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Search for "graphite" in Full Text gives 338 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Impact of fluorination on interface energetics and growth of pentacene on Ag(111)
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1361–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.120
- or PFP with a flat-lying (long and short molecular axes parallel to the substrate) orientation, which have IEs (in monolayers on graphite) of 5.65 eV and 6.20 eV, respectively [25][26]. The decrease in the IE is due to solid state polarization, which is a general phenomenon for molecular thin films
- contrast to the monolayers of PEN and PFP on graphite, with a likewise lying-down orientation and large differences in the HOMO positions [11][25][26]. In general, for a strong interfacial coupling and charge transfer, the resonance structure of the adsorbate in the monolayer can be notably different from
Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113
- typical building block, namely 4-tetradecyloxybenzoic acid at the 1-phenyloctane–graphite interface in the presence and in the absence of a buffer layer formed by a long chain alkane, namely n-pentacontane. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), three different structural polymorphs were identified
- for 4-tetradecyloxybenzoic acid at the 1-phenyloctane–graphite interface. Surprisingly, the same three structures were formed on top of the buffer layer, albeit at different concentrations. Systematic variation of experimental parameters did not lead to any new network in the presence of the buffer
- formed at the solution–solid interface, is a more of routine occurrence than an exception. Such structurally diverse monolayers are typically formed on solid substrates such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), graphene, and metals such as Cu, Ag and Au and have been characterized using scanning
Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112
- standard three-electrode cell at room temperature. A graphite rod was used as the counter electrode, Hg/HgO was used as the reference electrode, and a 6.0 M KOH aqueous solution was used as the electrolyte solution. The electrochemical performance of the CCGNFs was investigated using an electrochemical
- the (200) PAN crystal plane [30]. The peaks at approximately 26.5°, 44.5°, and 54.5° in the XRD spectra were typical peaks of either graphite or graphene [36][37]. These peaks were related to the (002) diffraction plane of hexagonal graphite structures in carbon materials. The XRD patterns of PAN
- ° disappeared after carbonization due to the decomposition of PAN during the process. Moreover, the diffraction peak intensity of the (002) crystal plane of the carbonized graphite structure was significantly enhanced, indicating that the carbonization process enhanced the crystallinity of the graphite
Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106
- carried out to understand the storage mechanisms of both lithium and sodium ions inside many different carbons. Due to the progress in LIB research and the implementation of stoichiometric and highly reversible graphite anodes (forming LiC6), disordered carbons were considered less. Although the volume
- expansion of HCs during lithium intercalation is lower than that of graphite, implying longer lifetimes, the relatively lower volumetric energy density due to their lower density and lower energy efficiency were detrimental for their commercial usage in the uprising market of portable devices. In 1997, the
- market share of HC and graphite was still 52% and 43%, respectively, and today graphite is almost exclusively used as negative electrode material in commercial LIBs [11]. Graphite with an interlayer distance of 0.335 nm cannot be intercalated by sodium without solvent co-intercalation [9][12][13
Hybridization vs decoupling: influence of an h-BN interlayer on the physical properties of a lander-type molecule on Ni(111)
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1168–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.101
- rubrene on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) [29]. Our interpretation of the optical spectra is further supported by LT-STM measurements (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2) which show a completely filled monolayer as well as molecular clusters on top of the first layer. Lateral
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of rubrene on clean and graphene-covered metal surfaces
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1157–1167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.100
- this peak to the LUMO or LUMO+1. Much wider unoccupied molecular resonances have been observed, too, in pump–probe photoemission experiments on thin C42H28 films adsorbed on highly oriented pyrolithic graphite and traced to the elevated molecule–substrate hybridization with a concomitant reduced
A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90
- Discussion The liquid phase exfoliation of graphite was first carried out in toxic, non-biocompatible solvents due to the match in the surface energy of graphene and the solvents [33]. However, the interest in using graphene for biological applications has led to the development of new synthetic techniques
- synthesis of FLG by the exfoliation of graphite in water and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) using Ce6 as the stabilizing molecule. The π–π stacking interactions between FLG and Ce6 allows the stabilization of FLG in biocompatible media. Following this methodology, a FLG-Ce6 hybrid nanomaterial was prepared
- by the exfoliation of graphite in sterile deionized water using Ce6 as the stabilizing molecule. To do this, graphite was sterilized by exposure to ultraviolet light for 45 min, and a methanol solution of Ce6 was filtered using a 0.2 μm pore size filter to ensure the sterility of the sample. The
Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86
- copper. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) or graphite powder (commercially available) are used as carbon source. g-C3N4 is synthesized and characterized according to [18]. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the formation of g-C3N4 (Figure S1 in Supporting
- Information File 1). The reactions were carried out in quartz or Teflon beakers. A Teflon beaker also served as a carbon and fluorine source for the experiments. Typically, 100 mg of acid-treated metal powder mixed either with graphite powder or g-C3N4 (50 mg) were placed inside a domestic kitchen microwave
- growth promoter. Typically, a mixture of activated metal (100 mg), sulfur powder (25 mg) and g-C3N4 (50 mg) were added to a Teflon beaker and irradiated with microwaves. It is important to note that in the absence of carbon (graphite/g-C3N4), the arc synthesis yielded a mixture of metal and metal oxide
Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79
- at +40 V for two hours using two graphite plate counter electrodes. Subsequently, they were rinsed with water and ethanol several times. Catalyst coating was performed by atomic layer deposition in a commercial Gemstar 6 reactor from Arradiance. Platinum and iridium were deposited using
Measurement of electrostatic tip–sample interactions by time-domain Kelvin probe force microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 911–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.76
- exfoliation from bulk graphite [32][33] and deposited on a piece of Si/SiO2. Measurements were carried out using an Asylum Research Cypher AFM connected to a Zurich Instruments HF2 lock-in amplifier. Figure 3 shows the results of the open-loop controller. During the FM-AFM measurement the tip voltage was
Transition from freestanding SnO2 nanowires to laterally aligned nanowires with a simulation-based experimental design
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 843–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.69
- downstream temperature zone. An alumina boat with 0.3 g of a 1:1 w/w% mixture of pulverized SnO2:graphite was placed in the upstream temperature zone. After closing the system, the pressure was pumped down to a vacuum level below 4.6 × 10−5 mbar by means of a turbo molecular pump. This step was performed to
- sites are changed. Furthermore, it should be considered that the gaseous Sn atoms might already partially react with oxygen in the gas phase and that parts of the graphite, which are not used in the reaction with the SnO2 powder, might react with a fraction of the gaseous oxygen. An effect of these
Templating effect of single-layer graphene supported by an insulating substrate on the molecular orientation of lead phthalocyanine
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 814–820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.66
- oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) or SiO2, it has been reported that CuPc attains different orientations resulting in substantial differences in donor–acceptor energy level alignment at the interface. Thus, ordering and orientation of these molecules significantly affect charge carrier injection and
- transparency disappears with an increasing number of graphene layers, and the wettability approaches that of graphite. The underlying support substrate is reported to even influence the chemical reactivity of a monolayer of graphene [15]. Most of the orientation studies of MPc on graphene deal with planar MPc
- tunneling [9]. Graphene has similar properties as graphite and is expected to exhibit similar templating effects as observed earlier on graphite due to its sp2-hybridized structure. The vertically stacked monoclinic domains on the graphene surface provide an uninterrupted path for electrical transport and
Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62
- material Ni(OH)2/graphene oxide has an onset potential of −0.17 V vs Ag/AgCl for ORR, which is 80 to 100 mV more positive than the corresponding onset potentials of unsupported Ni(OH)2 (−0.25 V vs Ag/AgCl) and exfoliated graphite oxide sheets (−0.27 V vs Ag/AgCl) [64]. In another study, Ni-N/C (nickel
Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60
- pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) or a KBr crystal to negate the effects of varying scales of roughness, which [12] suggests should be a contributing factor. Qualitatively, there is a general mismatch in behavior when comparing the majority of experimental results with the LJ F(z) curves. In particular, the LJ F(z
Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 703–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.58
- properties of a material. S-AFAM is implemented and compared with a conventional technique (resonance tracking-atomic force acoustic microscopy, RT-AFAM). A sample of a graphite film on a glass substrate is analyzed. S-AFAM can be implemented in any AFM system due to its reduced instrumentation requirements
- (Figure 2). To show the capabilities of this technique, a graphite film was sputtered on a glass substrate and characterized by the proposed S-AFAM technique and by conventional RT-AFAM [7]. Mathematical Model Dynamic model In order to extract the resonance frequencies of a free cantilever and a
- reliable method. A conventional AFM mapping of a graphite film on a glass substrate was carried out using a white-noise signal as excitation of the tip–sample interaction. A FFT was computed for each pixel and stored on a hard disk drive. Figure 4c shows that the contact stiffness can be obtained from
Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48
- synthesized from glassy carbon [16], graphite [26], polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) [27], and a graphite–cement mixture [6] via LAL in various liquids. In general, there are three major mechanisms contributing to the photoluminescence (PL) of CDs: 1) size-dependent bandgap (quantum confinement), 2) surface
Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46
- solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on graphite anodes and HOPG [14][15][16], Li metal [17] and on cathode materials [18][19] as well as the changes in particle size during ageing [19][20]. Other AFM modes used for the analysis of ageing are, for example, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and
- conductive AFM (CAFM). Luchkin et al. used KPFM to analyse the Li-ion distribution in graphite anodes and found a core–shell structure in aged graphite particles [21]. Wu et al. used KPFM to track the changes in the surface potential of LiCoO2 cathodes during ageing and found a decrease of the surface
- amplitude represents the electromechanical activity [62][63][64]. Similar to the ESM and PFM signal, digital volume correlation (DVC) in combination with in situ X-ray tomography microscopy (XTM) was used by Pietsch et al. [47] for graphite and silicon anodes and by Finegan et al. [48] for a LiMnO2 cathode
Electrochemically derived functionalized graphene for bulk production of hydrogen peroxide
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 432–442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.34
- the role of C=O groups in graphene towards sustainable peroxide formation. We demonstrate a versatile single-step electrochemical exfoliation of graphite to graphene with a controllable degree of oxygen functionalities and thickness, leading to the formation of large quantities of functionalized
- also influence the catalytic property of the materials since these EEG samples are derived from bulk graphite using a single-step exfoliation in different electrolytes. The BET isotherms of the EEG samples are shown in Figure 1b. The shape of the nitrogen adsorption and desorption curves displays a
- typical type III behavior, which corresponds to that of a layered material [42][51]. The surface area varies from 46 ± 2 m2/g (G-M1) to 11 ± 2 m2/g (G-M4). The change in the surface area can be attributed to the rate of exfoliation of the graphite rod which in turn depends upon the availability of
Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24
- oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate. The sample was electrically connected to the AWG by mounting the HOPG substrate onto a sample holder designed with in situ electrical contacts. The pump signal generated by the AWG was transmitted through a coaxial cable (air side) connected to a twisted pair
An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23
- porosity on the precursor materials is expected as some materials are better graphitizable than others. For instance, resin-based carbon materials are not graphitizable, while pitch-based carbon materials develop a comparably high structural order upon heat treatment and can be converted into graphite. The
- resin- and pitch-based samples treated at 3000 °C show no general (hkl) reflections as expected for graphite, while the non-templated precursors are converted to graphite at this temperature. This absence of 3D order can be attributed to the confinement and the nanostructure, which hinder the
- ., the structure is between that of turbostratic carbon and that of graphite. Additional reflexes in the range of the (10) maxima shine through, which are due to impurities, but are negligible in the analysis. Since the applied model is only applicable for turbostratic carbon materials, only the 800 °C
Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21
- graphite mortar and pestle and placed on the sample holder. The crystallite size and phase formation of the cuttlefish-bone-derived Hap nanorods were identified and confirmed by comparing the data with standard XRD patterns from JCPDS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy The presence of functional
Nonequilibrium Kondo effect in a graphene-coupled quantum dot in the presence of a magnetic field
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 225–239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.17
- graphene-based nanoelectronic devices. Graphene is a two-dimensional layer of graphite. Such layers were isolated experimentally about a decade ago [1][2] and described theoretically about half a century ago [49]. The carbon atoms in graphene are arranged in a hexagonal (honeycomb) lattice. The hexagonal
- on the bias voltage is in agreement with the theoretical results of Świrkowicz et al., who considered a QD connected to metallic electrodes [31]. The zero-bias peak of the differential conductance was observed experimentally for magnetic impurities induced by vacancies on graphite surface [77]. In
Simple synthesis of nanosheets of rGO and nitrogenated rGO
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 68–75, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.7
- hybrid systems such as batteries [6], electrodes [7] and photodetectors [8]. In 1958, Hummer and Offeman developed a chemical method to synthesize graphene oxide by acid treatment of graphite [9]. The graphene oxide thus obtained contains oxygen functional groups (–CO–, –COC–) on the surface and edges of
- ], solvothermal [16], hydrothermal synthesis [17], laser reduction of graphite oxide [18][19], and photo thermal deoxygenation of graphene oxide by camera flash have been developed to reduce the oxygen content of GO in order to restore the conjugated network [20]. Recently, a well-known chemical reduction method
Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1
- they can result in further advantages such as an improved tolerance towards impurities compared to Pt-based catalysts [1]. A wide variety of N-doped carbon materials is known from the literature, reaching from N-doped graphene and graphite, N-doped carbon nanotubes, carbon cages, carbon cups and carbon
- are chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and arc discharge methods for N-doped graphene, graphite, and carbon nanotubes [9]. Most commonly, the post-synthetic approach is carried out by thermal treatment of carbon in ammonia atmosphere, typically leading to surface N-doping. A variety of N bonding
- thickness of the graphite layers Lc determined by X-ray diffraction measurements. Similar observation was made by Liu et al. for carbon spheres that were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of a sucrose solution and subsequently graphitized in the presence of nickel-oxide particles. High-resolution TEM
Formation of metal/semiconductor Cu–Si composite nanostructures
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2497–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.240
- accelerator (1) irradiates the surface of the source materials (4), which are located in a graphite crucible and consist of two mixed solids. The current has a small value of 5–10 mA. As a result, the source materials are transformed into a liquid state. Then, in the second stage, the beam current rises up to
- of composite nanoparticles. Elements of the installation: 1 – linear electron accelerator ELV-6; 2 – evaporation chamber; 3 – graphite crucible; 4 – evaporated materials; 5 – input pipe for the transport gas; 6 – connecting pipe; 7 – intermediate chamber for cooling the aerosol and partial deposition
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