The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• better exposure of HA-bound ligands [16]. The more general conclusion, however, is the strongly cell-dependent nature of the effects that nanoparticle morphology may have on nanoparticle internalization and silencing performance (see point A in the previous paragraph). This highlights the need of a

Advanced hybrid nanomaterials

• Andreas Taubert,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2563–2567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.247

• -ionothermal reaction or organic ligands are reported in “Magnetic and luminescent coordination networks based on imidazolium salts and lanthanides for sensitive ratiometric thermometry” [35]. Compounds associating the imidazolium ligand with several rare earth ions behave as a ratiometric thermometer and

Bombesin receptor-targeted liposomes for enhanced delivery to lung cancer cells

• Mohammad J. Akbar,
• Pâmela C. Lukasewicz Ferreira,
• Melania Giorgetti,
• Leanne Stokes and
• Christopher J. Morris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2553–2562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.246

• , leading to accumulation of nanocarriers in the tumour. A diversity of targeting ligands has been explored, including antibodies, proteins, peptides and aptamers. Targeted nanoparticles such as HER2-targeted MM-302 [14], transferrin receptor-targeted CALAA-01 [15], and prostate-specific membrane antigen

• ]. SCLC growth as a result of stimulation by nanoparticle targeting ligands is highly undesirable. We therefore sought to explore the use of GRPR antagonist peptides on the liposomal carriers. Here, we exploited a peptide derived from the work of Mansi et al. who showed that the radiolabelled antagonist

Self-assembly of a terbium(III) 1D coordination polymer on mica

• Quentin Evrard,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Felix Houard,
• Guillaume Calvez,
• Yan Suffren,
• Carole Daiguebonne,
• Olivier Guillou,
• Andrea Caneschi,
• Matteo Mannini and
• Kevin Bernot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2440–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.234

• the 4f orbitals [15]. This emission can be considerably enhanced when the ions are properly coordinated by organic ligands that act as “antennas” for UV irradiation increasing the overall brightness of the compound [14]. In our present work, we have used [Tb(hfac)3·2H2O]n (where hfac

• mica, however, exhibits a wide excitation band around 312 nm, which could arise from an important change of the local environment of [Tb(hfac)3·2H2O] with the presence of water and potassium ions in close proximity to the hfac ligands. Discussion As previously described [22], the crystal structure of

• [Tb(hfac)3·2H2O] contains one single crystallographically independent TbIII ion. The ion is eightfold coordinated by six oxygen atoms coming from three chelating hfac ligands and by two additional water molecules. Overall, this coordination pattern leads to a slightly distorted square antiprism

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• iron oxide NP, the oleate ligands on the NP surface are at least partly exchanged for the surfactant as well as the hydrolyzed TEOS upon addition of the oleate-functionalized NPs to the Igepal CO-520–cyclohexane system [36][47]. A similar process is assumed for the oleate-capped UCNPs. As the size of

• Information File 1). This supports that all TEOS grows as SiO2 on the existing core particles. The observation that the measured shell thickness was slightly larger than the calculated one can be explained by the fact that the total mass of the particles, including the oleate ligands, was used for the

• calculations. The oleate ligands are, however, exchanged during shell growth in the inverse microemulsion [36][47]. The oleate content for particles of this size was in the range of 5–10 wt % as shown by thermogravimetric analysis [57]. The z-average values of the samples after the first and second shell

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• saccharide–protein connections. Carbohydrate-binding proteins are known as lectins. A way to interfere with pathological carbohydrate–protein interactions is the use of artificial ligands able to antagonize lectins, possibly with higher affinity than the natural ligands. Multivalent glycoconjugates have been

• corresponding partially galactose-functionalized molecules [13]. Analogous copolymers were tested as ligands for DC-SIGN, a tetravalent lectin involved in the early stage of HIV infection [1]. Also in this case, molecules presenting the highest mannose density had the highest activity towards the lectin [14]. A

• ]. In this work, we used ATRP to produce a library of brush copolymers, which were synthesized via random copolymerisation of PEG- and PCL-based macromonomers. Their polymeric backbones were then mannosylated through a post-polymerization CuAAC, in order to obtain potential lectin ligands. Copolymers of

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• structure and switchable luminescence capability for sensitive water detection [131]. The metal–organic framework sensor was prepared from Zn and (5-(2-(5-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)isophthalic acid) ligands, the latter of which shows a characteristic excited state

Pulsed laser synthesis of highly active Ag–Rh and Ag–Pt antenna–reactor-type plasmonic catalysts

• Kenneth A. Kane and
• Massimo F. Bertino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1958–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.192

• benefits: (1) the absence of surfactants and ligands; (2) a simple, robust, and quick two-step method production; (3) bulk targets of the constituent metals as the only necessary ingredients. Experimental The synthesis of the monometallic colloids was carried out using a EKSPLA SL312G/SH/TH pulsed laser

Charge-transfer interactions between fullerenes and a mesoporous tetrathiafulvalene-based metal–organic framework

• Manuel Souto,
• Joaquín Calbo,
• Samuel Mañas-Valero,
• Aron Walsh and
• Guillermo Mínguez Espallargas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.183

• C60 and discrete π-extended TTF molecules have been extensively studied in solution during the last years [42][43][44][45][46][47]. In contrast, much less is known about their supramolecular interactions in solid-state polymeric structures such as metal–organic frameworks. MOFs using TTF as ligands

• is based on the 6-connected trimeric cluster [Fe3(μ3O)(COO)6] as secondary building unit (SBU) and tetratopic tetrathiafulvalene-tetrabenzoate (TTFTB4−) ligands. This MOF shows a hierarchical structure with mesoporous channels of ≈3 nm and orthogonal microporous channels of ≈1 nm. In addition, it

• exhibits an enhanced catalytic activity for the aerobic oxidation of dibenzothiophene in diesel [52], and a reversible continuous breathing upon adsorption of different solvents [53]. Importantly, the planarity of the TTF ligands can be modulated by the breathing behaviour, which directly impacts on its

Long-term entrapment and temperature-controlled-release of SF₆ gas in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)

• Hana Bunzen,
• Andreas Kalytta-Mewes,
• Leo van Wüllen and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1851–1859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.180

• benzotriazolate ligands, was used to entrap SF6 gas molecules inside its pores, and thus a new scheme for long-term leakproof storage of dangerous gasses is demonstrated. The SF6 gas was introduced into the pores at an elevated gas pressure and temperature. Upon cooling down and release of the gas pressure, we

• frameworks (MOFs); sulfur hexafluoride; Introduction Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are coordination polymers with organic ligands containing (potential) voids [1]. Their porosity and high surface area make them attractive materials for adsorption-based applications [2][3][4][5]. MOFs have been suggested

• light of the close-packed arrangement of coordinated chloride ligands in the framework structure. According to the potential energy curve, an activation energy of approximately +218 kJ·mol−1 can be estimated, which is significantly higher than the experimental value of +135 kJ·mol−1, as gleaned from the

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• signals from ligands bound to NPs display broad line widths [62][63][64]. Exactly the same 1H NMR profile was recorded for the reaction mixture which consisted of cysteine and NaBH4, i.e., no metallic salt was added (see Figure S4 in Supporting Information File 1). This means that during the regular

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• carbene ligands (NHC) stabilize metal clusters and nanoparticles [44]. By insertion of the transition-metal center into the C2–H bond of imidazolium salts, transition-metal hydride complexes are formed [45]. Finally, H transfer reactions from the transition metal to GaCp* lead to the release of Cp*H

The impact of crystal size and temperature on the adsorption-induced flexibility of the Zr-based metal–organic framework DUT-98

• Simon Krause,
• Volodymyr Bon,
• Hongchu Du,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski,
• Ulrich Stoeck,
• Irena Senkovska and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1737–1744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.169

• supramolecular building blocks (SBBs), which consist of Zr6 clusters interconnected by 3,6-carbazole dicarboxylate ligands [20]. An additional benzoate functionality of the ligand connects the SBB into a 3D framework with a structure (Figure 1) similar to MIL-53 [21][22]. Upon removal of the solvent molecules

Tailoring the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles using the polyol process

• Malek Bibani,
• Romain Breitwieser,
• Alex Aubert,
• Vincent Loyau,
• Silvana Mercone,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1166–1176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.116

• emerged as promising and versatile chemical route for the preparation of highly crystalline, monodisperse particles that are isotropic in shape [20][21]. Polyols act not only of solvents, but also as complexing ligands, avoiding the presence of any surfactant. Hydrolysis ratio, nature of polyol, synthesis

Enhanced inhibition of influenza virus infection by peptide–noble-metal nanoparticle conjugates

• Zaid K. Alghrair,
• David G. Fernig and
• Bahram Ebrahimi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1038–1047, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.104

• nanoparticles will possess just one single FluPep ligand [30]. At higher molar fractions the number of FluPep ligands per nanoparticle will increase. It is interesting to note that not all gold nanoparticles were observed to bind to the CM-Sepharose column at higher molar fractions of FluPep ligand, something

• -Sepharose. As the percentage of FluPep incorporated into the ligand shell increased, so did the percentage of nanoparticles bound to CM-Sepharose (Figure 6). This suggests that the molar fraction of FluPep ligand in the initial mixture of ligands added to the nanoparticles reflects its incorporation into

• , Wokingham, UK) and 384-well plates from Corning (Lowell, US) and the concentration of gold nanoparticles and of silver nanoparticles was determined at 450 nm [18] and 392 nm [49], respectively. Synthesis of FluPep functionalised nanoparticles Mixed-matrix ligands 70:30 (mol/mol) CVVVT-ol/ HS(CH2)11(OC2H4

Serum type and concentration both affect the protein-corona composition of PLGA nanoparticles

• Katrin Partikel,
• Robin Korte,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Hans-Ulrich Humpf and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1002–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.101

• serum; nanoparticles; poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid); protein corona; proteomics; Introduction Nanoparticle (NP)-based drug carrier systems offer outstanding opportunities in the treatment of many serious diseases. The unique physicochemical properties and the ability to bind a library of ligands make

Structural and optical properties of penicillamine-protected gold nanocluster fractions separated by sequential size-selective fractionation

• Xiupei Yang,
• Zhengli Yang,
• Fenglin Tang,
• Jing Xu,
• Maoxue Zhang and
• Martin M. F. Choi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 955–966, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.96

• sequentially. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) shows that the four fractions are well-dispersed spherical particles of diameter 3.0 ± 0.6, 2.3 ± 0.5, 1.7 ± 0.4, and 1.2 ± 0.4 nm. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy suggests that disulfide, excess ligands and gold(I) complexes

• size and the ratio of Au atoms to ligands of AuNCs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has also been applied to observe the molecular dependence on the gold and sulfur chemical state of organosulfur monolayers of the fractions. The photoluminescence spectra of these AuNCs in the range of 900–790 nm

• eV). These shifts are due to free ligands, disulfides and gold(I) complexes in this fraction. Additionally, a weak shoulder peak at around 168 eV is observed as shown in Figure 8F, which is assignable to sulfur oxide generated from the fractionation procedure. Upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen, two

Tungsten disulfide-based nanocomposites for photothermal therapy

• Tzuriel Levin,
• Hagit Sade,
• Rina Ben-Shabbat Binyamini,
• Maayan Pour,
• Iftach Nachman and
• Jean-Paul Lellouche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 811–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.81

• , they reported a method based on a nickel–nitrotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) complex as an anchoring group for different chemical functionalities [48][49][50]. Another study of the Tremel group involves terpyridine (TerPy) ligands [51]. NTA and TerPy are multi-dentate ligands, forming complexes with

• chemistry, thanks to an available valence electron in its 4f orbital. In our group, cerium was utilized in the complex form of ceric ammonium nitrate [(NH4)2Ce(IV)(NO3)6, or CAN]. In CAN the cerium ion is coordinated with six nitrate ligands through their oxygen atoms. CAN is a strong oxidizer, turning

• effect, other ligands on the cerium ion can be replaced by different polymers and linkers. The resulting nanocomposites can be used for biomedical applications, such as gene silencing [52], magnetic imaging, and drug delivery. Here we present a new and simple-to-fabricate WS2-NT-CAN-mag (WS2-NT-CM

Polydopamine-coated Au nanorods for targeted fluorescent cell imaging and photothermal therapy

• Boris N. Khlebtsov,
• Andrey M. Burov,
• Timofey E. Pylaev and
• Nikolai G. Khlebtsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 794–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.79

• . Meanwhile different imaging and therapeutic agents can be loaded into the shell of multifunctional nanocomposites. Various AuNR-based nanocomposites loaded with anticancer drugs [17][18][19], photodynamic dyes [20][21], MRI contrast agents [22] and many others ligands [23][24] have already been reported for

On the transformation of “zincone”-like into porous ZnO thin films from sub-saturated plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition

• Alberto Perrotta,
• Julian Pilz,
• Stefan Pachmajer,
• Antonella Milella and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 746–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.74

• substrates and devices. By combining the metalorganic precursors adopted in ALD with the organic ligands used in MLD, hybrid organic–inorganic materials can be synthesized [2][3][4]. These materials possess properties in between their pure organic and inorganic counterparts, yet differing from the pristine

• expected, down to values of 1.0 Å/cycle for the plasma doses explored. The lower GPC resulted from the partial removal of the organic ligands of the metalorganic precursor (DEZ) and the formation of a limited number of active groups able to react with the next metalorganic precursor exposure. In order to

• justified with the formation of more Zn–OH groups due to the removal of the organic ligands. Furthermore, room-temperature PE-ALD processes have often shown in the literature the inclusion of chain-terminating –OH groups in the inorganic matrix, due to the low energy provided during the growth [47][57]. The

Deposition of metal particles onto semiconductor nanorods using an ionic liquid

• Michael D. Ballentine,
• Elizabeth G. Embry,
• Marco A. Garcia and
• Lawrence J. Hill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 718–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.71

• agents. Photocatalytic dye degradation experiments showed that catalysts with platinum particles deposited using the ionic liquid out-performed similar materials synthesized using organic solvents and ligands. We concluded that metal particles can be deposited onto well-defined semiconductor nanorods

• synthesis conditions [5]. Well-defined nanorod substrates are synthesized using organic ligands to direct crystal growth [6], and these surface-bound ligands often play an important role in charge transfer at the particle/solvent interface [7][8][9][10][11]. However, these stabilizing ligands also insulate

• ][15][16][17]. The low surface tension of ionic liquids causes high nucleation rates and allows for the synthesis of small nanoparticles with minimal Ostwald ripening [17]. Further, many ionic liquids consist of a large anion with diffuse negative charge; this lack of strongly binding anionic ligands

Ultrasonication-assisted synthesis of CsPbBr₃ and Cs₄PbBr₆ perovskite nanocrystals and their reversible transformation

• Longshi Rao,
• Xinrui Ding,
• Xuewei Du,
• Guanwei Liang,
• Yong Tang,
• Kairui Tang and
• Jin Z. Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 666–676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.66

• transformation into Cs4PbBr6 PNCs. This process is related to Ostwald ripening that was found during the nucleation and growth of PNCs [42]. Therefore, the formation of Cs4PbBr6 PNCs is promoted by the capacity of the organic ligands to dissolve PbBr2 and by the dissociation of CsPbBr3 PNCs. A series of TEM

• images (Figure 4c–h) clearly confirm that the morphology of these PNCs can be tuned easily by changing the amount of OAm in the precursor solution, while keeping the amount of OA unchanged. We attribute this morphology change to the crystal anisotropy induced by the growth kinetics. The capping ligands

• be proven by the reduction of crystal size from 65 to 11.7 nm (Figure 1 and Figure 4). This is consistent with the findings reported by Wu and co-workers [20]. As the solubility of liquid paraffin or capping ligands in water is very low, further dissolution of CsPbBr3 PNCs is inhibited, which is

Ultrathin hydrophobic films based on the metal organic framework UiO-66-COOH(Zr)

• Miguel A. Andrés,
• Clemence Sicard,
• Christian Serre,
• Olivier Roubeau and
• Ignacio Gascón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 654–665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.65

• . Keywords: hydrophobic coating; Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films; metal organic framework (MOF); surface modification; UiO-66-COOH(Zr); Introduction Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are well-known, crystalline, porous materials formed by metal ions (or metallic clusters) and organic ligands coordinated in a pre

Biocompatible organic–inorganic hybrid materials based on nucleobases and titanium developed by molecular layer deposition

• Leva Momtazi,
• Henrik H. Sønsteby and
• Ola Nilsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 399–411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.39

• , indicating that the film is converted towards TiO2 and either excess TIP-ligands and/or nucleobases is lost from the film. All of these observations point towards the fact that the adenine system produces a relatively stable complex containing both TIP ligands and adenine. This complex is sufficiently stable

• , while the primary amine group in adenine takes part. Neither of the systems shows dominant Ti–N bonding schemes, but rather Ti–O bonds. This is particularly informative for the adenine system as it indicates that a significant portion of the TIP ligands are intact in the film during growth (the adenine

One-step nonhydrolytic sol–gel synthesis of mesoporous TiO₂ phosphonate hybrid materials

• Yanhui Wang,
• P. Hubert Mutin and
• Johan G. Alauzun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 356–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.35

• case of metals, as M–C bonds are (in most cases) quite unstable, the organic groups can be linked to the metal oxide network via carboxylate or β-diketonate ligands [5][10][11]. Organophosphorus ligands such as phosphonates appear quite promising as they form strong ionocovalent M–O–P bonds with many