Effect of lubricants on the rotational transmission between solid-state gears

• Huang-Hsiang Lin,
• Jonathan Heinze,
• Alexander Croy,
• Rafael Gutiérrez and
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 54–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.3

• that full atom simulations in combination with further advances in the fabrication and chemical synthesis techniques will improve the design of solid-state gears at the microscopic scale. A schematic illustration of two interlocked diamond involute solid-state gears (red and yellow) with separation

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• limited by the diffusion of the monomers to the nuclei surface. The assumption that burst nucleation significantly reduces the concentration of monomers allows for achieving the key separation of the nucleation and growth steps, which is a mandatory condition for the formation of monodisperse particles

• , while a slow nucleation process yields a reduced amount of seeds, which finally leads to bigger particles. Separation of the nucleation and surface growth processes is the main condition for the production of monodisperse primary NPs [77]. The Finke–Watzky autocatalytic model was first proposed for

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• -assisted control of the behavior of MNPs makes them suitable candidates for targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, biosensors, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic separation [9][10]. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs), belonging to the spinel ferrite class, are the most extensively studied

Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae)

• Venkata A. Surapaneni,
• Tobias Aust,
• Thomas Speck and
• Marc Thielen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1326–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.98

• factor enabling the efficient separation of plant material from the epoxy negative molds during polymer replication. The third level is characterized by aged and uniformly aligned low aspect ratio ridges in a labyrinth-type arrangement (at stages 4 and 5) in H. brasiliensis (Supporting Information File 1

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• + and Eu2+ ions [31][32]. The Eu 4d doublet separation was considered as 5.7 eV for Eu3+ and 5.6 eV for Eu2+. The doublet that is assigned to Eu3+ ions dominates over the Eu2+ doublet. This led to the conclusion that the quantity of Eu3+ ions far exceeds that of Eu2+ ions. The calculated ratio Eu3+/Eu2

• film, which changes the conditions of electromagnetic interaction between plasmons and luminescent material. TeO2:Eu-based structures The results of the XPS analysis of TeO2:Eu luminescent layer are presented in Figure 7. Two peaks at 587.3 and 576.07 eV, with an energy separation of 10.37 eV

• the presence of europium in two valence states. Lines recorded at 142.36 and 136.76 eV correspond to Eu3+, while those observed at 136.40 and 130.90 eV were assigned to Eu2+. The energy separation in both doublets equals to 5.60 and 5.50 eV for Eu3+ and Eu2+, respectively, in accordance with

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• related to nanotechnology, such as ion separation and drug discovery, should be investigated and developed. Schematic representation of the definition of slip lengths: (a) no-slip, (b) true slip length, (c) apparent slip length, and (d) effective slip length. Figures 1a–c were redrawn from [49] and Figure

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• the next measurement point. The VM does not imply separation with the surface, the probe is within the range of van der Waals forces almost all the time. Due to this, the scanning speed in flat areas increases significantly. We can consider the VM as a kind of feedback that during lateral movement

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• ]. The above discussion suggests that the measurement accuracy of AM-KPFM could be greatly improved once the contribution of the cantilever is accounted for and removed from the measured CPD. A separation of the various contributions to the measured CPD however would require a data analysis after the

• motion in terms of time duration and positioning of the bias signal within the out-of-contact intervals of the PFT cycle. Additionally, the tip–sample separation at which the bias is applied and the CPD is measured is controlled by the amplitude of the PFT oscillation. The applied bias modulation of the

• Au and Al to their reference values of 0.21 V and 0.93 V, respectively. Separation of the average contributions of the tip and cantilever to the measured OL AM-KPFM signal: (a, b) time series fits of the bias-modulated AFM deflections shown in Figure 3a and Figure 3d, respectively; (c, d) parabolic

Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

• Keshav Nagpal,
• Erwan Rauwel,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

• performance has been associated with the spontaneous emission rate induced by SPR coupling when an optimal distance of separation exists between the plasmonic and active layers. New possibilities for cathode materials The performance parameters of OLED, for example, turn-on voltage, operating voltage, current

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• layer of polymer introduced between the mould and the metal structure to facilitate chemical lift-off separation of the final array. For hollow metal microneedles, a plasma etching step was performed prior to metal deposition [106]. Unlike the ubiquitous stainless steel hypodermic needle, safety

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• efficiently electronically decouple further organic layers from a metal surface. The decoupling strategy with organic layers relies on both an increased separation between the organic layer of interest and the metal as well as the different electronic gaps of the organic interface layer and following ones [29

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• separation of the ß-diketones from the bulk material after solvent evaporation. Such a process could not be observed here for the eucalyptus wax, but was found in earlier studies with native wax mixtures of nonacosanol waxes [42]. Conclusion Tubules were recrystallized from E. gunnii wax and from a ß

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• material slip [36]. Shockley partial dislocations are formed by the separation of perfect dislocations [37]. The magnified image (M) in Figure 5d2 elucidates the formation of Shockley partial dislocations is according to the equation In addition, the relationship between the stair-rod dislocation and the

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• applicable under specific conditions, they may have less relevance in other possible conditions. In other words, the previously mentioned studies do not provide a general theory that would be valid for all particle pairs of any conceivable nature, for any separation distance, or for an arbitrary number of

9.1% efficient zinc oxide/silicon solar cells on a 50 μm thick Si absorber

• Rafal Pietruszka,
• Bartlomiej S. Witkowski,
• Monika Ozga,
• Katarzyna Gwozdz,
• Ewa Placzek-Popko and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 766–774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.60

• without separation. This is why the external quantum efficiency drops significantly in the wavelength region of 850–1200 nm. One of the methods of improving the operation of ZnO/Si cells in the infrared range is the “passivated emitter and rear cell” (PERC) technology [21][22]. Thin films of Al2O3 or

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• average velocity for five different ISMEs with hexagram shapes ± s.e.m. (f) Images of MNP-loaded ISMEs performing capture, transportation, and release of cell aggregates, separation following release, and eventually dissolution in response to a change of the pH value. Scale bar: 250 µm. Reproduced from

Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review

• Thies H. Büscher and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57

• relatively high separation, the contribution of viscous forces to the adhesion and friction are enhanced due to the presence of a thin fluid layer in the contact area [247]. Significance for biomimetic applications Several different approaches to mimic natural adhesive systems have already been published

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• neighbouring site hollow has a positive metal–metal interaction energy, while the non-equivalent site atop_Mo - hollow has an interaction energy close to zero. The latter should mean that metal atoms do not agglomerate or separate, while a positive metal–metal interaction should be indicative of a separation

• also clear evidence that Ru atoms prefer to be associated, as the lower binding energy for the triangle at site atop_S arises from the separation of the atoms. In contrast, when n = 4, Ru structures are more stable when there are minimal distortions to the geometry or the ML, or when Ru atoms

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• to the safety of vehicle driving and the experience of the driver [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The principle of operation of TENGs is the triboelectrification/contact electrification (CE) process [62][63][64]. TENGs have four working modes: the common vertical contact-separation mode, the single

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• tuning the bandgap, enlarging the surface area, enabling more efficient separation of electron–hole pairs, and enhancing the charge carrier mobility. In particular, donor–acceptor (D–A) polymers were demonstrated as a promising platform to develop high-performance photocatalysts due to their easily

• (SED) in water, which eventually produces H2 [36][37]. Accordingly, three important factors, that is, light-harvesting ability, mobility of the photogenerated charge carriers, and electron–hole separation efficiency, need to be considered simultaneously to design efficient photocatalysts. Organic

• photocatalysts with narrow bandgap and high charge carrier mobility could, therefore, facilitate light harvesting and the reduction of protons [38]. In terms of structural design, D–A polymers are a good platform to narrow the bandgap, enhance the charge carrier mobility and promote electron–hole separation

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• et al. used high-resolution low-energy electron diffraction and normal incidence X-ray standing wave techniques to detect the large separation of 3.24 Å between the h-BN sheet and the topmost Cu(111) layer [29]. They found almost no height difference between B and N atoms and excluded significant

• = 100 pA and V = 10 mV. We then record the frequency shift Δf with respect to f0 while V is swept at constant tip height. Vertical stiffness: The 3D Δf data (8 × 8 × 0.27 nm3), evaluated in this work, are obtained by taking 28 2D maps at successively increased tip–sample separation (Δz = 10 pm) starting

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• surface. These defects, induced by the HV-ESD method itself, could allow for the trapping of C60 molecules and island nucleation far away from step edges. The separation distance between islands can also be small, as indicated by the white arrow and observed in several place in Figure 2b. Another

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• layer with very small separation distance (less than 1 mm) [25], and the effective contact area of the friction material is increased by texturing its surface [26][27] to improve its electrical output. This setup is widely applied in vertical contact separation mode [28][29], sliding mode [30][31

• that of the right-angled side. It can be concluded that the rectangular TENG is economical and can achieve good electronic output. We considered designing a TENG-based gas sensor that could be used to detect different gases under real-life conditions. When, in contact separation mode, two triboelectric

• work is helpful for the development of self-powered TENG-bases gas sensors. Charge flow in a triboelectric nanogenerator. Two-dimensional model of a contact separation TENG. Simulation diagram for (a) ds = 1 mm and (b) ds = 0.1 mm. (c) Potential difference between the outer surfaces of the upper and

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• single main component was assumed for N 1s, due to the typically small energy separation of the two chemically inequivalent nitrogen atoms (0.3 eV for FePc [56]). For C 1s, we distinguish between aromatic carbon atoms of the benzene rings (C-1) and pyrrole carbon atoms linked to nitrogen (C-2). All main

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• pairs, (iv) improved photogenerated charge transport and separation, and (v) higher reducing ability of the photogenerated electrons. The above factors affected the 4.4-fold enhancement of the photocatalytic efficiency in hydrogen evolution in comparison to the pristine catalyst. Keywords: chlorine

• with the P atom may promote the mobility of the charge carrier and facilitate the separation of the photogenerated electron–holes [34]. Another research group found that their prepared fluorinated carbon nitride has a photocatalytic activity 20.8 times higher than that of pristine PCN [30]. Wang et al

• electron delocalization, efficient charge separation, favorable retention of the crystal structure, and light-harvesting extension [37]. Here, a new procedure of PCN doping with chlorine will be revealed. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared materials was investigated in a water-splitting reaction