The inhibition effect of water on the purification of natural gas with nanoporous graphene membranes

• Krzysztof Nieszporek,
• Tomasz Pańczyk and
• Jolanta Nieszporek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1906–1916, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.182

• employing the OPLS all-atom force field. The reliability of the applied force field has already been verified [9][16][17] and shows a good agreement with experimental as well as theoretical data [18]. Simulations were performed in a cuboid box of 5.1 nm × 4.9 nm × 16 nm with two graphene sheets located at z

Know your full potential: Quantitative Kelvin probe force microscopy on nanoscale electrical devices

• Amelie Axt,
• Ilka M. Hermes,
• Victor W. Bergmann,
• Niklas Tausendpfund and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1809–1819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.172

• minimized. We furthermore investigate the influence of stray electric fields by adding a metal electrode underneath the sample. The goal of this work is to complement the previous comparative KPFM studies by a comprehensive investigation on the reliability of the potential mapping of five common KPFM

Direct AFM-based nanoscale mapping and tomography of open-circuit voltages for photovoltaics

• Katherine Atamanuk,
• Justin Luria and
• Bryan D. Huey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1802–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.171

• performance; solar cell; tomographic AFM; Introduction Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) is an inexpensive thin-film photovoltaic with ca. 5% of the 2017 global market share for solar cells. To optimize the efficiency and reliability of these, or any electronic devices, a thorough understanding of their composition

• micro-scale. Such novel SPM-based measurements can be crucial to advancing the fundamental understanding, and ultimately performance and reliability, of a wide range of photosensors, photoactivated catalysts, and photovoltaics. pcAFM measurement of a CdTe/CdS solar cell, during specimen illumination

Evaluation of replicas manufactured in a 3D-printed nanoimprint unit

• Manuel Caño-García,
• Morten A. Geday,
• Manuel Gil-Valverde,
• Xabier Quintana and
• José M. Otón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1573–1581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.149

• purpose was to obtain a reliable instrument at minimum cost, with the lowest reduction in performance. To test reliability and performance of the unit, a large number of samples made of different polymer materials have been prepared. The purpose of this work is twofold: On one hand, given a set of

• important conclusion derived from the results concerns the reliability of the system. The performance of the nanoimprint unit – notwithstanding its fabrication with a 3D printer – can be considered satisfactory, providing the correct material is employed. This opens the opportunity of creating sophisticated

Colorimetric detection of Cu²⁺ based on the formation of peptide–copper complexes on silver nanoparticle surfaces

• Gajanan Sampatrao Ghodake,
• Surendra Krishna Shinde,
• Rijuta Ganesh Saratale,
• Avinash Ashok Kadam,
• Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale,
• Asad Syed,
• Fuad Ameen and
• Dae-Young Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1414–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.134

• known amount of Cu2+ in Cu2+-spiked water samples demonstrates reliability of the established sensing probe. Detection limit of Cu2+ reported using various colorimetric methods and surface chemistries. Acknowledgements This research was supported by National Research Foundation South Korea under the

A novel copper precursor for electron beam induced deposition

• Caspar Haverkamp,
• George Sarau,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Ivo Utke,
• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Silke Christiansen and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.113

• reliability of the measurement. A room temperature four-point-probe electrical measurement yielded a conductive material with 1.26 MOhm in the as-deposited state. The estimated resistivity was 1 Ohm·cm, what is six orders of magnitude larger than the value for pure copper [16]. However, the presented

Comparative study of sculptured metallic thin films deposited by oblique angle deposition at different temperatures

• Susann Liedtke,
• Christoph Grüner,
• Jürgen W. Gerlach and
• Bernd Rauschenbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 954–962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.89

• electron microscopy (SEM). Cross-sectional images of the samples were obtained by cleaving the samples before SEM-measurements. The tilt angles as well as the film height with respect to the substrate normal were determined manually. To provide a statistical reliability of the results, a considerably large

Towards 3D crystal orientation reconstruction using automated crystal orientation mapping transmission electron microscopy (ACOM-TEM)

• Aaron Kobler and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 602–607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.56

• aperture in the diffraction pattern. To compare the orientation contribution of each pixel to the cross-correlation indices for both contributing twin crystallites and to their reliability (ratio of cross-correlation indices for the tested orientations), all three measures are plotted versus the distance

• (Figure 1g). The distance is measured from the left green marker in Figure 1f to all others, normal to the twin boundary. Although all three curves follow similar trends (apart from being flipped upside down, as blue cross-correlation index and reliability), it was shown that the cross-correlation indices

• and reliability values cannot be used as a measure for the thickness ratio [34]. To illustrate this, Figure 1e shows two halves of a crystal orientation map of the same area but evaluated with two different filter settings. The two twin crystallites of the grain, marked in Figure 1f, appear completely

Colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles for label-free colorimetric sensing of ammonia in aqueous solutions

• Alessandro Buccolieri,
• Antonio Serra,
• Gabriele Giancane and
• Daniela Manno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 499–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.48

• fluid can be efficiently solved by developing methods for the detection of chemical species in the fluid itself. This approach has several advantages, including minimal fluid management and therefore greater reliability of the result. There are many analytical methods to detect ammonia. Electrochemical

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• demonstrated NEM switching devices is provided, and together with their operational parameters, the reliability issues and impact of the operating environment are discussed. Finally, the most common NEM switch failure modes and the physical mechanisms behind them are reviewed and solutions proposed. Keywords

• : nanocontacts; nanoelectromechanical switches; nanowires; NEM; reliability; Review Introduction Nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switches represent a class of nanoscale devices, integrating both electrical and mechanical functionality of nanostructures to process external stimuli applied to the device and

• up to 1015 cycles without failing [59][62][63]. Thus, the reliability of NEM switches is one of the most critical issues that slow down wider adoption of this technology. Further efforts are necessary to select the material combination and suitable architecture that meet the requirements for

Combined scanning probe electronic and thermal characterization of an indium arsenide nanowire

• Tino Wagner,
• Fabian Menges,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 129–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.15

• active devices both in positive and negative ways. In conventional logic devices, hot spots lead to signal degradation and reliability issues. In certain memristive devices, however, the breaking and formation of bonds upon local self-heating is the basis of their function [2]. The importance of electro

The rational design of a Au(I) precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ali Marashdeh,
• Thiadrik Tiesma,
• Niels J. C. van Velzen,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Remco W. A. Havenith,
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson and
• Willem F. van Dorp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2753–2765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.274

• small crystals sitting on a supporting material, the reliability of quantitative EDS is limited. It is also known that crystals of such organometallic complexes can be sensitive to electrons [12]. However, in these experiments we do consider EDS to be very useful. Firstly, the EDS measurements are

Synthesis of [{AgO₂CCH₂OMe(PPh₃)}_n] and theoretical study of its use in focused electron beam induced deposition

• Jelena Tamuliene,
• Julian Noll,
• Peter Frenzel,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Alexander Jakob,
• Bernhard Walfort and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2615–2624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.262

• ]. Values of the hardness >3 eV and softness <0.1 eV indicate high chemical stability and hence 2 can be considered as such, indicating reliability of the approach applied. This nicely corresponds with the experimentally observed properties of 2 (see above). The electronic structure of monomeric 2 is

Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

• Sascha Koch,
• Christopher D. Kaiser,
• Paul Penner,
• Michael Barclay,
• Lena Frommeyer,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Patrick Stohmann,
• Tarek Abu-Husein,
• Andreas Terfort,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

• , for instance, helium ion microscopy (HIM) [1][8]. However, since the latter procedure has to be conducted for each individual exposure time it is significantly more labor intensive. Nevertheless, for reasons of reliability, here we have applied both these approaches to follow the cross-linking of the

Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass

• Nikolay Nedyalkov,
• Mihaela Koleva,
• Nadya Stankova,
• Rosen Nikov,
• Mitsuhiro Terakawa,
• Yasutaka Nakajima,
• Lyubomir Aleksandrov and
• Reni Iordanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2454–2463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.244

• parameters give an adequate description of the optical properties of gold over a wide spectral range according to [34]. Since the extinction spectrum of small nanoparticles is dominated by their absorption [32], it is used in the analysis presented below. The reliability of the model was checked by comparing

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• lattice constant a, and 13.748 to 13.757 Å for lattice constant c (see Table 1), which is in perfect agreement with reported values [31][32]. The obtained RBragg values vary from ≈3% to ≈7%, indicating a good reliability of the refined data. No reflections of detectable impurities were observed

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• FVR of 0.8, 1.6, and 2.4 are denoted as PAN-PMMA1, PAN-PMMA2, and PAN-PMMA3, respectively. All the synthesis experiments were repeated at least once to ensure reliability. Preparation of PAN-based carbon nanospheres PAN-based carbon nanospheres were fabricated via successive drying, preoxidation and

Two-dimensional silicon and carbon monochalcogenides with the structure of phosphorene

• Dario Rocca,
• Ali Abboud,
• Ganapathy Vaitheeswaran and
• Sébastien Lebègue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1338–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.135

• experimentally [17][18]. Also, arsenene and antimonene [19], SiS [20], and SnS, SnSe, GeS, and GeSe [21][22] compounds with a crystal structure similar to the one of phosphorene were investigated by ab initio calculations. The reliability of ab initio calculations to predict and characterize new two dimensional

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• sensitivity, selectivity, response kinetics and reliability [4]. The design of active materials is essential and it must be the starting point for the control of the functional parameters of the final device. Nonetheless, great attention must be paid to the integration of the active material onto the

Study of the correlation between sensing performance and surface morphology of inkjet-printed aqueous graphene-based chemiresistors for NO₂ detection

• F. Villani,
• C. Schiattarella,
• T. Polichetti,
• R. Di Capua,
• F. Loffredo,
• B. Alfano,
• M. L. Miglietta,
• E. Massera,
• L. Verdoliva and
• G. Di Francia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1023–1031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.103

• realized by CAD software. This guarantees high precision and accuracy in the deposition process [9][10]. All these features make IJP completely versatile in terms of employable inks and substrates, the latter being either rigid or flexible. In our previous work, we have demonstrated the reliability of IJP

• . Notwithstanding, a reliability in the control of the base parameters (i.e., base resistance, sensing response and stability) has been clearly observed on paper substrate. In this frame, inkjet printing with its ability to control the thickness of the deposited ink appears a more powerful tool to device

CVD transfer-free graphene for sensing applications

• Chiara Schiattarella,
• Sten Vollebregt,
• Tiziana Polichetti,
• Brigida Alfano,
• Ettore Massera,
• Maria Lucia Miglietta,
• Girolamo Di Francia and
• Pasqualina Maria Sarro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1015–1022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.102

• . 3.5). In our case the estimated I(D)/I(D′) value is around 4.4, indicating that defects in the material are reasonably ascribed to the boundaries. Gas-sensing study In order to investigate the reliability of the fabrication process in terms of gas-sensing behaviour, two identical devices have been

• . In a CMOS-compatible process, all these devices could be directly fabricated on the same chip at micrometre-size. It is finally worth mentioning that, once proven the reliability of this process, it paves the way for the creation of a sensor array, able to provide selective responses towards the

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• composition and reactivity)) [37]. The various studies from which information on the nanomaterials (properties and toxicity endpoints) is compiled are then assessed with respect to the reliability of the provided information. Briefly, the application of the modified GreenScreen approach, which is available as

Ion beam profiling from the interaction with a freestanding 2D layer

• Ivan Shorubalko,
• Kyoungjun Choi,
• Michael Stiefel and
• Hyung Gyu Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 682–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.73

• Ivan Shorubalko Kyoungjun Choi Michael Stiefel Hyung Gyu Park Laboratory for Reliability Science and Technology, Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology), Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland Nanoscience for Energy Technology and Sustainability

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• . Innovative techniques such as spin freezing [126] or spray drying enhance the processability, and potentially the performance, but the rigorous testing of their reliability is yet an open issue. The ball milling techniques raise concerns about the purity of the product. It is well know that after such an

• acetone around 5 wt %, whereas scCO2 is formed from 74–500 bar for a solubility from null to 0.025 wt %. The SFE technology has proven its high level of versatility and reliability, and is now entering advanced stages of development. Scale-up studies are performed and advanced in situ characterization is

Influence of hydrofluoric acid treatment on electroless deposition of Au clusters

• Rachela G. Milazzo,
• Antonio M. Mio,
• Giuseppe D’Arrigo,
• Emanuele Smecca,
• Alessandra Alberti,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Corrado Spinella and
• Emanuele Rimini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 183–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.19

• that probably results from the heating of the sample due to the higher Ar+ ion energy. In order to avoid artifacts, we therefore adopted the gentle milling procedure for all the samples to be analyzed by TEM. We tested the reliability of the mechanical thinning procedure by repeating both the HF