Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• from coconut shells and other biomass waste [19][20][21]. However, the industrial use of plastics for this purpose has not been established yet. The main properties of porous carbon materials [22][23] such as high specific surface area and high electrical conductivity allow for a variety of

• carbon materials can be functionalized with heteroatoms such as nitrogen, which was reported to affect the electrical conductivity [39][40][41][42], the energy storage capacity, and the wettability of the electrodes with electrolyte [43][44][45]. Commonly, nitrogen is inserted into the carbon framework

Kelvin probe force microscopy work function characterization of transition metal oxide crystals under ongoing reduction and oxidation

• Dominik Wrana,
• Karol Cieślik,
• Wojciech Belza,
• Christian Rodenbücher,
• Krzysztof Szot and
• Franciszek Krok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.155

• -type (rock-salt-type, B1) cubic structure (Fm−3m, a = 4.184 Å), displaying a wide range of nonstoichiometric values [25]. Our study contains first measurements of electrical conductivity and the work function of crystalline TiO and its response to the ambient air reoxidation. This is all compared to

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• uniform two-dimensional nanocarbon films, so-called carbon nanosheets, with ca. 10 nm thickness with dispersed nanopore structural motifs. The electrical conductivity of the transferred film was significantly increased after the thermal carbonization process. Nitrogen-doping was carried out simply by

• mixing nitrogen-containing compounds such as pyridine into the original solution of the carbon nanoring molecule. The prepared nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets exhibited a higher electrical conductivity than the non-doped ones did. It should be noted that these nanomaterial fabrications can be conducted

Rapid thermal annealing for high-quality ITO thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Doina Craciun,
• Florin Garoi,
• Catalin Negrila,
• Beatrice Gabriela Sbarcea and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1511–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.149

• ), causing them to decrease. The conductivity of the ITO thin films was determined using the four point-probe method. It was found that the electrical conductivity of the ITO film (d = 370 nm) increases from 5.8 × 103 Ω−1 cm−1 to 1.35 × 104 Ω−1 cm−1 after annealing. We may conclude that the increase in grain

• -treated ITO thin films, with different thickness values.a Typical chemical composition of ITO thin films, determined by XPS measurements. The values of the bandgap width corresponding to direct optical transitions and the electrical conductivity for the as-deposited and RTA-treated ITO samples.a

• ) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) at a power of 40 kV/40 mA. The scan was performed between 20° and 60° with a 2 s/step scan speed and 0.04° step. Optical transmission spectra of the deposited thin films were measured with a UV–vis–NIR Perkin Elmer 950 spectrophotometer (190–3300 nm). The electrical

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• graphite (372 mA·h·g−1) [6]. However, poor electrical conductivity, capacity fading and large volume changes upon charge and discharge make the commercialization of MoS2 in LIBs problematic [6][7]. In order to address this issue, the fabrication of MoS2 composites and carbonaceous support materials (such

Hierarchically structured 3D carbon nanotube electrodes for electrocatalytic applications

• Pei Wang,
• Katarzyna Kulp and
• Michael Bron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1475–1487, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.146

• discovery in 1991 [1] due to their high electrical conductivity, large surface area, good chemical stability, high mechanical strength and high aspect ratio and are considered as promising materials for diverse applications such as field emission displays, energy storage devices, sensors, and so on [2][3][4

• support is as important as the active material in order to form an optimum catalyst. For electrocatalytic applications, the support should possess high electrical conductivity, large surface area and good chemical and mechanical stability. Furthermore, the electrode prepared with the catalyst should

Kelvin probe force microscopy of the nanoscale electrical surface potential barrier of metal/semiconductor interfaces in ambient atmosphere

• Petr Knotek,
• Tomáš Plecháček,
• Jan Smolík,
• Petr Kutálek,
• Filip Dvořák,
• Milan Vlček,
• Jiří Navrátil and
• Čestmír Drašar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1401–1411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.138

• efficiency of the material could be expressed in terms of figure-of-merit, ZT, defined as dimensionless quantity ZT = S2·σ·T/κ , where S is the thermopower (Seebeck coefficient), σ is the electrical conductivity, T is the absolute temperature and κ is the thermal conductivity. There were many concepts for

• material because of its well-defined layered structure with sub-nanometer roughness similar to mica or highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The electrical conductivity and mechanical stiffness of Bi2Se3 allow for the measurement with high-intensity electrical fields (10 V/30 nm) without damaging the

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• biocomposite: HNTs act as nanocontainers for bioactive species, GNPs provide electrical conductivity (enhanced by doping with MWCNTs) and, the CHI polymer matrix introduces mechanical and membrane properties that are of key significance for the development of electrochemical devices. The resulting

• nanofillers to ensure the mechanical strength and electrical conductivity of the prepared bionanocomposite films and foams [26]. Moreover, MWCNTs are supposed to act as nanowires improving the contact between the active site of the immobilized enzymes and an electrode surface via direct electron transfer [39

• ]. The resulting multicomponent systems have advantages such as high electrical conductivity and flexibility that make the bionanocomposite films appropriate components for biosensors [35][40] for glucose detection, while the relatively high porosity of the bioactive foams enhances the power density and

Fabrication of phase masks from amorphous carbon thin films for electron-beam shaping

• Lukas Grünewald,
• Dagmar Gerthsen and
• Simon Hettler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1290–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.128

• irradiation, which in turn increases scattering. In this work we investigated amorphous carbon (aC) as an alternative PM material. Amorphous carbon, like SixNy, offers high mechanical stability, low scattering probability and in addition high electrical conductivity. Because of these properties, aC is

Alloyed Pt₃M (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles supported on S- and N-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Stéphane Louisia,
• Yohann R. J. Thomas,
• Pierre Lecante,
• Marie Heitzmann,
• M. Rosa Axet,
• Pierre-André Jacques and
• Philippe Serp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1251–1269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.125

• -CNTs) and S-doped CNT (S-CNTs). To further increase the corrosion resistance and the electrical conductivity of the N-CNTs, they were annealed at 1000 °C to produce N-CNTHT. The introduction of nitrogen or sulfur into the CNT structure has an effect on the structural properties of the prepared

Direct growth of few-layer graphene on AlN-based resonators for high-sensitivity gravimetric biosensors

• Jimena Olivares,
• Teona Mirea,
• Lorena Gordillo-Dagallier,
• Bruno Marco,
• José Miguel Escolano,
• Marta Clement and
• Enrique Iborra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 975–984, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.98

• porous gold films [9], owing to their outstanding properties in terms of electrical conductivity combined with their chemical stability and their ability to alter their chemistry under controlled conditions. Recently, functionalized graphene and graphene oxide have attracted the attention of the

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• amount of charge than double layer supercapacitors and exhibits superior energy density [6]. Pseudo-supercapacitors have limited electrical conductivity and slow charge–discharge kinetics, resulting in a significant decrease in power density. Supercapacitors have been explored by realizing both faradaic

• and effective strategy that can enhance the electrical conductivity and provide relatively high specific capacity (increased by 10–30%). However, the electrochemical performance of this material deteriorates due to the large volume expansion during cycling. This results in a gradual loss of

• . Second, Cu, which has good electrical conductivity and provides unique rate capabilities, was uniformly dispersed on the carbon matrices, which are extensively explored to meet the imperative requirements in the field of supercapacitors. Third, the introduction of nanoscale TiO2 can further enhance the

Trapping polysulfide on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide for Li–S batteries through phase selection with optimized binding

• Sha Dong,
• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 774–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.77

• efficiency, active material loss, and rapid capacity fading hinder the practical application of Li–S batteries [6]. The insulating nature of sulfur and its lithiation products, Li2S2 and Li2S, leads to low electrical conductivity of the cathode and low rate capability. Dissolved higher-order lithium

• electrical conductivity [10]. However, the adsorption of polarized LPSs on non-polarized graphene is weak; heteroatom doping is necessary for improving the anchoring effect. Nitrogen doping has been used to modify the anchoring behavior of graphene, and the N-doped graphene showed improved anchoring of Li2Sx

An iridescent film of porous anodic aluminum oxide with alternatingly electrodeposited Cu and SiO₂ nanoparticles

• Menglei Chang,
• Huawen Hu,
• Haiyan Quan,
• Hongyang Wei,
• Zhangyi Xiong,
• Jiacong Lu,
• Pin Luo,
• Yaoheng Liang,
• Jianzhen Ou and
• Dongchu Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 735–745, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.73

• the electrical conductivity of the sample) before scanning. Cu can be seen as numerous particles at the nanoscale homogeneously distributed over the entire surface. In sample S2 (Figure 4b), Si can be observed all over the sample surface, revealing the uniform deposition of SiO2. The electrodeposited

Enhancement in thermoelectric properties due to Ag nanoparticles incorporated in Bi₂Te₃ matrix

• Srashti Gupta,
• Dinesh Chandra Agarwal,
• Bathula Sivaiah,
• Sankarakumar Amrithpandian,
• Kandasami Asokan,
• Ajay Dhar,
• Binaya Kumar Panigrahi,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Vinay Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 634–643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.63

• nanoparticles on thermoelectric properties can be understood on the basis of a carrier-filtering effect that results in an increase in thermopower along with a control over the reduction in electrical conductivity to maintain a high power factor yielding a high figure of merit. Keywords: bismuth telluride

• = S2σT/k) and to enhance figure of merit (ZT), one needs to increase the power factor (S2σ, where S is the Seebeck coefficient or thermopower, σ is the electrical conductivity) or to decrease thermal conductivity (k). In bulk, all three parameters (S, σ, k) are interdependent. In bulk Bi2Te3, ZT is close

• nanoparticles that yield both a higher power factor and figure of merit than pure Bi2Te3 [21]. An enhanced Seebeck coefficient (S) could compensate for the reduction in electrical conductivity to some extent maintaining S2σ as unaffected as possible. Through the metal fraction in the matrix or the synthesis

A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• used to adjust structure and density of the pores of the composite while improving the electrical conductivity. Following such a strategy, we developed a unique three-dimensional structured carbon-based composite material, referred to as 3D-RGO@MWCNT. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) form a

• battery technologies. The actual application of Li–S batteries, however, is hindered by several challenges, i.e., i) the poor conductivity of sulfur and ii) the “shuttle effect” of polysulfides (Li2Sx, 4 < x ≤ 8) [1][2][3][4]. To achieve a high specific capacity, a sulfur cathode with high electrical

• conductivity and high sulfur loading is necessary. The shuttle effect will result in rapid fading of the capacity and coulombic efficiency during the cycling process. Therefore, the development of a sulfur cathode that can “withhold” sulfur and reduce the shuttle effect, together with a high conductivity and

Wearable, stable, highly sensitive hydrogel–graphene strain sensors

• Jian Lv,
• Chuncai Kong,
• Chao Yang,
• Lu Yin,
• Itthipon Jeerapan,
• Fangzhao Pu,
• Xiaojing Zhang,
• Sen Yang and
• Zhimao Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 475–480, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.47

• -hydrogel and the electron conduction change of the graphene film under different contact conditions [15] (spacing variations and contact area under stretching). The ionic conductivity is responsible for the electrical conductivity of the bare WG-hydrogel. The hysteresis curve for graphene/WG-hydrogel

Reduced graphene oxide supported C₃N₄ nanoflakes and quantum dots as metal-free catalysts for visible light assisted CO₂ reduction

• Md Rakibuddin and
• Haekyoung Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.44

• all these interesting properties, pure g-C3N4 only weakly absorbs visible light due to its wide band gap and also has poor electrical conductivity [18]. An efficient way to increase the charge separation and electrical conductivity of g-C3N4 is to modify it with rGO. Besides the structural and

Nanocomposite–parylene C thin films with high dielectric constant and low losses for future organic electronic devices

• Marwa Mokni,
• Gianluigi Maggioni,
• Abdelkader Kahouli,
• Sara M. Carturan,
• Walter Raniero and
• Alain Sylvestre

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 428–441, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.42

• -relaxation without bringing other inconveniences such as interfacial polarization mechanism or a long-range electrical conductivity induced by these nanoparticles. For this latter, we plotted the electrical ac-conductivity σ’ as a function of the frequency (Figure 9). The behavior is representative of short

• constant ε’HF (value at 1 MHz); b) the dielectric strength Δε. Frequency dependence of the dissipation factor for pure parylene C and NCPC samples. Electrical conductivity of pure parylene C and NCPCs. Gain in the gate insulation capacitance by replacing conventionally processed parylene C (sample O) with

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• large specific surface area and distinct pore character. For applications in which electrical conductivity plays an important role, e.g., battery electrodes, fuel-cell catalysts or supercapacitors [14][15][16], it is necessary for carbon to not only show porosity but also to feature a graphitic

Sub-wavelength waveguide properties of 1D and surface-functionalized SnO₂ nanostructures of various morphologies

• Venkataramana Bonu,
• Binaya Kumar Sahu,
• Arindam Das,
• Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
• Sandip Dhara and
• Harish C. Barshilia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 379–388, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.37

• SnO2 NSs. Depending on the growth procedure, these metal oxide nanostructures offer varied structural and electrical properties. For instance, Zhu et al. [23] demonstrated a huge variation in the electrical conductivity in NWs grown at the liquid–solid (LS) interface and VS interface. In this article

A Ni(OH)₂ nanopetals network for high-performance supercapacitors synthesized by immersing Ni nanofoam in water

• Donghui Zheng,
• Man Li,
• Yongyan Li,
• Chunling Qin,
• Yichao Wang and
• Zhifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 281–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.27

• derivatives, such as active carbon, porous carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes with good electrical conductivity and high specific surface area, are most commonly employed as electrode materials [5][6][7]. The other category are pseudocapacitors governed by reversible faradic redox reactions at the interface

• performance. Moreover, they are environmentally friendly, easily available and inexpensive [11][12][13][14]. However, bulk Ni(OH)2 is a semiconductor material with poor electrical conductivity [15], which leads to low capacity at a high scan rate and poor cycling stability. In order to overcome this

Nanoporous water oxidation electrodes with a low loading of laser-deposited Ru/C exhibit enhanced corrosion stability

• Sandra Haschke,
• Dmitrii Pankin,
• Vladimir Mikhailovskii,
• Maïssa K. S. Barr,
• Adriana Both-Engel,
• Alina Manshina and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.15

• nanoparticles [18][28]. A carbonaceous support has also been used, with the advantages of chemical durability and electrical conductivity, as demonstrated in the context of alcohol dehydrogenation [29][30]. Such a support, however, has not been applied to the water oxidation reaction so far. In this paper, we

Wet chemistry route for the decoration of carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing

• Hussam M. Elnabawy,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Badawi Anis,
• Mostafa Fedawy,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Ahmed S. G. Khalil,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Xavier Vilanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 105–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.10

• chemical environment [2][3][4][5]. CNT gas sensors often exhibit fair sensitivity to gases even when operated at room temperature. Since their electrical conductivity is affected upon the adsorption of gases, their response is often measured as a change in resistance of a CNT film. The fact that CNT gas

Amorphous Ni_xCo_yP-supported TiO₂ nanotube arrays as an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst in acidic solution

• Yong Li,
• Peng Yang,
• Bin Wang and
• Zhongqing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 62–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.6

• .) demonstrate a superior electrochemical performance. Because the ternary phases provide a synergistic effect, these bi-metal phosphides provide good electrical conductivity and electronic structure [15][16][17]. Among the bi-metal phosphides, Ni–Co–P catalysts have been intensively investigated. The similar

• , respectively. It should be noted that the hydrogen doping may occur due to the small radius of the hydrogen atom when measuring the electrocatalytic activity of NixCoyP/TNAs. Generally speaking, hydrogen doping increases electrical conductivity and enhances electron transfer. Thus the electrocatalytic activity