Characterization and influence of hydroxyapatite nanopowders on living cells

• Przemyslaw Oberbek,
• Tomasz Bolek,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Julia Rogowska-Tylman,
• Ganna Nechyporenko,
• Viktor Zinchenko,
• Wojciech Swieszkowski and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3079–3094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.286

• manufactured using many different methods, such as hydrothermal synthesis, sol–gel synthesis, wet-chemical precipitation and microwave processing [16][17][18][19]. Many studies have shown that HAp can cause different biological responses depending on its physicochemical properties [20][21][22]. It is also

Ternary nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide, polyaniline and hexaniobate: hierarchical architecture and high polaron formation

• Claudio H. B. Silva,
• Maria Iliut,
• Christopher Muryn,
• Christian Berger,
• Zachary Coldrick,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Marcia L. A. Temperini and
• Aravind Vijayaraghavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2936–2946, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.272

• graphene oxide Graphene oxide was prepared by graphite oxidation according to a modified Hummers method [66][67]. The viscous gel-like dispersion of graphite oxide obtained after oxidation and purification (centrifugation and washing) was diluted with deionized water and the resulting dispersions were high

In situ characterization of nanoscale contaminations adsorbed in air using atomic force microscopy

• Jesús S. Lacasa,
• Lisa Almonte and
• Jaime Colchero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2925–2935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.271

• manufacturing processes, as well as contamination induced by the Gel-Pak containers employed for chip transport and storage [22][23]. A variety of cleaning procedures have been proposed to recover the ideal tip as manufactured initially. These procedures range from less aggressive methods, such as washing with

Graphene-enhanced metal oxide gas sensors at room temperature: a review

• Dongjin Sun,
• Yifan Luo,
• Marc Debliquy and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2832–2844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.264

• as a gas sensor because of its small bandgap (2.585 eV) and its physical and chemical stability [88][89]. In an early work, Jie et al. [90] reported that a NO2 sensor based on WO3 nanospheres wrapped in graphene sheets, prepared by a simple sol–gel technique, showed a linear response to low

Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• cells and tissues. For the MRI tests, we observe the growth of the r2-relaxivity from 159 to 495 mM−1·s−1 in water and from 118 to 612 mM−1·s−1 in agarose gel matrices with increasing NP diameter from 6 to 25 nm. Our best values are significantly enhanced in comparison to other Fe3O4–Au hybrids or

Non-agglomerated silicon–organic nanoparticles and their nanocomplexes with oligonucleotides: synthesis and properties

• Asya S. Levina,
• Marina N. Repkova,
• Nadezhda V. Shikina,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Svetlana A. Yashnik,
• Dmitrii V. Semenov,
• Yulia I. Savinovskaya,
• Natalia A. Mazurkova,
• Inna A. Pyshnaya and
• Valentina F. Zarytova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2516–2525, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.234

• groups in an oligonucleotide (NH2/p ≈ 10) when preparing the Si–NH2·ODN nanocomplexes (Figure 1a). A similar result was obtained when the mixture of ODN and Si–NH2 was analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose gel (Figure 1b). The higher the NH2/p ratio, the higher complexation occurred; at the ratio of 11

• spectrophotometrically at 260 nm. The results are presented in Figure 1a. In experiment (b), ODN(1) and Si–NH2 were mixed (as in (a)) and the samples (1 µL) were loaded onto 0.7% agarose gel prepared by heating of agarose in Tris-glycine buffer. Electrophoresis was performed at 5 V·cm−1 for 30 min. Oligonucleotide spots

• ) bound and (2) unbound ODN(1) is shown. (b) Electrophoresis in agarose gel. IR (a) and UV (b) spectra of Si–NH2. TEM images of Si–NH2 (a) nanoparticles and Si–NH2·ODN(1) nanocomplexes (b). (a) 3D and (b) 2D AFM images of the Si–NH2·ODN(1) nanocomplex and (c) a suface profile along the line specified in

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• peculiar characteristic can be coupled with sol–gel processes to produce well-ordered oxidic architectures [95][96]. The sol–gel process involves various chemical reactions such as hydrolysis, condensation, and consequently, polymerization involving the monomers (for inorganic systems, either metal

• alkoxides or metal chlorides) that evolves forming a colloidal solution (sol) and subsequently a stable network (gel) of polymerized particles. The byproducts of these polycondensation reactions are water and alcohol, depending on the precursor selected. Even if the principles behind the sol–gel reaction

• concerning the principles behind sol–gel chemistry, please refer to [4]. In order to enhance the structural control in oxidic systems (and in particular by modulating the porosity organization), one possibility is to exploit the templating action of amphiphilic BC supramolecular structures working as

Nanoscale characterization of the temporary adhesive of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

• Ana S. Viana and
• Romana Santos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2277–2286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.212

• rough meshwork and a soft gel-like matrix with an embedded web of long interweaving fibres. However, a clear distinction between the homogeneous film and meshwork was not observed, nor were the globular nanostructures reported in A. rubens. A possible explanation might be the fact that the M. glacialis

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

Cryochemical synthesis of ultrasmall, highly crystalline, nanostructured metal oxides and salts

• Elena A. Trusova and
• Nikolai S. Trutnev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1755–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.166

• that of the same composition prepared directly from an as-prepared microemulsion. In [14] we reported on a method for producing metal oxides (CeO2, Fe2O3 and NiO) with a crystallite size less than ≤10 nm by a combination of the sol–gel method and cryotechnology. The essence of the method is to create

• , including a modified sol–gel synthesis of the colloids and their cryogenic processing, was used in the synthesis of nickel, iron and cerium oxide nanopowders. In this case, cerium, iron and nickel nitrates were used as metal sources for the synthesis of metal-containing sols. The sol synthesis was carried

• oxide nanoparticle formation under of sol–gel synthesis in combination with cryotreatment of the sol is presented in Figure 3 using the example of the ceria nanopowder. The process under consideration involves the interaction of hydrolyzed Ce3+ ions with DMOA to form the sol intermediate, A. Then, the

Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

• days. Upon peeling off the cured polymer, a PDMS replica mold with a 0.5 mm thickness was obtained. Figure 11 shows the procedure for the fabrication of gelatin-containing micro/nanopatterns using genipin crosslinking. The gelatin powder was obtained from porcine skin (G1890, type A, gel strength: ≈300

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• Abstract This study reports on the controllable synthesis of uniform colloidal titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles and their photocatalytic applications toward rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. The monodispersed TiO2 particles were synthesized under mixed solvent conditions by sol–gel chemistry in a one-pot

• well as the crystalline properties and performance enhancement of TiO2 photocatalysts calcined at different temperatures. Keywords: mixed solvent; one-pot synthesis; photocatalysts; rhodamine B degradation; sol–gel synthesis; spherical TiO2 particles; Introduction Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely

• , large surface area, uniform photocatalytic activity for each particle, and improved accessibility for the reactant molecules. To fabricate the uniform, colloidal TiO2 spheres, several synthetic methods have been reported including hydrothermal, solvothermal, and sol–gel processes [10][26][28][29

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles as sulfur encapsulator for high-performance lithium/sulfur batteries

• Yan Zhao,
• Zhengjun Liu,
• Liancheng Sun,
• Yongguang Zhang,
• Yuting Feng,
• Xin Wang,
• Indira Kurmanbayeva and
• Zhumabay Bakenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1677–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.159

• carbon nanotubes coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO@NCNT) were prepared via a sol–gel route as sulfur encapsulator for lithium/sulfur (Li/S) batteries. The electrochemical properties of the S/ZnO@NCNT composite cathode were evaluated in Li/S batteries. It delivered an initial capacity of 1032

• providing pathways for ion and electron transport. The as-prepared S/ZnO@NCNT composite is a promising cathode material for Li/S batteries. Keywords: batteries; nanocomposites; sol–gel processes; sulfur; zinc oxide (ZnO); Introduction Due to its high theoretical specific capacity of 1672 mAh·g−1 and

• electrode. Conclusion Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes coated with zinc oxide (ZnO@NCNT) were successfully prepared via a sol–gel synthetic route. They exhibit a unique ability to absorb polysulfides and, thus, to improve electrochemical properties of a S cathode. The S/ZnO@NCNT cathode has shown excellent

Sulfur-, nitrogen- and platinum-doped titania thin films with high catalytic efficiency under visible-light illumination

• Boštjan Žener,
• Lev Matoh,
• Giorgio Carraro,
• Bojan Miljević and
• Romana Cerc Korošec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1629–1640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.155

• suitable for use in environmental related fields such as air and water treatment and self-cleaning surfaces. In this work, titania thin films and powders were prepared by a particulate sol–gel route, using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) as a precursor. Afterwards, the prepared sols were doped with nitrogen

• and subsequent degradation was used to fit the experimental data. The results have shown an increase in photocatalytic activity under visible-light illumination of nonmetal and metal doped and co-doped titania thin films compared to an undoped sample. Keywords: doping; photocatalysis; sol–gel

• by the linear combination of the 3p orbitals of S and the 2p orbitals of O [39][40]. In this case, the crystal lattice of TiO2 becomes distorted due to the larger ionic radius of S2− compared to O2−. Among all of the approaches to preparation of titania thin films, the sol–gel method is the most

Nanocomposites comprised of homogeneously dispersed magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles and poly(methyl methacrylate)

• Sašo Gyergyek,
• David Pahovnik,
• Ema Žagar,
• Alenka Mertelj,
• Rok Kostanjšek,
• Miloš Beković,
• Marko Jagodič,
• Heinrich Hofmann and
• Darko Makovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1613–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.153

• nanocomposites combine the unique properties of nanoparticles with the advantages of a polymer matrix, which include low weight and easy formability [9][10][11][12]. Injectable formulations that gel in the targeted tumor and simultaneously entrap magnetic nanoparticles in the polymer were successfully used to

• , free flowing, swollen gel that after a prolonged time (≈24 h) self-separated into a colloidal suspension and a gel. Recent experimental and theoretical work on depletion forces has shown that depletion attraction is actually the short-range component of a more general structural interaction [19]. When

• , the last one is the most dependent on the concentration of NP-MMA and can even lead to cross-linking. The relative occurrence of this event should have a major influence on the colloidal stability of the NP-PMMA suspension and the hydrodynamic size of the NP-PMMA. The gel properties of the suspension

Correlative electrochemical strain and scanning electron microscopy for local characterization of the solid state electrolyte Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃

• Nino Schön,
• Deniz Cihan Gunduz,
• Shicheng Yu,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Roland Schierholz and
• Florian Hausen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1564–1572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.148

• . Experimental Synthesis of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) The synthesis of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) has been described in detail elsewhere [17] and consists of an oxalic acid supported sol–gel process. Binder-free dense LATP pellets as used in this study were obtained by an improved route involving

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• with further increase in the calcination temperature because of the decrease in the specific surface area induced by the aggregation and agglomeration of particles [157]. TiO2/Fe3O4 composite photocatalysts were synthesized through a polymerizable sol−gel route to investigate the photocatalytic

• photocurrent. Dozzi et al. synthesized a series of titanium–tungsten mixed oxides through coupling of TiO2 with varying WO3 percentage by a base-catalyzed sol–gel method [175]. WO3 plays a vital role in inhibiting charge recombination for efficient charge transfer to enhance the Cr(VI) reduction. Bi2O3

• possesses a narrow band gap (2.8 eV), appropriate valence band position, and similar photocatalytic mechanism to that of TiO2. Hence, it can conveniently be coupled with TiO2 [176][177]. Yang and co-workers prepared Bi2O3/TiO2 coupled photocatalysts by a sol–gel method followed by a hydrothermal technique

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

• CO2/CH4 ratio. The conversion of CO2 and CH4 was in the range of 70 to 80% when the obtained H2/CO ratio was between 1 and 1.5. The influence of the synthesis method on the Ni/Al2O3–MgO catalyst by sol–gel and impregnation techniques was investigated by Hassani Rad et al. [37]. A higher specific

• surface area (178 m2/g) was recorded with the MgO-doped catalyst obtained by the sol–gel method than that obtained using the impregnation method (70 m2/g). As a consequence, the preparation technique significantly affected the catalytic performance of the Ni/Al2O3–MgO catalyst and the Ni/Al2O3–MgO

• catalyst prepared using the sol–gel method, exhibiting large yields for H2, CO, and H2/CO, which were 90%, 98%, and 98%, respectively, at a reaction temperature of 850 °C. Evidently, the application of the sol–gel method and MgO as a support promoter improved the surface area and Ni dispersion and resulted

Single-crystalline FeCo nanoparticle-filled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties

• Rasha Ghunaim,
• Maik Scholz,
• Christine Damm,
• Bernd Rellinghaus,
• Rüdiger Klingeler,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Michael Mertig and
• Silke Hampel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1024–1034, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.95

• devices. Different techniques have been applied for the synthesis of these magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), such as mechanical alloying [23], electrodeposition [24], radio frequency (rf)-plasma torch [25], sol–gel methods [26][27], reverse micelle systems [28] and thermal decomposition of bimetallic alloys

Enzymatically promoted release of organic molecules linked to magnetic nanoparticles

• Chiara Lambruschini,
• Silvia Villa,
• Luca Banfi,
• Fabio Canepa,
• Fabio Morana,
• Annalisa Relini,
• Paola Riani,
• Renata Riva and
• Fulvio Silvetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 986–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.92

• dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 40% EtOAc in petroleum ether + 1% EtOH to give 4 (1.38 g, white foam, 79% from D-valine). Rf 0.32 (PE/EtOAc 6:4 + 1% EtOH; HBr followed by ninhydrin). [α]D20 −17.8 (c

• chromatography on silica gel eluting with 5% MeOH in DCM + 1% AcOH to give 5 (847 mg, white foam, 67%, AcOH removed as azeotrope with heptane). Rf 0.25 (DCM/MeOH 95:5 + 1% AcOH; HBr followed by ninhydrin). [α]D20 −8.61 (c 1.0, CHCl3); 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6, 25 °C) δ 12.46 (brs, 1H, COOH), 8.14 (d, 3JH,H = 8.3

• concentrated and purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 5% MeOH in DCM to give 6 (272 mg, off-white solid, 55% from 5). mp 200–201 °C; Rf 0.59 (DCM/MeOH 9:1; UV and HBr followed by ninhydrin). [α]D24 −10.2 (c 1.0, MeOH); 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6, 25 °C) δ 8.52 (t, 3JH,H = 5.6 Hz, 1H

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• for preparing a catalyst such as impregnation, sol–gel, incipient-wetness, co-precipitation, electroplating, and the polyol process. Some of the catalysts prepared via these methods can achieve low temperatures of SCR with content resistance of H2O and SO2. Each method is different from the other, and

• ” reaction to improve low-temperature SCR activity. The sol–gel method has been used quite frequently for the development of nano-based catalysts. Basically, certain chemical solutions together with a foaming agent (citric acid) is mixed vigorously by stirring under room temperature to produce a homogeneous

• mixture. Subsequently, the produced sols are dried at a specific temperature for 24 hours in order to obtain xerogel. Then, the xerogel is crushed before being calcined at a desired atmosphere condition and temperature [37]. In the case of catalyst preparation, many researchers have adopted the sol–gel

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• of imine:TiO2 composites for organic device applications were examined. The investigated titanium dioxide (in anatase form, obtained via the sol–gel method) exhibited a surface area of 59.5 m2/g according to Brunauer–Emmett–Teller theory, and its structure is a combination of both meso- and

• physical parameters of titanium dioxide TiO2 powder was prepared via the sol–gel technique using titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TIPO) as a precursor as was fully described in our previous paper [34]. The obtained TiO2 powder exhibited an anatase form, which was confirmed from X-ray diffraction (XRD

• /polymers or other device architectures. This will be a challenge of our future work. Experimental All chemicals and reagents were used as received from Sigma-Aldrich. Synthesis of TiO2 TiO2 powder was prepared by the sol–gel method using 4.5 mL TIPO dissolved in a solution of 20 mL ethanol and 3.5 mL

Cyclodextrin-assisted synthesis of tailored mesoporous silica nanoparticles

• Fuat Topuz and
• Tamer Uyar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 693–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.64

• additives in a simple, one-pot reaction system for a wide range of applications. Keywords: cyclodextrin; faceted particles; mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN); microporous; Introduction With the availability of several types of surfactants and the increased understanding of sol–gel chemistry, numerous

• a highly challenging task to date. MSNs are commonly synthesized by surfactant-templated sol–gel reactions [12][13]. In this regard, mesoporous silica nanospheres are the most commonly used form of silica particles that are produced using a pore templating agent, such as cetyltrimethylammonium

• structures were produced using a combination of CTAB surfactant, ethylene glycol solvent and NH4OH as the catalyst. MSNs were also reported in branched forms using organosilane precursors in a one-pot, CTAB-directed sol–gel synthesis [17]. For such a system, increasing the ethyl acetate concentration led to

Perovskite-structured CaTiO₃ coupled with g-C₃N₄ as a heterojunction photocatalyst for organic pollutant degradation

• Ashish Kumar,
• Christian Schuerings,
• Suneel Kumar,
• Ajay Kumar and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 671–685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.62

• polyacrylamide gel route. Furthermore, we made a promising 2D–2D heterojunction of CT nanoflakes and g-C3N4 nanosheets by a facile mixing method. The photocatalytic performance of the as-prepared CT–g-C3N4 (CTCN) heterojunction photocatalyst and the controls was evaluated by monitoring the degradation of