Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films

• Alexander Gaul,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Timo Ueltzhöffer,
• Henning Huckfeldt,
• Hatice Doğanay,
• Johanna Hackl,
• Muhammad Imtiaz Khan,
• Daniel M. Gottlob,
• Gregor Hartmann,
• André Beyer,
• Dennis Holzinger,
• Slavomír Nemšák,
• Claus M. Schneider,
• Armin Gölzhäuser,
• Günter Reiss and
• Arno Ehresmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2968–2979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.276

• parallel-stripe domains. Magnetic domains with antiparallel magnetization orientation have been observed at an MFM tip height of 80 nm as a function of , the angle between unidirectional anisotropy and DW normal vector, indicated in the bottom right corner of the images. The white lines are cross sections

• right black arrow. Red ellipses highlight sign inversions in the DW signal, with the corresponding Bloch points at the margins. White arrows denote cross sections shown in panels (g–i) (position increasing along arrow direction). Black solid lines in panels (g–i) represent measurements with sensitivity

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• EBIE and EBID was reported in [99]. Making use of the difference in flux as well as in dissociation cross sections of the two precursor gases, it was predicted that the electron current can be tuned to achieve sub-beam sized radially symmetric deposits by simultaneous EBIE and EBID. From this

Oriented zinc oxide nanorods: A novel saturable absorber for lasers in the near-infrared

• Pavel Loiko,
• Tanujjal Bora,
• Josep Maria Serres,
• Haohai Yu,
• Magdalena Aguiló,
• Francesc Díaz,
• Uwe Griebner,
• Valentin Petrov,
• Xavier Mateos and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2730–2740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.255

• accommodate such transition-metal ions as Mn2+ or Co2+ in the Td sites. This coordination is attractive for high ground-state transition cross-sections, so that the absorption saturation in the visible and near-IR can be observed. Moreover, the dopant ions can promote the absorption saturation due to the

Impact of the anodization time on the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes

• Jesús A. Díaz-Real,
• Geyla C. Dubed-Bandomo,
• Juan Galindo-de-la-Rosa,
• Luis G. Arriaga,
• Janet Ledesma-García and
• Nicolas Alonso-Vante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2628–2643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.244

• [20]. We determined the length of the nanotubes from the cross sections of these layers (detached from the metallic substrate), yielding 6.35, 19.9, 29.87 and 46.07 μm for ta values of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 h, respectively (Figure 1c–f). In our case, we observed a linear trend for the growth of these

Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• comparable precursor flux and GIS geometry. This is mainly due to the differences in the respective dissociation cross sections, diffusion constants, average residence times and volume of the nonvolatile fractions of the precursor molecules. In our case, the initial xF and zF values differed by a factor of

• definable height correction function which is gained by a FEBID simulation. 4.4.3 Edge shape For some applications of 3D FEBID structures, the shape of the edges’ cross section can be important. From Figure 11 it is apparent that the cross sections are not circular which adds complexity to the magnetization

• distribution in the Co3Fe array. The main reason for noncircular edge cross sections is the non-homogeneous generation of secondary electrons inside the already deposited material. Any non-homogeneous secondary electron distribution within the escape depth of the secondary electrons will lead to corresponding

Thickness-dependent photoelectrochemical properties of a semitransparent Co₃O₄ photocathode

• Malkeshkumar Patel and
• Joondong Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2432–2442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.228

• focused ion beam system (FIB, FEI, Quanta 3D FEG). The elemental compositions in the cross sections of the Co3O4 layers in the working electrode were determined as line profiles by an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) attachment to the FETEM. Thickness and average surface roughness of the deposited

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• . Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements were used to investigate the elemental composition of the composite materials using an acceleration voltage of 20 kV. The EDX signal was detected by an X-Max 80 mm2 detector and evaluated with the INCA software, both from Oxford Instruments. Cross

• -sections were prepared by a focused ion beam (FIB) milling process using gallium ions extracted from a high brightness liquid metal ion source. Nitrogen adsorption experiments were performed on a 3Flex Physisorption device (Micromeritics GmbH) at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (−196 °C). Before the

Intrinsic ultrasmall nanoscale silicon turns n-/p-type with SiO₂/Si₃N₄-coating

• Dirk König,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Noël Wilck,
• Birger Berghoff,
• Merlin Müller,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Giovanni Di Santo,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Joachim Mayer,
• Sean Smith and
• Joachim Knoch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2255–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.210

• SiO2-layer to facilitate the preparation of cross sections by the focused ion beam technique using a FEI Strata FIB 205 workstation. Some samples were further thinned by means of a Fischione NanoMill. The TEM analysis of the cross sections was performed on a FEI Tecnai F20 TEM operated at 200 kV at the

Optimization of the optical coupling in nanowire-based integrated photonic platforms by FDTD simulation

• Nan Guan,
• Andrey Babichev,
• Martin Foldyna,
• Dmitry Denisov,
• François H. Julien and
• Maria Tchernycheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2248–2254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.209

• middle of the waveguide, a memory of 500 MB was required for 2.1 million FDTD Yee nodes. We define the coupling efficiency as the ratio between the light intensity leaving the NW detector and the light intensity entering the NW LED (both integrated over the hexagonal NW cross-sections of 1.5 µm diameter

• with the same vertical profile and a various number of lobes in the lateral direction are present). The simulated electric field distributions in the horizontal and vertical cross-sections in the middle of the waveguide are shown in Figure 2. The LED-waveguide coupling yield, which is defined as the

• simulations. (a) Front-view cross-section schematic showing the cutting positions for 2D simulated cross-sections in panels (b) and (c); Electric field distributions for a (b) vertical and (c) horizontal cross-section taken at the middle of the waveguide (cutting position corresponding to the solid red line

Dumbbell gold nanoparticle dimer antennas with advanced optical properties

• Janning F. Herrmann and
• Christiane Höppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2188–2197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.205

• , fluorescence intensity cross-sections measured from individual spots, which can be assigned to molecules with a longitudinal orientation of the transition dipole, are comparatively displayed in Figure 2D. In addition, data points are plotted from measurements acquired with a 40 nm monomer AuNP antenna and a 80

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

The structural and chemical basis of temporary adhesion in the sea star Asterina gibbosa

• Birgit Lengerer,
• Marie Bonneel,
• Mathilde Lefevre,
• Elise Hennebert,
• Philippe Leclère,
• Emmanuel Gosselin,
• Peter Ladurner and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2071–2086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.196

• the minor axis (Figure 2E,F). In contrast, type 2 adhesive granules were globular and, with a diameter of 346 ± 47 nm (n = 30), smaller than type 1 granules (Figure 2E,G). These differences were more apparent in longitudinal sections than in cross sections of tube feet, indicating that the ellipsoid

• in the apical part of the epidermis only mature secretory granules were observed (Figure 2D,E and Figure 3D,E). The tube foot discs were thinner in the centre compared to the margin (Figure 1C). Therefore, cross sections facilitated the observation of cells of the adhesive epidermis at different

• types were not easily discriminated in cross sections, the relative proportion between these cells could not be determined. Between supportive cells, adhesive and de-adhesive gland necks, another non-secretory cell type, sensory cells, was observed (Figure 3E). These cells bore a single cilium, with a

Synthesis of carbon nanowalls from a single-source metal-organic precursor

• André Giese,
• Sebastian Schipporeit,
• Volker Buck and
• Nicolas Wöhrl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1895–1905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.181

• the wall length and height from the SEM images an open-source software (ImageJ, National Institute of Health) was used. A scanning Auger Nanoprobe (Ulvac-Phi 710) was used to perform chemical mappings of the cross sections of the films. Raman spectroscopy is used as a non-destructive analytical tool

• smoothed for the evaluation. Results and Discussion Morphology Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the morphology of the films obtained in the given parameter range. Both pictures show the top-view of the samples in the upper row and the corresponding cross sections of the films at the bottom row. The morphologies

• thickness down to a few nanometers. The top-view SEM images overestimate the thickness due to the slightly curled tips of the CNWs that show a bright contrast in the image. However, the cross sections show that in fact the thickness is comparable to the CNWs described in the literature. The growth of the

Know your full potential: Quantitative Kelvin probe force microscopy on nanoscale electrical devices

• Amelie Axt,
• Ilka M. Hermes,
• Victor W. Bergmann,
• Niklas Tausendpfund and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1809–1819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.172

• investigate the influence of the operation method in Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) on the measured potential distribution. KPFM is widely used to map the nanoscale potential distribution in operating devices, e.g., in thin film transistors or on cross sections of functional solar cells. Quantitative

• modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) KPFM methods on a reference structure consisting of an interdigitated electrode array. This structure mimics the sample geometry in device measurements, e.g., on thin film transistors or on solar cell cross sections. In particular, we investigate how quantitative

• cross sections of a range of different solar cell devices, including organic [3][4][5], and inorganic [6] as well as hybrid perovskite solar cells [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In the course of one of our KPFM studies on a cross section of a perovskite solar cell under operating conditions [7] we

Direct AFM-based nanoscale mapping and tomography of open-circuit voltages for photovoltaics

• Katherine Atamanuk,
• Justin Luria and
• Bryan D. Huey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1802–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.171

• field of view, resulting in an estimated average milling rate error better than ±5 nm per image frame. Of course a more sophisticated 3D interpolation, based on the true (x, y, z) coordinates of each acquired pixel, can be implemented for property maps at even more precise depths or cross sections [26

• acquired 3D data including: the smooth xy planar surface; pure xz and yz cross sections; and an arbitrary oblique xyz section. As with Figure 2, bright contrast identifies areas with a strong ISC* (blue), while the contrast for VOC* (red) is flipped to especially highlight the poor VOC at grain boundaries

• studied for Figure 2 and Figure 4. Three-dimensional CT-AFM of the short-circuit current (ISC*, dark to blue contrast) merged with the directly measured open-circuit voltage (VOC*, red to dark) volumetrically rendered to partially reveal an xy plane, xz and yz cross sections, and an oblique xyz cut to

Sulfur-, nitrogen- and platinum-doped titania thin films with high catalytic efficiency under visible-light illumination

• Boštjan Žener,
• Lev Matoh,
• Giorgio Carraro,
• Bojan Miljević and
• Romana Cerc Korošec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1629–1640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.155

• /2 photoelectron peak is centered at BE = 71.0 eV, confirming the presence of elemental Pt [46]. Typical surface concentration values calculated by XPS analyses are 1 atom % for S and N, whereas platinum has a concentration of 0.5 atom %. Scanning electron microscopy Figure 6 shows cross-sections of

• for selected specimens, reporting the Ti 2p, S 2p, N 1s and Pt 4f peaks. Cross-sections of thin films of samples a) Urea_15 and b) S4. Photocatalytic activity of different samples a) synthesized with HCl; dark measurements performed for sample REF and b) synthesized with H2SO4; dark measurements

Robust topological phase in proximitized core–shell nanowires coupled to multiple superconductors

• Tudor D. Stanescu,
• Anna Sitek and
• Andrei Manolescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1512–1526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.142

• with higher energies is localized on the sides of the polygon [30]. Although most of the core–shell nanowires have a hexagonal profile, square [31] or triangular [32][33][34][35][36] cross sections can also be obtained. The core diameter is typically between 50–500 nm and the shell thickness is between

Preparation and morphology-dependent wettability of porous alumina membranes

• Dmitry L. Shimanovich,
• Alla I. Vorobjova,
• Daria I. Tishkevich,
• Alex V. Trukhanov,
• Maxim V. Zdorovets and
• Artem L. Kozlovskiy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1423–1436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.135

• . Besides, as we know, the wall thickness is related to the thickness of a barrier layer the following ratio [36]: B = 1.12 × W = 45.4 nm. Figure 4 shows SEM images of surfaces and cross-sections of a PAM after complete etching of the barrier layer and partial etching of the pore walls ("etched" membrane

• back surface of the sample before (A) and after (B) etching the barrier layer on the bottom of oxide pores. Histograms of distribution of the (C) oxide cell diameter (D) and (D) pore diameter (d), respectively. SEM images of the outer (A) and back (B) surfaces and cross-sections (C, D) of the sample

Surface characterization of nanoparticles using near-field light scattering

• Eunsoo Yoo,
• Yizhong Liu,
• Chukwuazam A. Nwasike,
• Sebastian R. Freeman,
• Brian C. DiPaolo,
• Bernardo Cordovez and
• Amber L. Doiron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1228–1238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.114

• composed of rectangular cross-sections with height of 250 nm and width 600 nm, which are cladded by SiO2 (3 μm above and 5 μm below) across the whole chip except for a 200 × 200 μm experimental window in the center region of the chip (Figure 1). During the experiment, the topmost cladding layer is removed

A novel copper precursor for electron beam induced deposition

• Caspar Haverkamp,
• George Sarau,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Ivo Utke,
• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Silke Christiansen and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.113

• function of the resulting material since the permittivity of a metal depends on the oxidation state. To survey the oxidation state in detail, cross-sections of FEBID deposits were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Figure 2c and Figure 2d show the inner FEBID structure of the copper

• . Cross-sectional samples from planar deposits for imaging by TEM were prepared by a focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out technique in a Zeiss Crossbeam 340 KMAT. TEM on the cross-sections was performed on a JEOL JEM2200fs CM12. SAED pattern indexing was carried out using CSpot software (CrystOrient

Circular dichroism of chiral Majorana states

• Javier Osca and
• Llorenç Serra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1194–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.110

• chiral band. On the contrary, states that are not aligned along the chiral band in Figure 2a,b are bulk states separated by a gap from zero energy. Absorption and CD Absorption cross-sections and CD for the spectra of the rectangle with different pairing energies in the two layers (Figure 1d) are shown

• state. Panel c) shows the probability density corresponding to the lowest positive-energy state in panel a), adding all spin, isospin and pseudospin contributions. Absorption cross-sections , and defined in the main text. The shown results correspond to the spectra of Figure 1d for Zeeman parameters

• of (a) ΔB = 0.3EU, (b) 2EU), and (c) 4.75EU. The rightmost inset in Figure 3a corresponds to an extended energy range and a zoomed vertical scale for the data of this panel. Absorption cross-sections , and for (a) a square of Lx = Ly = 20 LU), and for (b) a rectangle of Lx = 6Ly = 60LU (b). In both

Automated image segmentation-assisted flattening of atomic force microscopy images

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li and
• Huimin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 975–985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.91

• tilting artifact from bottom left to top right. By applying MEF, the image was flattened. The result is shown in Figure 9b, where the tilting was removed. A comparison of cross sections for a selected micropit from the raw image and the flattened image is shown in Figure 9c. Since the raw image contains

• ) Flattened image of the grating. (c) Comparison of cross sections of a micrometer-sized pit before and after the flattening. The blue curve shows the profile in raw image, while the red curve shows the profile in flattened image. The flattened image gives a better measurement of the depth of the pit. The

Perfusion double-channel micropipette probes for oxygen flux mapping with single-cell resolution

• Yang Gao,
• Bin Li,
• Riju Singhal,
• Adam Fontecchio,
• Ben Pelleg,
• Zulfiya Orynbayeva,
• Yury Gogotsi and
• Gary Friedman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 850–860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.79

• consumption rates of small individual cells. The general idea behind the proposed use of a double-channel pipette for oxygen consumption measurement by individual cells in a cell culture is illustrated in Figure 1a. The SEM images of two theta pipettes (whose cross-sections looks like the Greek letter θ

Towards the third dimension in direct electron beam writing of silver

• Katja Höflich,
• Jakub Mateusz Jurczyk,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Maximilian Götz,
• Luisa Berger,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Caspar Haverkamp,
• Iwona Szymanska and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 842–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.78

• -volatile part forms the deposit while the volatile rest is pumped out. The dissociation is a complex process influenced by the local dynamics of the precursor molecules and induced by electrons with their specific, yet mostly unknown, cross-sections for the respective energy ranges and molecule bonds to

Effect of microtrichia on the interlocking mechanism in the Asian ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

• Jiyu Sun,
• Chao Liu,
• Bharat Bhushan,
• Wei Wu and
• Jin Tong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 812–823, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.75

• dense away from the fold line. They were regularly distributed in the (g) costal field, (h) claval field, and (i) vannal field. (f) and (j) show cross sections of the costal vein in the principal transverse fold. C, costa; ScA, subcosta anterior; MP, media posterior; CuA, cubitus anterior; AP, anal