Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• specificity with significantly higher (p < 0.005) drug release in an acidic environment (pH 5.5). The nanoparticles were highly colloidal (zeta potential = −35 to −26 mV) in deionized water, phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and sodium borate buffer (SBB). They showed elevated and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in

• cells were exposed to 5 μg/mL of NPs for 24 h. For a better comparison, free drug (DOX and MTX) controls were included, which were equivalent to the total drug amount attached (with a given dose of NPs as mentioned in Table 6). PMA-coated NPs (5 μg/mL) and untreated cultures were also included as

• showed viability up to 80%, indicating excellent biocompatibility of amphiphilic polymers at a lower dose in vitro. IC50 concentrations of functionalized MFe2O4 NPs in cancer cells To determine IC50 concentrations of drug-loaded NPs and their effect on the metabolic activity of HepG2 and HT144 cells, MTT

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• -lethal effects at each of the tested ENM concentrations and the zero-dose control group [25][28][31]. Figure 2 summarizes the procedure used in the current study to convert the raw observations at either 24 or 120 hpf into binary classification labels, meaning toxic (= 1) vs non-toxic (= 0) for

• and 120 hpf [31]. This means that the modelled lethality data at 120 hpf refers to fish embryos that were alive at 24 hpf but that were dead at 120 hpf. (More generally, all effects, both lethal and sub-lethal, at 120 hpf were evaluated relative to the zero-dose control group based upon the embryos

• , the most appropriate dose units to characterise the differential hazard of different ENMs, remains an area under active consideration in the nanotoxicology community [65][77][78]. Whilst applied surface area or particle number doses might be more appropriate [78], albeit this is not accepted in all

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• influence the rate of precursor molecule fragmentation. The chosen value of the deposited energy can be verified by comparing the dependence of surface coverage of precursor elements on the electron dose with the experimental data measured by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electron energy

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• , or ultrasound) [11][12]. Since exogenous stimuli are precisely controlled by the researcher, they can be used to optimize cellular delivery and dose, thus, they will be the main focus of the present work. However, it should be mentioned that those that respond to exogenous stimuli do have some

• permanence in the plasma and in other organs. It should be noted that in a dose-escalation study in human volunteers, in which 10–12 g/day of CUR was administered, only 30–50 ng/mL of curcumin was detected in the serum (between 2 and 4 h after administration), which is associated with its low solubility

• stored at 4 °C) has shown inhibitory effects on A549 (IC50 3.9 µg/mL) and on H460 lung cancer (IC50 2.9 µg/mL) cell lines, according to a cell cycle arrest at G2/M [59]. Morevore, the activities of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 had a dose-dependent increase in both cell lines in response to both

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• subcutaneous injection of therapeutic agents is still a very common practise in all healthcare settings. Unlike conventional immunisation, which is typically accomplished by high vaccine dose, microneedle patch delivery utilizes a significantly lower dose of vaccine by targeting the rich immune system of the

• from cancer research (25% enhanced absorption of the protein cancer drug AvastinTM compared with conventional hypodermic delivery) [14]. Incorporation of drug-loaded nanoparticles in dissolving microneedles also shows promise for dose concentration, for example using the antimicrobial carvacrol (CAR

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• challenging stress/strain analysis. Irradiation of copper at 0° incidence angle To assess the effect of ion irradiation, the copper TEM lamella grids were irradiated with Ga ions using a Ga FIB/SEM or Ne ions using HIM. An ion dose of 3371 ions/nm2 was chosen to allow a comparison with a previously reported

• study on Ga-induced phase transformations in copper [34]. A lower ion dose (2247 ions/nm2) was also evaluated as it corresponds to the dose that is achieved for commonly reported EBSD polishing time values over larger areas [39]. 30 keV Ga ion irradiation at 0° incidence angle The ion trajectory plot

• images and corresponding dose (see video Supporting Information File 2) suggests that significantly large dark patches are already present at an ion dose of 2247 ions/nm2 which is below the previously reported ion dose of 3371 ions/nm2 [24] (see Figure 5c). The impurity concentration for the slow milling

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• (STEM) images after nearest neighbor down-sampling. This enabled an increase in image resolution of up to 100-fold, decreasing scanning time and electron dose [120]. Another application of CNNs for STEM was for atomic defect classification [121]. The goal was to characterize defects related to Si

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• therapy; sonoporation; theranostics; ultrasound; ultrasound responsive nanomaterials; Review Introduction Smart drug delivery vehicles It is well known that the administration of most anticancer drugs can produce considerable systemic toxicity, which in some cases can be dose-limiting. Whether oral

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• animal experiments, PVP-coated AgNPs were given orally to three-month old male Wistar rats of 320–350 g of body weight (b.w.) at a daily dose of 1 mg Ag/kg b.w. After 28 days of exposure, the rats were sacrificed under general anaesthesia and tissues were collected for further analysis. This may be

• were fed standard GLP-certified food (Mucedola, 4RF21, Italy) and given tap water ad libitum. Healthy rats were randomly selected and divided into control and treatment groups. The animals were treated by oral gavage with PVP-AgNPs at a daily dose of 1 mg Ag/kg b.w. during 28 days, while control

• animals were administered with the same amount (0.1 mL) of physiological solution. Despite the applied dose was much higher than the estimated amount of daily consumption of Ag by humans through ingestion (i.e. 20–80 µg) [61], the dose of 1 mg Ag/kg b.w. for animal experiments is 5–50 times lower than the

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• irradiation effects, such as defect formation and ion implantation, are used to locally change the properties of the material, and at higher doses, nanofabrication is performed using localized material removal (by sputtering) or addition (by gas-assisted deposition). Sometimes, lower-dose irradiation effects

• interaction volume and resulting modification of the sample for helium ions impinging on bulk silicon and copper targets providing key insights into the beam–sample interaction [16]. Dose series were conducted and the interaction volumes directly visualized by preparing cross sections by gallium focused ion

• either purposefully creating, or avoiding, varying degrees of disorder in a material. In the following, a range of applications based on these irradiation effects is described, starting with defect engineering studies at the lowest doses and then moving through higher-dose applications. The final

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• ingestion (swallowing). In these studies with rodents, the degree of toxicity depended on the size of the particles and the dose administered.” [131]. The in vivo oral exposure to these commercial solutions of nanoscale silver particles does not lead to clinically important changes in metabolic

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• dose-dependent side effects of both drugs. In part, this was also accomplished by the low-dose synergistic effect of countering different biological signaling pathways, with the goal of achieving short-term BCR–ABL1 kinase inhibition that resulted in induction of apoptosis in BCR–ABL1-positive and

• primary CML progenitor cells. The targeted NDDS significantly increased the survival rate of the murine leukemia models relative to the groups treated with single drugs, non-targeted co-delivery NDDS, and the untreated control. In addition, the low-administered dose of both co-delivered drugs and the NDDS

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• Figure 2b. The irradiated 2 × 2 µm2 area is not completely covered with iron (purity ca. 90 atom %), as there is no iron at the edges of the square. This process occurs because for EBISA usually a much higher electron dose is necessary to effectively activate the substrate than for EBID. Thus, the edges

• of the square, which due to the lack of proximity effects are exposed to a lower overall electron dose than the center, are not fully covered. The AG process results in the formation of presumably pure crystalline iron [10][12], as evidenced in the blowup SE image in Figure 2c and the orange spectrum

• min, for all electron doses, the irradiated square areas are apparently not fully covered by deposits. For the highest electron dose of 6.08 C/cm2 just small areas at the edges of the squares are not covered. The area of the uncovered parts increases with decreasing electron dose. At 1.01 C/cm2 the

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• material removal in thin slices of equal dose instead of relying on locally varying doses of a single slice [11]. This is a great benefit over the manufacturer-specific patterning options that allow for grey-scale patterning, where the grey values encode local doses. The results of the patterning can be

• , cf. Figure 2b. In the same manner, all two-dimensional geometric primitives have to make use of the pre-defined raster styles, such as line-by-line in one direction or alternating directions as well as cross-sectional rasterization (repeat each line until the full dose is applied before starting the

• energy that needs time to dissipate before the beam reaches the same position and introduces energy again. In the low-level approach, the raster strategy can be customized such that the local dose per time is minimized (e.g., back-stitch or other custom point- or line-hopping approaches). If provided by

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• Medical Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore-54000, Pakistan 10.3762/bjnano.12.24 Abstract Two of the limitations associated with cancer treatment are the low efficacy and the high dose-related side effects of anticancer drugs. The purpose of the current

• chemotherapy [9]. Also, high-dose regimens of DOX are associated with sever cardiotoxicity and bone marrow suppression. Different strategies were used to encapsulate the drug to minimize its side effects; however, this decreased the chemotherapeutic effectiveness [10]. Henceforth, new treatment modalities are

• may be responsible for the laser-triggered release of DOX. These findings are consistent with previous studies [23]. PSS-GNRs nanocomplex biocompatibility Dose-dependent biocompatibility and cytotoxicity efficiency of the nanocarriers were measured in vitro. The efficiency of the GNRs in mediating

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• aggregation of NPs was observed in the RPMI medium over the exposure time (24 h). A dose-dependent relationship between PBMC uptake and Ag concentration was detected for both AgNP and AgNO3 treatment. There was approximately a two-fold increase in cellular Ag uptake in the AgNO3 vs the NP treatment

• . However, for the AgNO3 treatment, this ratio increased in a dose-dependent manner (Table 2). Impact of PVP-AgNPs and Ag ions on viability and metabolic activity of PBMCs Cell membrane integrity as a marker for cell viability was measured by LDH release; a greater LDH release is an indication of more

• LDH release was detected at any concentration. Both PVP-AgNPs and AgNO3 increased the LDH release in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control (without Ag), beginning from 100 µg·L−1 (Figure 5a). No significant toxicity was observed at 10 µg·L−1 concentration. The LDH test for AgNO3-PVP showed a

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• pillar its total deposition time is converted to the total number of incident electrons, or electron dose, used to deposit that pillar. Figure 6 shows that the shapes of the pillar deposits from different precursors are different. Therefore, the volume was chosen to fairly compare the growth rate of the

• different precursors. The height and diameter of the pillars were measured and used to calculate the volume. Figure 7 shows the calculated deposit volumes as a function of the electron dose. Clearly different deposition rates are found ranging from 3 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−2 nm3/e−, assuming linear growth. For

• Information File 1. Deposits from all precursors show a rather linear increase in height with electron dose (Figure S20a, Supporting Information File 1), whereas the deposit diameter increases at first but saturates at higher doses (Figure S20b, Supporting Information File 1). The saturation values differ

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• layer termination, which is described in detail in [28]. The z’-TiOx phase was formed by exposing the clean Pt3Ti(111) surface to 150 L of oxygen (150 s at p(O2) = 1.33 × 10−6 mbar), while the sample was kept at a temperature of 1000 K. Exposing the clean Pt3Ti(111) surface to an oxygen dose of 600 L

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• ), sensitivity, and moderate body size make Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) [45] an ideal model organism to study environmental nanotoxicity at the nanoscale level. C. elegans was used as a model organism to evaluate the impact of an exposure to a 50–100 mg/L dose of graphite, graphite oxide nanoplatelets, and

• similarities between silkworms and Mus musculus (mice) regarding their response to antifungals. The median effective dose (ED50) and the median lethal dose (LD50) of Candida tropicalis and of Candida albicans were introduced into the silkworm and it was reported that the response of the silkworm to

• autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis in the hemocytes. Xing et al. [154] studied the outcome of introducing Si NPs in the hemolymph of the silkworm. It was reported that 3.9 µg of Si NPs was toxic to the hemocytes when compared to the groups exposed to 0.39 and 0.039 µg of Si NPs. A high dose of Si NPs (3.9

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

•  2a2). Figure 2a3 shows the same region as Figure 2a1, but the parts that were previously imaged at high magnification (FOV of 4.5 μm) with a dose of 1.4 × 1016 ions/cm2 appear noticeably brighter. This is caused by He+ beam-induced carbonaceous deposits resulting in a thin conductive coating. In

• ) of the cell seen in Figure 2b1, showing the virus particles on top of the cell membrane in a side view. Note that after the zoom-out in Figure 2c1, the previously imaged regions appear again brighter. After imaging Figure 2c2 with a dose of 1.9 × 1017 ions/cm2, the flood gun was turned off, which

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• degrees of the samples in RAW 264.7 cells (the cytotoxicity of the samples was dose-dependent) and by the flow cytometry results (see below). Ion release experiments For the investigation of released lanthanide ions, UC@thin_NH2 and UC@thick_NH2, as representative samples of thin- and thick-shelled

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• scanning electron microscope (SEM), wherein series of pillars were successfully grown from both precursors. The growth of the pillars was studied as a function of the electron dose and compared to deposits grown from the commercially available precursor MeCpPtMe3. The composition of the deposits was

• pressure (8 × 10−6 mbar). The pillars deposited from Pt(CO)2Cl2 have a conical shape, and the height is smaller and seems to saturate much more rapidly with electron dose than for the pillars deposited from MeCpPtMe3 (Figure 5). Note that in Figure 5 the dose is plotted as the total number of incident

• electrons used to grow a pillar, that is, the beam current multiplied by the total dwell time at the location of exposure, excluding the waiting time. For point exposures, this is a better-defined measure than the dose per unit area. Although the diameters of the pillars from Pt(CO)2Cl2, as judged from

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• biocompatible SWCNT nanocarriers with low cytotoxicity. All DOX formulations exhibit effective anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells, and the cytotoxicity is observed to be dose-dependent (Figure 7B). It is noted that DOX-loaded CNT carriers show an enhanced inhibitory effects toward MCF-7 cells in comparison

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• substrates. As a result, the total depth change observed in the PC substrate at the highest dose (7.5 × 1015 cm−2) is approx. 2.5 times smaller than that in the case of the PMMA substrate. This difference can result from a combination of several factors related to the polymer structure and composition, as

• irradiation dose, the PDMS material first shrinks, then swells, and then shrinks again. The concave shapes of the surface inside of the irradiated PDMS regions can, to a large extent, be attributed to the elasticity of this material. A very low Young’s modulus for the Sylgard-184 PDMS material, ranging from

• PDMS sample induced by ion irradiation include irreversible changes in the material structure and in the elastic properties with an increase in the irradiation dose [21][22][23][24][25]. These factors can contribute significantly to set the threshold dose for the first strain-driven transition and can

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• approximately 1.3 wt % [24]. Cytotoxicity assay Dose-dependent cytotoxicity of HAp/pDNA complexes on HL-1 cells was investigated in the concentration range of 0.1–10 µg/mL. The 3-(4,5-dimethylhiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to assess cytotoxicity. No differences in cell

• dose-dependent manner. The amount of 0.75 µg was selected for subsequent cell experiments. The transfection efficiency of the HAp vector in HL-1 cells was three times higher than that of the endothelial cells in our previous study [22]. Endocytic pathway Under physiological conditions, nanoparticles