mucilage of Plantago lanceolata contained both pectin and cellulose components, which are characteristic of cellulose mucilage. Positive staining with ruthenium red (Figure 1A

• ) revealed the presence of pectins in the mucilage. Staining with methylene blue (Figure 1B) and Direct Red 23 (Figure 1C) revealed the presence of cellulose. The cellulose fibrils kept the mass of pectins in place. The thickness of the mucilage envelope ranged from 350 to 450 μm. Cellulose fibrils were very

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• applications of O-dots for alive/fixed cell staining and labelling of layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte microcapsules were evaluated. Keywords: cell culture; citric acid; layer-by-layer (LbL)-microcapsules; luminescence; organic dots (O-dots); staining; toxicity; Introduction Luminescent nanosized semiconductor

• (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S18 and Figure S19). Obviously, this was due to the low concentration of O-dots in microcapsular delivery systems, which was significantly lower than both MTC and Maxmet. Cellular staining by O-dots Results of cell staining are shown in Figure 5 and Figures S20–22

• (Supporting Information File 1) for fixed and pristine (alive) cells, respectively. It is well known that cellular staining with fluorescent carbon dots is typically more effective for pre-fixed cells [52]. Data obtained indicate that the normal intact ST-cells were stained with O-dots (50 μg/mL) diffusely

Low temperature co-fired ceramic packaging of CMOS capacitive sensor chip towards cell viability monitoring

• Niina Halonen,
• Joni Kilpijärvi,
• Maciej Sobocinski,
• Timir Datta-Chaudhuri,
• Antti Hassinen,
• Someshekar B. Prakash,
• Peter Möller,
• Pamela Abshire,
• Sakari Kellokumpu and
• Anita Lloyd Spetz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1871–1877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.179

• attachment of the cells on the chip, as well as LTCC, was monitored by fixing the cells with 4% paraformaldehyde 24 h after inoculation and staining the cells with a DNA binding dye (Hoechst, 33342) and anti-α-tubulin antibody. Based on the cell morphology shown in Figure 5a–f, the cells attached normally

• cells grow on top of the chip. (d–f) The cells grow on top of LTCC. In (a) and (d), the blue color indicates the cell nuclei stained with a DNA binding dye, Hoechst 33342. In (b) and (e), immunofluorescence staining was performed with anti-α-tubulin antibody and Alexa 488 secondary antibody. The green

• color shows the microtubules of the cell cytoskeleton. In (c) and (f), the merged image of the nuclear staining and cytoskeleton are shown. The images were taken with a Zeiss LSM700 confocal microscope with 63× plan-apo immersion objective and appropriate filter sets. Average voltage change from the

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• staining is the most used assay to determine cell survival on a particular substrate and hence the cytotoxicity of a material is assessed [14][209]. Besides this live/dead cell investigation, biochemical proliferation assays, such as EdU or BrdU staining, are frequently applied to determine the cell

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• blotting and Hoechst staining to collect data about the cytotoxic effects already indicated by EM. Results Nanoparticle characterization A prerequisite for detailed studies of cell–NP interaction is a thorough characterization of the applied particles. Therefore we determined essential particle properties

• indicator for a necrosis-based cell death. Moreover, the live cell imaging with the detection of a burst event and the Hoechst staining of the cell nucleus points into the direction of necrosis. Despite of this common conclusion, we analyzed the cleavage of Caspase-3 showing no specific activation of major

• -fixed within a few milliseconds at a pressure of 2000 bar under liquid nitrogen using a high-pressure freezer Compact 1 (Wohlwend GmbH, Switzerland). Freeze-substitution was conducted using a Leica EM AFS 2 device (Leica Microsystems, Germany). Here, the substitution/staining medium (acetone p.a., 0.2

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

• by single conventional dyes. Chemical reactions with the Masson and Mallory dyes were mentioned to stain resilin red. Staining of resilin with aqueous solutions of methylene blue and toluidine blue is a common method and can provide good information about the presence and distribution of resilin

• fluorescence microscopy and histological staining revealed structures with large proportions of resilin in the pleural area of the metathorax (Figure 4A–D). These structures stretch dorso-ventrally across the entire pleural area (Figure 4F) and are much larger than comparable structures present in fleas (see

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• which component of the hybrid was responsible mainly for the cytotoxicity impact. The classical MTT assay is usually applied for this purpose. However, there have been reports of high measurement error in this method with MWCNT [40], thus Trypan Blue staining of the dead cells could be more reliable

• iron content [18]. On the other hand, mitochondrial staining allowed us to analyze cell pathogenesis. There, again the iron-poorest oMWCNTs left the organelle intact, while others led to shape alteration, from typical tubular to globular forms. A higher concentration, above 300 µg/mL, led to a further

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• their cellular uptake, the mechanism of internalization, cytotoxicity, viability and proliferation of neural stem cells, and compared them to the commercially available dextran-coated nanomag®-D-spio nanoparticles. Results: Light microscopy of Prussian blue staining revealed a concentration-dependent

• than that of nanomag®-D-spio To evaluate the uptake of nanoparticles by NSCs, Prussian blue staining was used. Both types of nanoparticles were taken up by the NSCs depending on concentration (Figure 2). When the same concentration of nanoparticles (0.2 mg/mL) was used, PLL-γ-Fe2O3-labeled cells were

• ± 1.73)% (4 mg/mL; Figure 3). Similarly to Prussian blue staining, efficient labeling of PLL-γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was reached at the considerably lower concentration (0.2 mg/mL) compared with nanomag®-D-spio (4.0 mg/mL). Proliferation and viability To define if the nanoparticle labeling had any negative

Frog tongue surface microstructures: functional and evolutionary patterns

• Thomas Kleinteich and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.81

• frogs with 4% Lugol’s iodine potassium iodide solution before we dissected the tongues. For this purpose, we followed the protocol by Metscher [33] but adjusted the staining duration to two weeks to allow the staining solution to diffuse deep into entire frog specimens. After staining, we dissected the

Atomic force microscopy as analytical tool to study physico-mechanical properties of intestinal cells

• Christa Schimpel,
• Oliver Werzer,
• Eleonore Fröhlich,
• Gerd Leitinger,
• Markus Absenger-Novak,
• Birgit Teubl,
• Andreas Zimmer and
• Eva Roblegg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1457–1466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.151

• developed brush border (Figure 3A). In contrast, F-actin staining at the apex of M cells was markedly decreased due to a reduced or absent brush border (Figure 3B–D). Elasticity (force-indentation) measurements of Caco-2 cells and M cells Villin is not only involved in the formation and/or regulation of the

• hydrated and flexible cells, measurements were performed in a semi-dry state as demonstrated elsewhere [37][38]. Tetramethylrhodamine (TRITC)-phalloidin staining Visualization of the cytoskeletal F-actin network was performed using TRITC-phalloidin (Invitrogen GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) in a similar manner

• the intense red F-actin staining. In contrast, M cells show a reduced/absent brush border indicated by a reduced F-actin labeling (B–D) (scale bar = 20 µm). Force–indentation curves and topographical images of a Caco-2 cell (A–C) and a M cell (D–F) classified into peripheral region/cell edge, nuclear