Single-step process to improve the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube yarn

• Maria Cecilia Evora,
• Xinyi Lu,
• Nitilaksha Hiremath,
• Nam-Goo Kang,
• Kunlun Hong,
• Roberto Uribe,
• Gajanan Bhat and
• Jimmy Mays

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 545–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.52

• composed of angled graphite sheets. In addition, VGCFs are different from CNTs in the method of production and they have few functional groups at the edges [35]. CNT yarns functionalized with AN and AA irradiated at 108 kGy Raman spectroscopy is a useful method to investigate the covalent sidewall

• only present in monolayer graphene, but also in carbon structures that have turbostratic graphite (TGr) as part of their components, such as MWNTs. This can be confirmed by the Raman spectra presented in Figure 2. Both structures, monolayer and TGr, are represented as Lorentzian peaks, however, TGr has

• than that of the untreated samples (Figure 3). Shi et al. also observed this in their investigation of grafting poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) onto MWCNTs. The presence of the shoulder is an indication of an increase in the number of defects in the graphite structure [39]. These results are in

Ultralight super-hydrophobic carbon aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (CNFs/PVA/GO) for highly effective oil–water separation

• Zhaoyang Xu,
• Huan Zhou,
• Sicong Tan,
• Xiangdong Jiang,
• Weibing Wu,
• Jiangtao Shi and
• Peng Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 508–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.49

• Zhejiang Lishui, China. Graphite powder (40 μm), used as the source for GO, was obtained from Qingdao Henglide Graphite Co., Ltd. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, Mw ≈ 95,000 g/mol), glutaraldehyde (GA, crosslinker, 25 wt % in H2O), potassium hydroxide (KOH), Sudan III, acetic acid (CH3COOH), hydrogen peroxide

• to remove the excess metal ions. After the chemical treatment, the slurry of 1 wt % purified cellulose was ground by a grinder to obtain a CNF slurry [46]. Preparation of graphene oxide GO was synthesized from graphite powder using a modified Hummers’ method [47][48]. The fabrication process was

Kinetics of solvent supported tubule formation of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) wax on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) investigated by atomic force microscopy

• Sujit Kumar Dora,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 468–481, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.45

Influence of the preparation method on the photocatalytic activity of Nd-modified TiO₂

• Patrycja Parnicka,
• Paweł Mazierski,
• Tomasz Grzyb,
• Wojciech Lisowski,
• Ewa Kowalska,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska and
• Joanna Nadolna

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 447–459, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.43

• obtained photocatalysts. XRD patterns were recorded on a Rigaku diffractometer (RINT Ultima+) equipped with a graphite monochromator using Cu Kα radiation (40 kV tube voltage and 20 mA tube current). Measurements were performed in a 2θ range of 5–90°. Based on the results obtained, the particle sizes of

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• future outlook. Keywords: arrangement and alignment; carbon nanotubes; composite materials; orientation; Review Introduction Carbon is one of the most abundant elements comprising the world around us. Before 1985 graphite and diamond were the only known structural forms of carbon [1]. In 1991, Iijima

• discovered a new carbon structure which later became known as the carbon nanotube (CNT) [2]. Depending on the number of walls in the structure, CNTs are categorized as single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs), double-walled CNTs (DWCNTs) or multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs). A SWCNT is the result of rolling a graphite sheet, and

Blister formation during graphite surface oxidation by Hummers’ method

• Olga V. Sinitsyna,
• Georgy B. Meshkov,
• Anastasija V. Grigorieva,
• Alexander A. Antonov,
• Inna G. Grigorieva and
• Igor V. Yaminsky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 407–414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.40

• Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia Optigraph GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.9.40 Abstract Graphite oxide has a complex

• structure that can be modified in many ways to obtain materials for a wide range of applications. It is known that the graphite precursor has an important role in the synthesis of graphite oxide. In the present study, the basal-plane surface of highly annealed pyrolythic graphite (HAPG) was oxidized by

• Hummers’ method and investigated by Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. HAPG was used as a graphite precursor because its surface after cleavage contains well-ordered millimeter-sized regions. The treatment resulted in graphite intercalation by sulfuric acid and blister formation all over the

Sugarcane juice derived carbon dot–graphitic carbon nitride composites for bisphenol A degradation under sunlight irradiation

• Lan Ching Sim,
• Jing Lin Wong,
• Chen Hong Hak,
• Jun Yan Tai,
• Kah Hon Leong and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 353–363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.35

• superior photocatalytic activity was demonstrated [8]. Guo and co-workers used the electrochemical method to produce CDs from graphite rods. The deposition of CDs onto g-C3N4/ZnO heterojunctions enhanced the degradation of tetracycline by absorbing a wider spectrum of visible light and suppressing the

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• spectroscopy is a very useful tool for the characterization of carbon-based nanostructures. The Raman spectra of the products excited with a 532 nm laser line are shown in Figure 1b. Two characteristic peaks at around 1355 and 1580 cm−1 correspond to disordered carbon (D-band) and graphite carbon (G-band

Co-reductive fabrication of carbon nanodots with high quantum yield for bioimaging of bacteria

• Jiajun Wang,
• Xia Liu,
• Gesmi Milcovich,
• Tzu-Yu Chen,
• Edel Durack,
• Sarah Mallen,
• Yongming Ruan,
• Xuexiang Weng and
• Sarah P. Hudson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 137–145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.16

• , leading to high quantum yield C-dots. The obtained C-dots are well-dispersed with a uniform size and a graphite-like structure. A synergistic reduction mechanism was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The findings show that using both thiourea

• carbon can be clearly detected for Sa, Sb and Se. The D-band, located at 1387 cm−1, correlates to the disorder or defects in the graphitized structure (sp3-hybridized carbon), while the G-band (1540 cm−1) is assigned to the E2g mode of graphite and corresponds to the vibration of sp2-bonded carbon atoms

• Bruker D8 Advance device with a graphite monochromatized Cu Kα radiation source (λ = 1.54056 Å). XRD diagrams were recorded from 10° to 60° with a step size of 0.02° at 3° min−1. Raman measurements were performed with a Renishaw RM1000 confocal microscope and a He–Ne laser (633 nm, 10 mW). The laser beam

Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)₂, Co₂(CO)₈ and Me₂Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID

• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Artur Rydosz,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Fanny Béron,
• Kleber R. Pirota,
• Stanislav Moshkalev,
• José Alexandre Diniz and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.11

• nanocrystalline graphite with comparable crystal sizes of 12–14 nm at 300 °C annealing temperature. However, we observed a more effective formation of graphite clusters in Co- than in Cu- and Au-containing deposits. The graphitisation has a minor influence on the electrical conductivity improvements of Co–C

• ) (Figure 3d,e). The thermal conversion of amorphous carbon into graphite during FEBID using hydrocarbon compounds without a central metal atom has been previously reported by both Fedorov et al. [56] and Kulkarni and co-workers [57]. The rising D band peak accounts for the increase of boundaries, which

• turns the amorphous carbon into polycrystalline graphite. According to Tuinstra et al. [58], Robertson [59] and Ferrari and co-workers [60], both the G band shift and the integrated intensity ratio allow for the determination of the in-plane correlation length, or of the grain size of graphitic

Transition from silicene monolayer to thin Si films on Ag(111): comparison between experimental data and Monte Carlo simulation

• Alberto Curcella,
• Romain Bernard,
• Yves Borensztein,
• Silvia Pandolfi and
• Geoffroy Prévot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 48–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.7

• ][22]. In order to avoid such strong coupling, attempts have been made to grow silicene multilayers, or "silicite" thin films, with an atomic structure similar to the one of graphite, by evaporating larger amount of Si. On Ag(111), deposition on a substrate held at 470–500 K results in the formation of

Gas-sensing behaviour of ZnO/diamond nanostructures

• Marina Davydova,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Jiri Smarhak,
• Alexander Kromka,
• Neda Neykova,
• Josef Nahlik,
• Jiri Kroutil,
• Jan Drahokoupil and
• Jan Voves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 22–29, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.4

• ., sp2-hybridised carbon atoms [35]. The high intensity of the diamond peak with respect to the G-band indicates a strong predominance of the diamond phase in the film with respect to the graphite component. In the XRD diffractograms (Figure 3b), the main diffraction peaks can be indexed as hexagonal

Facile synthesis of silver/silver thiocyanate (Ag@AgSCN) plasmonic nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic performance

• Xinfu Zhao,
• Dairong Chen,
• Abdul Qayum,
• Bo Chen and
• Xiuling Jiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2781–2789, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.277

• /Max 2200 PC) with a graphite monochromator and Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15148 nm), while the tube voltage and electric current were held at 40 kV and 20 mA. The composition of the samples was tested by Vario EL III organic elemental analyzer (Germany Elmentar Company). Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis

Ab initio study of adsorption and diffusion of lithium on transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2711–2718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.270

• deposition [12][13][14]. MX2 has received tremendous attention as an alternative to graphite for the anode material in LIBs [15][16]. In particular, MoS2 has been well-investigated as an anode material for LIBs both theoretically and experimentally. A graphene like-MoS2/graphene composite was shown to

L-Lysine-grafted graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue and metal ions

• Yan Yan,
• Jie Li,
• Fangbei Kong,
• Kuankuan Jia,
• Shiyu He and
• Baorong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2680–2688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.268

• defects. The functionalized graphene material may be a promising candidate for the removal of environmental pollutants. Experimental Materials and instrumentation Graphite powder was purchased from Shanghai Huayi Company (Shanghai, China). KMnO4, NaNO3, H2SO4 (98%) and HCl (36–38%) were obtained from

Robust nanobubble and nanodroplet segmentation in atomic force microscope images using the spherical Hough transform

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li,
• Shuai Ren and
• Shusheng Bi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2572–2582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.257

• nanostructures on polymer [15] and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces [16]. In general, NBs and NDs are 100–800 nm in width and 10–100 nm in height. They are generally studied by atomic force microscopes (AFM) due to their high spatial measurement resolution. The morphological characterization of

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• , 35392 Gießen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.8.247 Abstract Metal-fluoride nanoparticles, (MFx-NPs) with M = Fe, Co, Pr, Eu, supported on different types of thermally reduced graphite oxide (TRGO) were obtained by microwave-assisted thermal decomposition of transition-metal amidinates, (M{MeC[N(iPr)]2}n) or [M

• ; microwave irradiation; thermally reduced graphite oxide; Introduction Graphene is the parent compound of all graphitic carbon forms and a form of nanocarbon [1]. It has a large specific surface, is electrically and thermally conductive and has a high mechanical resistance [2]. The International Union of

• Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines graphene as an isolated two-dimensional monolayer of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms [3], extended in a honeycomb-type structure that consist of six-membered rings [3]. Functionalized graphene is obtained from graphite by graphite oxidation followed by thermal

Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Julie A. Spencer,
• Michael Barclay,
• Miranda J. Gallagher,
• Robert Winkler,
• Ilyas Unlu,
• Yung-Chien Wu,
• Harald Plank,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2410–2424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.240

• , Si/Mo multilayer mirror substrates [47] were used for most depositions, although highly ordered pyrolytical graphite (HOPG) and SiO2 substrates were used for a few depositions. The Ru-capped, Si/Mo multilayer mirror substrate was preferred due to the smoothness and ease with which deposits could be

Ester formation at the liquid–solid interface

• Nguyen T. N. Ha,
• Thiruvancheril G. Gopakumar,
• Nguyen D. C. Yen,
• Carola Mende,
• Lars Smykalla,
• Maik Schlesinger,
• Roy Buschbeck,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Heinrich Lang,
• Michael Mehring and
• Michael Hietschold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2139–2150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.213

• (undecan-1-ol or decan-1-ol), coadsorbed out of a solution of the acid within the alcohol at the interface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) (0001) substrate. The monoester was observed promptly after reaching a threshold either related to the increased packing density of the adsorbate layer

• . Here we present a chemical reaction (esterification) between trimesic acid (benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid; TMA) dissolved in an alcoholic solvent (undecan-1-ol or decan-1-ol) on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) (0001) substrate. The reaction proceeds without catalyst and is controlled by

• ] and at the solid–liquid interface [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Nath et al. showed the coadsorption of TMA with alcohols at an alcohol/graphite interface [26][27]. Although an ester formation is expected when mixing alcohol and acid, in situ ester formation was not found in their experiments under

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• density of the BEV power source must be increased by a factor of 2.5 by 2030 [5]. Since the commercialization of LIBs in 1991 by the Sony Cooperation [6][7], carbon-based materials such as graphite have predominantly been applied as negative electrodes. Although graphite is advantageous due to its high

• materials that showed capacities in the range of twice as high as graphite [9], and some of them even show values higher than 1000 mAh g−1 with the interaction with lithium ions [10]. Therefore, transition metal oxides are candidates as new, high-capacity, electrode active materials in next generation LIBs

• exhibit capacity values that are far higher than those of commercialized graphite anode material at low rates (372 mAh g−1 for stoichiometry of LiC6) even in the higher C regions [8]. The samples α-Fe2O3-E1.5, α-Fe2O3-D0.5 and α-Fe2O3-B1.5 with intermediate nanorod lengths of ≈280, ≈240 and ≈260 nm show

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• ] and later demonstrated by Geim and Novoselov in 2004 using sophisticated and skillfull mechanical exfoliation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) [5]. This seminal discovery enabled the research field of two-dimensional materials on a broader scope, leading to the dissemination of several top

Identifying the nature of surface chemical modification for directed self-assembly of block copolymers

• Laura Evangelio,
• Federico Gramazio,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Michaela Gorgoi,
• Francisco Miguel Espinosa,
• Ricardo García,
• Francesc Pérez-Murano and
• Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1972–1981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.198

• (continuous red line), after EBL (continuous blue line) and with a freshly cleaved highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface (discontinuous black line). The surface modified by EBL shows a relatively large broadening and a strong shift towards lower binding energies, as compared to the sample modified

Intercalation of Si between MoS₂ layers

• Rik van Bremen,
• Qirong Yao,
• Soumya Banerjee,
• Deniz Cakir,
• Nuri Oncel and
• Harold J. W. Zandvliet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1952–1960, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.196

• -dimensional materials; Introduction Since the discovery of graphene [1][2][3][4] interest has extended to the search for other 2D materials with properties similar to graphene. One appealing candidate is silicene, a graphene-like 2D allotrope of silicon. The first calculations of graphite-like allotropes of

• -dimensional sheet. In addition, the calculations of Takeda and Shiraishi [5] also revealed that silicene and germanene are semi-metals, like graphene. In 2007, Guzmán-Verri and Lew Yan Voon [6] performed tight-binding calculations of two-dimensional silicon. They pointed out that the graphite-like silicon

• of silicon was also demonstrated on graphite, a van der Waals material, with the idea to suppress the interaction with the substrate and as such to preserve the Dirac properties [22]. Unfortunately, graphite is metallic, which could also affect the electronic bands of silicene in the vicinity of the

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• microwave hydrothermal synthesis, and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were prepared by oxidation of graphite using a modified Hummers’ method. Freestanding graphene/MnO2 cathodes were manufactured through a vacuum filtration process. The structure of the graphene/MnO2 nanocomposites was characterized using X

• filtered and washed several times with distilled water. γ-MnO2 was obtained after drying at 80 °C in a vacuum oven for 12 h. Preparation of freestanding graphene/MnO2 electrodes Graphite oxide (GO) was synthesized according to a modified Hummers’ method [19] by using pretreated graphite flakes as the

Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties of continuous-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with stacked graphene

• Naum Naveh,
• Olga Shepelev and
• Samuel Kenig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1909–1918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.191

• Naum Naveh Olga Shepelev Samuel Kenig Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, 12 Anna Frank St., Ramat Gan 5252626, Israel Israel Plastics and Rubber Center, Technion City, Haifa 3200004, Israel 10.3762/bjnano.8.191 Abstract Impregnation of expandable graphite (EG) after thermal treatment with

• an epoxy resin containing surface-active agents (SAAs) enhanced the intercalation of epoxy monomer between EG layers and led to further exfoliation of the graphite, resulting in stacks of few graphene layers, so-called “stacked” graphene (SG). This process enabled electrical conductivity of cured

• , radiation, modification with rubber, silica, carbon or other nanoparticles, showing interesting enhancements in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), fracture toughness, fatigue life and related properties [2][3][4][5][6]. Graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) or stacked graphene (SG) have been developed as a low