Threshold voltage decrease in a thermotropic nematic liquid crystal doped with graphene oxide flakes

• Mateusz Mrukiewicz,
• Krystian Kowiorski,
• Paweł Perkowski,
• Rafał Mazur and
• Małgorzata Djas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 71–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.7

• were filled by capillary action into cells. The cells consisted of two pieces of parallel glass plates of thickness d = 1.1 mm (Precision Glas & Optik GmbH), covered by thin (d ≈ 100 nm) ITO conducting layers, separated by 1.6 µm thick glass spacers. An active area was 25 mm2. On the glass plates a

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

• Franziska Ringleb,
• Stefan Andree,
• Berit Heidmann,
• Jörn Bonse,
• Katharina Eylers,
• Owen Ernst,
• Torsten Boeck,
• Martina Schmid and
• Jörg Krüger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3025–3038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.281

• indium accumulation occurs at the spot centers, which exhibit the highest roughness, indicates that the island growth is driven by the condensation of indium in the capillary-like structures. For the desired growth of flat and homogeneous indium islands, the data shows that a moderate roughening of the

Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium

• Markus Gößler,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Markus Stütz,
• Norbert Enzinger and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3013–3024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.280

• on plasticity in nanoporous gold have pointed towards the surface tension (in units of energy per area) being the relevant capillary parameter for plastic deformation, rather than surface stress, which is only responsible for elastic contributions [47][48]. This is reflected in an asymmetric

Time-resolved universal temperature measurements using NaYF₄:Er³⁺,Yb³⁺ upconverting nanoparticles in an electrospray jet

• Kristina Shrestha,
• Arwa A. Alaulamie,
• Ali Rafiei Miandashti and
• Hugh H. Richardson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2916–2924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.270

• setup of temperature measurement in a Taylor cone, formed by electrospray of an upconverting solution. A 980 nm laser illuminates from the top with a 50× lens. A white light illuminates from the bottom using a 20× lens for imaging. The image on the top right shows a glass capillary pulled to form a ca

Controlling surface morphology and sensitivity of granular and porous silver films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS

• Sherif Okeil and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2813–2831, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.263

• in the water contact angle. Especially after subsequent oxidation/reduction plasma treatments where nanoporous silver films are obtained, the silver films quickly absorb the droplets through capillary effects thus enabling the analyte to get in good contact with the silver surface. Evaluation of the

Low cost tips for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy fabricated by two-step electrochemical etching of 125 µm diameter gold wires

• Antonino Foti,
• Francesco Barreca,
• Enza Fazio,
• Cristiano D’Andrea,
• Paolo Matteini,
• Onofrio Maria Maragò and
• Pietro Giuseppe Gucciardi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2718–2729, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.254

• File 2. When we immerse the gold wire in the ethanol–HCl solution we observe the formation of a meniscus at the metal–air–liquid interface, due to capillary forces (Figure 2a) [47]. A pre-etching step of the gold wire is performed at a voltage V1 = 5 VDC for a time t1 = 15–20 s (Figure 2b) and permits

• Euler’s constant, g = 981 cm/s2 is the gravitational constant and is the capillary constant, where γ ≈ 30 dyn/cm and ρ = 0.98 g/cm3 are the surface tension and the density of the HCl/ethanol solution, respectively. In Figure 4b we plot the predicted values of the meniscus extension h as a function of the

Silencing the second harmonic generation from plasmonic nanodimers: A comprehensive discussion

• Jérémy Butet,
• Gabriel D. Bernasconi and
• Olivier J. F. Martin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2674–2683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.250

• small gaps can easily be achieved using capillary assembly with optimized templates, for example [7]. The linear optical properties of gold dimers with gaps of 5 nm, 20 nm, and 60 nm are considered first. The scattered intensity is shown as a function of the incident wavelength in Figure 1b. For

• building blocks of plasmonic nanoantennas made by capillary assembly, rectangular arms will be obtained with top-down fabrication techniques, such as nanolithography for example. The arm dimensions are similar to those of the cylindrical nanorods discussed previously; the arm length is 85 nm and its width

Enhancement of X-ray emission from nanocolloidal gold suspensions under double-pulse excitation

• Wei-Hung Hsu,
• Frances Camille P. Masim,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Hsin-Hui Huang,
• Tetsu Yonezawa,
• Aleksandr A. Kuchmizhak,
• Saulius Juodkazis and
• Koji Hatanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2609–2617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.242

• (Figure 4b) consistent with thermalization of electrons and ions [6]. Ponderomotive action and light field enhancement The formation of surface waves via capillary driven instabilities occurring at longer times (nanoseconds) is affected by the linear momentum transferred to the film surface, which as be

Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• four comparing Me3CpMePt(IV) and Co3Fe(CO)12 as precursors for quite similar GIS geometries and precursor flux values. 4.2 Shadowing of directed precursor flux component In FEBID with a capillary-based GIS the precursor flux has a directional and a nondirectional component. The directional flux to the

• avoided. Here we present a simple approach that does not need any preprocessing of the geometry of the target structure defined in geof. The GIS capillary orientation determines the direction of the directional precursor gas flux component which we indicate by the normalized vector g = (gx, gy, gz) in the

Droplet-based synthesis of homogeneous magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Christian D. Ahrberg,
• Ji Wook Choi and
• Bong Geun Chung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2413–2420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.226

• when researching these materials. Here, we present a droplet capillary reactor that can be used for the synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Compared to conventional batch synthesis, the particles synthesized in our droplet reactor have a narrower size distribution and a higher

• reproducibility. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the particle size can be changed from 5.2 ± 0.9 nm to 11.8 ± 1.7 nm by changing the reaction temperature and droplet residence time in the droplet capillary reactor. Keywords: capillary reactor; droplet synthesis; magnetic nanoparticles; narrow size distribution

• coprecipitation of iron oxide, nanoparticles inside of droplets should have significant benefits due to the fast mixing and thermal control compared to batch synthesis. Here, we show a droplet capillary reactor for the synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using a coprecipitation reaction. Nanoparticles

Nanoscale characterization of the temporary adhesive of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus

• Ana S. Viana and
• Romana Santos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2277–2286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.212

• air conditions. Indeed, using AFM it is expected that adhesion forces are considerably lower when performed in liquid environment. In water, the capillary effect (caused by the formation of a meniscus between the tip and the sample due to air vapour) is eliminated, thus the measured adhesion forces

Filling nanopipettes with apertures smaller than 50 nm: dynamic microdistillation

• Evelyne Salançon and
• Bernard Tinland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2181–2187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.204

• apertures make backfilling unfeasible. There are many other ways to fill nanopipettes, but none is very efficient. One way is to apply high pressure behind the fluid placed in the large part of the capillary. Conversely, the so-called desiccator method consists in applying a depression of about 1mbar in the

• external environment. A third solution is to use a nanopipette with a glass filament inside. The filament is melted during tape manufacturing, which can lead to glass impurities in the capillary and geometrical irregularities at the very end of the nanopipette. In some cases, the intended use of the

• filling method, dynamic microdistillation, is capable of filling any capillary. Filling time, complete filling and electrical equilibrium were assessed on “basic nanopipettes”, without modification of their internal geometry or chemistry. The nanopipettes used have an inner diameter as low as 7 nm

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• . Electrospinning is based on the electrostatic effect on a high viscosity fluid. In electrospinning, a hemispherical droplet of the polymer solution, suspended at the end of a capillary tube, is subjected to an electric force. Electric charges accumulate at the surface of the droplet and tend to elongate the

• by co-electrospinning a poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) solution containing a titanium alkoxide (Ti(OiPr)4) and mineral oil. The mineral oil is removed at a later stage by calcination. In the same way, the interior of a hollow fiber is decorated by oil-dispersible nanoparticles using a silica capillary

• nanotubes (NTs) in a single capillary electrospinning process by changing the heating rate during the calcination process [79]. Similarly, In2O3 NFs are converted into nanoribbons (NRbs) by changing the experimental parameters [80]. The rapid evaporation of solvent and the concentration of the precursor are

Nanoconjugates of a calixresorcinarene derivative with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) fragments for drug encapsulation

• Alina M. Ermakova,
• Julia E. Morozova,
• Yana V. Shalaeva,
• Victor V. Syakaev,
• Aidar T. Gubaidullin,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Vladimir V. Zobov,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Olga B. Bazanova,
• Igor S. Antipin and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2057–2070, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.195

• cuvette PCS8501 (Malvern) was utilized. The SLS measurements were carried out in ethanol solution. Zeta-potential measurements were carried out in folded capillary cells DTS1061 (Malvern). Zeta-potential values were calculated from electrophoretic mobilities by using the Hückel approximation for solutions

Uniform cobalt nanoparticles embedded in hexagonal mesoporous nanoplates as a magnetically separable, recyclable adsorbent

• Can Zhao,
• Yuexiao Song,
• Tianyu Xiang,
• Wenxiu Qu,
• Shuo Lou,
• Xiaohong Yin and
• Feng Xin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1770–1781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.168

• nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms are measured to confirm the porosity of the hexagonal NPLs. As shown in Figure 4A, all isotherms of the samples exhibit a capillary condensation step at relative pressure of p/p0 = 0.45–0.9, known as a type IV(a) isotherm according to IUPAC classification [35]. The

Cryochemical synthesis of ultrasmall, highly crystalline, nanostructured metal oxides and salts

• Elena A. Trusova and
• Nikolai S. Trutnev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1755–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.166

• cryogel (labeled as B in Figure 3) is formed during the treatment of sol A with liquid N2 (−196 °C ). The resulting water crystallite shell prevents the agglomeration of the sol particles. The obtained organic–inorganic cryogel powders consisted of capillary porous granules (Figure 2) and contained the

Interaction-tailored organization of large-area colloidal assemblies

• Silvia Rizzato,
• Elisabetta Primiceri,
• Anna Grazia Monteduro,
• Adriano Colombelli,
• Angelo Leo,
• Maria Grazia Manera,
• Roberto Rella and
• Giuseppe Maruccio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1582–1593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.150

• lateral capillary forces tend to induce aggregation and disorder. Nevertheless, we were able to control the surface coverage by tuning the absorption time in order to achieve a long range order. Notably, we showed how this method can be easily transferred for use with different materials to produce large

• temperature and carefully dried in a nitrogen flow; in this third (2D) assembly phase, however, (unwanted) lateral capillary forces could become relevant when the solvent film thickness approaches the particle diameter, as discussed later. As process parameters, the NaCl concentration and particle

• ]. In the third 2D assembly phase, during the unavoidable drying process, when the solvent film thickness reaches the particle diameter, unwanted attractive lateral capillary forces [24][28] can become relevant. This results in particle displacements and deviations from the RSA model since the particle

Surface characterization of nanoparticles using near-field light scattering

• Eunsoo Yoo,
• Yizhong Liu,
• Chukwuazam A. Nwasike,
• Sebastian R. Freeman,
• Brian C. DiPaolo,
• Bernardo Cordovez and
• Amber L. Doiron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1228–1238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.114

• capillary cuvette cell (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). Near-field light scattering system (NLS) A near-field evanescent field was generated by a single-mode Fabry–Pérot coherent laser diode that was coupled into a silicon nitride waveguide (Optofluidics) and was capable of trapping metallic

A novel copper precursor for electron beam induced deposition

• Caspar Haverkamp,
• George Sarau,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Ivo Utke,
• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Silke Christiansen and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.113

• respective precursor gas is locally supplied by a capillary needle. The electrons decompose the adsorbed molecules and leave non-volatile fragments on the substrate while the volatile fragments are pumped out of the chamber [2]. Due to the small spot size of the electron beam in combination with the

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• capillary attractive forces and molecular interactions [230] or van der Waals interactions leads to adhesion [231]. This may be due to the production of secretory fluids in the contact area by some animals (insects) [232][233][234], whereas others do not (spiders, geckos) [235][236], which makes the basic

• force in the physical form contribute to their adhesion. In recent reports, the reason for adhesion of gecko setae is due to van der Waals interaction through strong evidence [237] and rejects the capillary adhesion mechanisms. It was predicted that application of contact mechanics may help in smaller

Single-crystalline FeCo nanoparticle-filled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties

• Rasha Ghunaim,
• Maik Scholz,
• Christine Damm,
• Bernd Rellinghaus,
• Rüdiger Klingeler,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Michael Mertig and
• Silke Hampel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1024–1034, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.95

• via capillary force [38][39][40]. Due to the attractive properties of Fe–Co nanoparticles, this work is directed towards the synthesis of CNT-based nanocomposites of Fe–Co based on a post-synthesis method, in which prefabricated multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) are used as templates. Two facile filling

Scanning speed phenomenon in contact-resonance atomic force microscopy

• Christopher C. Glover,
• Jason P. Killgore and
• Ryan C. Tung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 945–952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.87

• thick [16][17] and is usually studied by measuring adhesive forces between the AFM tip and sample. Capillary necking between the adsorbed water layer and AFM tip creates additional adhesive forces that can be easily measured with a typical AFM system. These measurements are conducted using force pull

Cyclodextrin inhibits zinc corrosion by destabilizing point defect formation in the oxide layer

• Abdulrahman Altin,
• Maciej Krzywiecki,
• Adnan Sarfraz,
• Cigdem Toparli,
• Claudius Laska,
• Philipp Kerger,
• Aleksandar Zeradjanin,
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer,
• Michael Rohwerder and
• Andreas Erbe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 936–944, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.86

• Luggin capillary, a platinum foil counter electrode, and a zinc working electrode with an exposed surface area of 0.196 cm2. The electrolyte volume for the measurements was 10 mL, and the electrolyte surface was ≈2.5 cm away from the surface of the working electrode. All electrode potentials shown here

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• . According to the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis and the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) (BET-BJH) nitrogen capillary adsorption analysis, the specific surface area of the mesoporous silver particles (mp-Ag) reached 42 ± 5 m2/g and the pore size distribution analysis demonstrated a broad

Perfusion double-channel micropipette probes for oxygen flux mapping with single-cell resolution

• Yang Gao,
• Bin Li,
• Riju Singhal,
• Adam Fontecchio,
• Ben Pelleg,
• Zulfiya Orynbayeva,
• Yury Gogotsi and
• Gary Friedman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 850–860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.79

• fluorescein (Acros Organics, Fisher Scientific; excitation/emission wavelengths 498/518 nm) aqueous solution (0.08 wt %). The extraction channel was loaded with pure water. Two plastic tubes were then inserted into the two unmodified channels at the other end of the theta capillary and sealed with epoxy (Bob