The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• performance [47][48]. Furthermore, the material removal reduces the thermal coupling of the central device area to the supporting substrate. As graphene is a single-atomic layer, it exhibits the lowest possible heat capacity per unit area of the material [48]. Its broadband spectral absorbance [49], in

• combination with a thermal stability up to 2600 K [50], renders graphene an exciting candidate for room-temperature bolometry [51]. Single-layer graphene was grown by chemical vapor deposition onto a multicrystalline copper foil using methane as precursor gas at 1035 °C. For the transfer process, the graphene

• 1.3 μm at a wavelength of 632 nm was directed onto the central region of the resonator. A numerical description of the locally heated resonator was carried out by finite element modeling. The obtained heat map shows good thermal decoupling of the trampoline geometry with a large gradient. The central

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• to air and moisture and safe to handle. Precursor volatility and thermal stability Table 1 shows the sublimation temperature, obtained from the cold finger setup, for each precursor. No decomposition was observed in the collected sublimed materials by comparison of their 1H NMR spectra with those of

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• result of thermal evaporation of WO3 powder on the complex TiOx/Pt3Ti(111) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The physisorbed tritungsten nano-oxides were found as isolated single units located on the metallic attraction points or as supramolecular self-assemblies with a W3O9-capped hexagonal

• ]. One possibility to achieve this is to create substrate surfaces, whose characteristics would give rise to the nanostructured metal-oxide self-assembly formation. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of this approach using thermal evaporation of WO3 powder under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) on ultrathin

• . However, the resulting formation of W3O9 by thermal WO3 evaporation under UHV conditions differs significantly from other WO3 deposition techniques. For example, the formation of hydrated tungsten acid species could be demonstrated by electrochemical evaporation of tungsten oxide on rutile surfaces under

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• secondary structures of silkworm silk [159][160]. To study silk quality, the mechanical properties, crystalline structure, and thermal stability of the silk fiber are usually taken into consideration. Scientists have reported that the hindrance of the conformational transition of silk fibroin from a random

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• the CE behavior is dependent on the surrounding temperature, Xu et al. [91] have further explored the operation of TENGs at high temperature values. Their results reveal that the thermionic emission of electrons is the main reason for CE and the atomic thermal vibrations strongly influence the CE at

• . Therefore, corresponding treatment processes (e.g., deposition of conductive materials by laser patterning, screen printing, spray coating, thermal deposition, surface morphology engineering, and chemical modification [46][92][93][94][95][96][97][98]) are often applied to convert paper into a conductive

• stencils by thermal/e-beam evaporation, sputter deposition, or spray deposition. When the stencils are peeled off they can readily leave the metallic patterns on the paper substrate [102] (Figure 5a). In comparison to the conventional printing techniques, vacuum evaporation and vacuum deposition techniques

Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

• Wescley Walison Valeriano,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
• Juan Pablo Vasco,
• Angelo Malachias,
• Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
• Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
• Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

• h is directly determined via AFM imaging. The microscope control software also determines the resonance frequency f0 and the elastic constant K of the cantilever using the thermal tune method [30][31]. A critical parameter is the tip–sample distance z, that consists of the height Hlift plus the

• /m, were calculated using the thermal tune method. The height h (Figure 9a) and the α coefficient (Figure 9b) are different for each pixel in the sample, the other parameters mentioned above and seen in Equation 6 are the same for all pixels. Solving Equation 6 for εr we constructed the map of the

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• characteristics including antimicrobial activity, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, optical characteristics, and mechanical properties. The antimicrobial characteristic of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has made them highly applicable in the biomedical and therapeutic fields [69][70][71]. Currently

• infections, and also inhibit the growth of bacterial biofilms [14][15][16]. AgNPs were also used in developing strong thermally conductive materials. They were used in polymer composites to increase thermal conductivity (K) [77][78] for cooling applications in electronic equipment. Furthermore, AgNPs have

• technique. The required equipment is rigorous, very costly, and occupies a significantly large space [104][137][214]. Furthermore, due to the high operation temperature, a significant preheating time is required, and the process needs considerable time to achieve thermal stability [214][225]. There are also

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• a thickness of about 5 nm [8][9][10]. PM patches are highly resistant towards photochemical and thermal degradation and withstand highly concentrated salt solutions [11][12]. BR consists of seven transmembrane α-helices containing a retinal molecule that is bound to the protein [13][14]. Induced by

• optical properties as well as their chemical [39], thermal [40], and mechanical stability [41]. PM patches were deposited by electrophoretic sedimentation from a suspension as a quasi-monolayer on a 4′-nitro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-thiol (NBPT) CNM [42][43]. We use the term quasi-monolayer to express that there

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• control over the composition of the synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles. The fabrication of Cu–Au bimetallic nanoparticles using ion implantation [11] or thermal evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum [12][13] are typical examples of these techniques. Also, in [14], the Cu–Au nanoalloys were deposited onto

• of liquid nitrogen. In our model, the inert gas flow rate was set by the rate of thermal energy removal. However, since this effect is well enough understood, it was not considered in the present work and the simulation was conducted with only one cooling rate. Therefore, the main objective of the

• Cu–Au atomic vapor by a buffer gas and the release of the thermal energy converted from the binding energy of the atoms [18][19]. The cooling rate of the atomic vapor was not directly controlled during the simulation. In fact, it was determined by the collision frequency and by the difference between

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• structural or a chemical change, a complementary AFM-IR method was used. This hybrid setup is comprised of an AFM and a tunable pulsed laser source focused on the sample volume underneath the AFM tip. The absorption at distinct wavelengths is measured by detecting the thermal expansion of the material by the

• recorded with a frequency of 1 Hz. The spring constant of the cantilever was determined by a noninvasive thermal noise method. In the case of FDC experiments, the tip radius was estimated by fitting the reference measurements of glass and by applying the Hertz theory, as described in Supporting Information

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• with UCNPs avoids autofluorescence. Besides, UCNPs have further advantages for applications in life science, such as deep penetration depth, minimal photodamage, and high resistance to photobleaching [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Moreover, high thermal and photochemical stability, as well as high

• thermal decomposition method [47], yielding spherical particles with a low polydispersity (Figure 1A, STEM diameter (dSTEM) = 33 ± 2 nm). The hydrodynamic diameter (Z-average) was 47 ± 1 nm (polydispersity index, PDI = 0.38 ± 0.05). ICP-OES measurements yielded a percentual molar ratio of Y/Yb/Er = [74

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• , and water and dried in a stream of argon. Si(100) wafers with a 300 nm thick thermal oxide layer (Silicon Quest International, USA) were treated successively with acetone/ethanol/water. Al2O3 films were grown by using an ALD system R200 (Picosun, Finland) in the thermal mode with varying numbers of

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• particles, in addition to the sextets, is detected (Figure 1f). Hysteresis loops at 77 and 4 K display an increase in magnetization, compared to the hysteresis loop at 300 K, as a result of the decrease in thermal energy as the temperature decreases [20]. As the temperature decreases, the coercivity

• thermal energy. The coercivity at 4 K is 471 Oe, which is significantly higher than the coercivity values reported for free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles [28]. Mössbauer results reveal that more Fe3+ is transferred from the octahedral sites to the tetrahedral sites in the partially encapsulated MnFe2O4 as

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• . It breaks down at higher temperatures. The reason why mean-field approximation (MFA) results get worse with increasing temperature is the neglect of thermal fluctuations, which violate the constraint conditions, as they are only imposed on average in SBMFA. The disadvantage of MFA is that it breaks

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• core and an outer mesoporous shell (Figure 1a and Figure 1d). The inner diameter of the SiO2 spheres was measured to be 415 ± 11 nm with a shell thickness of 80 ± 15 nm. After addition of Ni salt and thermal treatment, the core–shell nanospheres have been maintained but they are now covered with flake

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• heating. In addition, the presence of Bi3+ in acidic aqueous solutions leads to the formation of polynuclear cationic species. Once a thermal treatment at 500 °C is applied, those clusters decompose into α- and β-Bi2O3 by-products, which are not observed when an intermediate heating step is carried out

Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding?

• Ronaldo J. C. Batista,
• Rafael F. Dias,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Alan B. de Oliveira,
• Taise M. Manhabosco,
• Thiago R. Gomes-Silva,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Andreij C. Gadelha,
• Cassiano Rabelo,
• Luiz G. L. Cançado,
• Ado Jorio,
• Hélio Chacham and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1801–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.162

• , and self-pealing from a substrate [4]. Negative dynamic compressibility occurs in several 2D materials due to the dynamical wrinkling of layers [8]. Also, 2D materials folded in 3D origami-like structures [7][9][10] can, in principle, exhibit a tunable negative thermal expansion coefficient [11]. In

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• distance) in all deposition experiments. This allows for some thermal expansion of the needle when the GIS is heated. After installing each precursor-filled GIS, its crucible temperature was determined. The desired temperature should generate a pressure rise that is sufficient for deposition without

• -made EDX unit. While deposit thickness was not measured, UHV-deposited samples were thick enough to yield a minimal silicon substrate signal during EDX measurements. Results and Discussion Thermal properties of the precursor Thermogravimetric analysis was used to make a preliminary assessment of the

• thermal stability of Pt(CO)2Cl2 and to study its volatility at near-atmospheric pressure (approx. 1.2 atm positive pressure under N2). In the standard TGA experiment (Figure 1a), the compound underwent an initial mass loss beginning at roughly 80 °C, resulting in an intermediate residual mass of

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• multilayer nanosystem composition and structure due to the increase in the thermal diffusion processes. Conclusion The paper proposes a technique and describes a mathematical model for studying technological modes and parameters in the manufacture of multilayer nanosystems. The model was tested in the study

Absorption and photoconductivity spectra of amorphous multilayer structures

• Oxana Iaseniuc and
• Mihail Iovu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1757–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.158

• Ge0.30As0.04S0.66, without and with Al electrodes, were prepared by thermal evaporation in vacuum (P = 10−5 Torr) of the synthesized initial glasses onto glass substrates. Longitudinal, instead of lateral, conductivity measurements were carried out. The thickness of each layer was chosen such that the distribution

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• ], the fabrication of graphene nanomeshes [8], the formation of single Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 for single-electron transistors [9], the spatially resolved engineering of the thermal conductivity in individual Si nanowires [10], as well as the creation of nano-Josephson superconducting tunnel

• as a function of the beam current for light-ion FIBs and some commercially available FIBs with heavier primary ions is shown. The best values from the literature are evaluated to compare the beam profiles of different ion and source types. Deterioration of the spot size due to vibrations or thermal

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• curves on an uncompliant substrate, such as a silicon wafer. The spring constant could then be determined from the thermal noise spectrum [42]. Tip radii have been obtained through scanning a TGT1 test grating (NT-MDT Spectrum Instruments, Moscow, Russia) consisting of an array of sharp tips. The

Seebeck coefficient of silicon nanowire forests doped by thermal diffusion

• Shaimaa Elyamny,
• Elisabetta Dimaggio and
• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1707–1713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.153

• metal-assisted etching technique. After fabrication, a thermal diffusion process is used for doping the nanowire forest with phosphorous. A suitable experimental technique has been developed for the measurement of the Seebeck coefficient under static conditions, and results are reported for different

• doping parameters. These results are in good agreement with numerical simulations of the doping process applied to silicon nanowires. These devices, based on doped nanowire forests, offer a possible route for the exploitation of the high power factor of silicon, which, combined with the very low thermal

• conductivity of nanostructures, will yield a high efficiency of the conversion of thermal to electrical energy. Keywords: nanowires; Seebeck coefficient; thermal conductivity; thermoelectricity; Introduction Thermoelectric generators for direct conversion of heat into electrical power will certainly play a

Functional nanostructures for electronics, spintronics and sensors

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1704–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.152

• , Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium IV, described the stagnation of semiconductor technology as follows [1]: “Officially Moore’s Law ends in 2020 at 7 nm, but nobody cares, because 11 nm isn’t any better than 14 nm, which was only marginally better than 22 nm … thermal dissipation issues thoroughly

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• PMMA, it has a much higher mechanical toughness, thermal resistance, chemical stability, and as PMMA, it is widely used in optical applications. A range of publications show that, owing to its radiation susceptibility, PC can be used as a positive or negative resist for electron beam lithography [15