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Search for passenger subjective letter native Bering Strait Alaska 20th century in Full Text gives 375 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

  • Liga Jasulaneca,
  • Jelena Kosmaca,
  • Raimonds Meija,
  • Jana Andzane and
  • Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

Graphical Abstract
  • result in a smoothening of the contacting surfaces because of local Joule heating and welding. The contact strengthening effect in Figure 9b was explained by smoothing and thinning of the native Ge oxide layer which results in an increase of contact area and adhesion force [54]. At higher current
  • prototypes [9][10][11][13][14]. It was found that the presence of a native oxide layer on Si and Ge nanostructures implies some limitation on NEM switch operation at low voltages due to the high contact resistance expressed in low on/off ratio [9] and non-conductive gap below 2–4 V [10][13][54]. On the other
  • hand, in 2T NEM switches, native oxide covered switching elements are able to operate without breakdown at voltages up to 40 V [10], required for repeatable on/off switching. In terms of reliability, individual Ge nanowire-based 2T devices showed good durability with no signs of degradation during tens
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Published 25 Jan 2018

Liquid-crystalline nanoarchitectures for tissue engineering

  • Baeckkyoung Sung and
  • Min-Ho Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 205–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.22

Graphical Abstract
  • levels of biosystems, from simple biopolymers, subcellular organelles, single cells, and macroscopic tissues to bulky organs. Especially, biological tissues and cells have long been known to exhibit liquid crystal (LC) orders or their structural analogues. Inspired by those native architectures, there
  • a strongly demanded feature in every kind of templates and scaffolds for tissue regeneration [21][22]. A biologically derived or biocompatible synthetic LC material can provide close resemblance to those in native tissues, by forming self-assembled 3D nanoarchitectures. Nevertheless, this aspect has
  • such as blood vessels and peripheral nerves. Figure 3 summarizes the biologically-relevant physicochemical interactions occurring between scaffolds and cells. Dense collagen matrices and scaffolds in cholesteric organization Various artificial systems have been developed by mimicking native LC
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Published 18 Jan 2018

Humidity-dependent wound sealing in succulent leaves of Delosperma cooperi – An adaptation to seasonal drought stress

  • Olga Speck,
  • Mark Schlechtendahl,
  • Florian Borm,
  • Tim Kampowski and
  • Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 175–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.20

Graphical Abstract
  • the avoidance of water loss (i.e., self-repair). The aforementioned adaptations are mutually dependent and supportive. D. cooperi is native to the cold semi-arid climate of South Africa (Köppen climate classification BSk) where the average annual temperature ranges from 7 to 24 °C, the annual average
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Published 16 Jan 2018

Combined scanning probe electronic and thermal characterization of an indium arsenide nanowire

  • Tino Wagner,
  • Fabian Menges,
  • Heike Riel,
  • Bernd Gotsmann and
  • Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 129–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.15

Graphical Abstract
  • reduced considerably by cross-sectional measurements of the contact area. As shown above for this nanowire (Figure 3), the electrical contacts were partly limited by tunnelling through a thin native oxide layer. If we consider the electron contribution to the thermal conductance to be negligible [36
  • . The InAs NW studied has a diameter of 60 nm and was contacted by Au/Ni metal contacts of double the NW thickness. Prior to metal deposition, the native oxide shell around the InAs wire was removed by a dip in buffered hydrofluoric acid (BHF) giving rise to a slight tapering of the NW towards the
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Published 11 Jan 2018

Response under low-energy electron irradiation of a thin film of a potential copper precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID)

  • Leo Sala,
  • Iwona B. Szymańska,
  • Céline Dablemont,
  • Anne Lafosse and
  • Lionel Amiaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 57–65, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.8

Graphical Abstract
  • used to record spectrum e in Figure 2 was introduced under vacuum for electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) experiments discussed in the next section, but HREELS analysis of these samples was not possible probably due to the combination of native oxide layer and the compound layers on it. Indeed
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Published 05 Jan 2018

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

  • Fan Tu,
  • Martin Drost,
  • Imre Szenti,
  • Janos Kiss,
  • Zoltan Kónya and
  • Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

Graphical Abstract
  • ], nanoscale actuators [38], and on-chip coolers [5]. A CNT forest is defined as CNTs grown with high density and vertical alignment. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the number of the CNTs grown per surface area. Corresponding attempts on the native oxide surface on Si(100) used for the results
  • mbar [22][23][25]. Laser cut Si(100) wafers were purchased from the Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland, and were boron-doped (4.5 × 1017–5.4 × 1017 atom cm−3), resulting in a specific resistivity of 0.065–0.074 Ω·cm. The Si sample was utilized with its native oxide. Al2O3 thin
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Published 05 Dec 2017

Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

  • Sascha Koch,
  • Christopher D. Kaiser,
  • Paul Penner,
  • Michael Barclay,
  • Lena Frommeyer,
  • Daniel Emmrich,
  • Patrick Stohmann,
  • Tarek Abu-Husein,
  • Andreas Terfort,
  • D. Howard Fairbrother,
  • Oddur Ingólfsson and
  • Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

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  • more than ten times faster cross-linking of 2-I-BPT SAMs compared to those made from the other halogenated biphenyls or from native BPT at the same current density. Furthermore, the transfer of a freestanding membrane onto a TEM grid and the subsequent investigation by helium ion microscopy (HIM
  • similar to the native BPTs, DEA is an insignificant process. The comparison of the cross-linking efficiency of SAMs made from these halogenated monomers is thus well-suited to put the hypotheses to the test that predetermined, high cross section DEA sites may be purposely used to enhance the cross-linking
  • respective halogenated biphenyls as a function of the irradiation time and thus the electron dose. Figure 3 shows the XPS data of the sulfur S 2p region for SAMs from 2-Cl-BPT, 2-Br-BPT and 2-I-BPT. For reference, XPS data for the SAMs from native non-halogenated BPT are also shown. Similar to Figure 2, the
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Published 30 Nov 2017

Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment

  • Domagoj Belić,
  • Mostafa M. Shawrav,
  • Emmerich Bertagnolli and
  • Heinz D. Wanzenboeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2530–2543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.253

Graphical Abstract
  • structures we made use of a Raith Elphy Plus pattern generator. The samples for SEM analyses were deposited onto ultrasonically cleaned p-type silicon substrates having a thin native oxide layer of around 2 nm, while the samples for TEM investigation were deposited onto a perforated silicon nitride TEM
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Published 29 Nov 2017

Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass

  • Nikolay Nedyalkov,
  • Mihaela Koleva,
  • Nadya Stankova,
  • Rosen Nikov,
  • Mitsuhiro Terakawa,
  • Yasutaka Nakajima,
  • Lyubomir Aleksandrov and
  • Reni Iordanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2454–2463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.244

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  • frequency equals that of the plasmon, the optical properties of the nanoparticles drastically change. The extinction coefficient is strongly enhanced, and its value may exceed the off-resonance extinction coefficient value by orders of magnitude [2]. While at the turn of the century research interest was
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Published 21 Nov 2017

Increasing the stability of DNA nanostructure templates by atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 and its application in imprinting lithography

  • Hyojeong Kim,
  • Kristin Arbutina,
  • Anqin Xu and
  • Haitao Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2363–2375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.236

Graphical Abstract
  • features [50][51]. The conformal protective film significantly improves the chemical and mechanical stabilities of DNA nanostructures, allowing them to be used in environments that are incompatible with pristine DNA nanostructures. Experimental Materials Silicon wafers [Si(110), with native oxide] and
  • as received. High-purity water (18.3 MΩ) was used throughout the entire experiment by using a Barnstead MicroPure Standard water purification system (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Preparation of a silicon wafer A silicon wafer with a native oxide layer was cleaned by hot piranha solution [7:3
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Published 09 Nov 2017

Velocity dependence of sliding friction on a crystalline surface

  • Christian Apostoli,
  • Giovanni Giusti,
  • Jacopo Ciccoianni,
  • Gabriele Riva,
  • Rosario Capozza,
  • Rosalie Laure Woulaché,
  • Andrea Vanossi,
  • Emanuele Panizon and
  • Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2186–2199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.218

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  • . Fundamental steps in understanding its microscopic nature were achieved in the early 20th century [1][2][3][4][5]. Since the last decades of that century, major advancements in capturing the intimate relations between the atomistic dynamics and the dissipation mechanisms came as the result of the development
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Published 19 Oct 2017

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO2-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

  • Alicja Mikolajczyk,
  • Natalia Sizochenko,
  • Ewa Mulkiewicz,
  • Anna Malankowska,
  • Michal Nischk,
  • Przemyslaw Jurczak,
  • Seishiro Hirano,
  • Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
  • Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
  • Jerzy Leszczynski,
  • Agnieszka Gajewicz and
  • Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

Graphical Abstract
  • interest. In other words, the Gaussian process approach does not require a subjective selection of the model parameters (i.e., the most influential descriptors). Owing to this, variation of sizes and BET surface of nanoparticles were found to influence the EC50 value, and consequently were used to derive
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Published 17 Oct 2017

Magnetic properties of optimized cobalt nanospheres grown by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) on cantilever tips

  • Soraya Sangiao,
  • César Magén,
  • Darius Mofakhami,
  • Grégoire de Loubens and
  • José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2106–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.210

Graphical Abstract
  • cobalt nanospheres, which occurs in a spherical shell with an outer radius equal to the radius of the particular nanosphere and a thickness of approximately 5 nm. Another explanation, besides native surface oxidation, for the decrease in cobalt content for diameters less than 400 nm could be a change in
  • nanospheres with diameters larger than 400 nm and a decrease in the Co content for smaller nanospheres. Quantitative chemical composition analysis by STEM-EELS on a cobalt nanosphere of 110 nm in diameter showed a relative Co content of 80 atom % and has revealed the presence of a native oxidation spherical
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Published 09 Oct 2017

Advances and challenges in the field of plasma polymer nanoparticles

  • Andrei Choukourov,
  • Pavel Pleskunov,
  • Daniil Nikitin,
  • Valerii Titov,
  • Artem Shelemin,
  • Mykhailo Vaidulych,
  • Anna Kuzminova,
  • Pavel Solař,
  • Jan Hanuš,
  • Jaroslav Kousal,
  • Ondřej Kylián,
  • Danka Slavínská and
  • Hynek Biederman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2002–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.200

Graphical Abstract
  • GLAD was developed in the late 20th century for creating metallic films with a highly porous structure [78]. It has been known that time and spatial fluctuations exist in atomic fluxes arriving onto the substrate from the gas phase during evaporation or sputtering. The noise in the atomic flux results
  • the use of a gas discharge and the formation of solid deposits from low molar mass organic precursors [2][3][4], although the history of plasma polymers is much longer. Organic deposits created as by-products of electrical discharges have been known presumably since the end of the18th century (see [5
  • predictable structure hampered the extensive use of plasma polymers in real world applications, although a multitude of potential utilizations have been suggested. In the mid-twentieth century, such deposits were studied as possible candidates for the production of thin dielectric films for microelectronics
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Published 25 Sep 2017

Identifying the nature of surface chemical modification for directed self-assembly of block copolymers

  • Laura Evangelio,
  • Federico Gramazio,
  • Matteo Lorenzoni,
  • Michaela Gorgoi,
  • Francisco Miguel Espinosa,
  • Ricardo García,
  • Francesc Pérez-Murano and
  • Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1972–1981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.198

Graphical Abstract
  • oxide between the brush layer and the SiO2/Si substrate. Experimental Preparation and chemical modification of brush layers The starting substrates were <100> silicon wafers (p-type silicon of 4–40 Ω·cm resistivity) with a native silicon oxide layer on top. A thin film of hydroxyl-terminated polystyrene
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Published 21 Sep 2017

Growth and characterization of textured well-faceted ZnO on planar Si(100), planar Si(111), and textured Si(100) substrates for solar cell applications

  • Chin-Yi Tsai,
  • Jyong-Di Lai,
  • Shih-Wei Feng,
  • Chien-Jung Huang,
  • Chien-Hsun Chen,
  • Fann-Wei Yang,
  • Hsiang-Chen Wang and
  • Li-Wei Tu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1939–1945, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.194

Graphical Abstract
  • could be a cost-effective alternative material for ITO. Experimental Synthesis of ZnO on silicon substrates by LPCVD Three different Si substrates, planar (100), planar (111), and textured (100), were prepared. These Si substrates were dipped in 5% HF solution to remove the native oxide layer and then
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Published 15 Sep 2017

Freestanding graphene/MnO2 cathodes for Li-ion batteries

  • Şeyma Özcan,
  • Aslıhan Güler,
  • Tugrul Cetinkaya,
  • Mehmet O. Guler and
  • Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

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  • storage requirements with high performance are of great need because of rapid improvement of mobile and stationary electronic applications. Lithium-ion batteries have been one of the key energy storage devices to meet these energy demands since the last century [1]. However, increased capacity and energy
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Published 14 Sep 2017

(Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications

  • Lars Smykalla,
  • Carola Mende,
  • Michael Fronk,
  • Pablo F. Siles,
  • Michael Hietschold,
  • Georgeta Salvan,
  • Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
  • Oliver G. Schmidt,
  • Tobias Rüffer and
  • Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1786–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.180

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  • by –NMe2 groups as described in [60]. However, the lower molecular weight and the potentially different intermolecular interactions did not enable the deposition of the –NMe2-terminated (metallo)porphyrins. As substrates Si(111) wafers covered with a native oxide layer (2 nm) and silicon pieces
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Published 29 Aug 2017

Nanotribological behavior of deep cryogenically treated martensitic stainless steel

  • Germán Prieto,
  • Konstantinos D. Bakoglidis,
  • Walter R. Tuckart and
  • Esteban Broitman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1760–1768, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.177

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  • in the other points. With respect to the possible influence of the native oxide films, stainless steels develop oxide films of ca. 2 nm in thickness [41][42], thus its influence can be neglected as the penetration depths are much larger. Nanoscratch tests Prior to the execution of the nanoscratch
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Published 25 Aug 2017

Fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: from CF4 plasma chemistry to surface functionalization

  • Claudia Struzzi,
  • Mattia Scardamaglia,
  • Jean-François Colomer,
  • Alberto Verdini,
  • Luca Floreano,
  • Rony Snyders and
  • Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1723–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.173

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  • vapor deposition (CCVD) at atmospheric pressure. The catalysts are prepared by magnetron sputtering: a 30 nm Al2O3 buffer layer is deposited on Si wafers with native SiO2 and a 6 nm Fe layer is then deposited to form nanoparticles which catalyse the vCNT growth. Then, the substrate is placed inside the
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Published 21 Aug 2017

Development of an advanced diagnostic concept for intestinal inflammation: molecular visualisation of nitric oxide in macrophages by functional poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres

  • Kathleen Lange,
  • Christian Lautenschläger,
  • Maria Wallert,
  • Stefan Lorkowski,
  • Andreas Stallmach and
  • Alexander Schiller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1637–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.163

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  • after 24 h of stimulation compared to non-stimulated macrophages. The incubation (1 h) of LPS-treated RAW264.7 with microspheres resulted in a slight increase in NO formation in the range of about 1 µM, while native untreated cells displayed basal NO levels of approximately 0.6 µM. Microscopic
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Published 08 Aug 2017

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

  • Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

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  • functionalized p-xylylenes [81]. The compromised selectivity was recently reactivated by supplying electrical energy to the (conducting) substrates. The deposition selectivity was enhanced by increasing the transition of the surface energy instead of relying on native surface energy of the substrates. In other
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Published 04 Jul 2017

CVD transfer-free graphene for sensing applications

  • Chiara Schiattarella,
  • Sten Vollebregt,
  • Tiziana Polichetti,
  • Brigida Alfano,
  • Ettore Massera,
  • Maria Lucia Miglietta,
  • Girolamo Di Francia and
  • Pasqualina Maria Sarro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1015–1022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.102

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  • material” of the 21st century with plentiful applications in several fields such as energy storage, biomedical, electronics [1]. Among these applications, one of the most promising is likely that in the field of gas sensors, where the main requirements, namely high specific surface-to-volume ratio, high
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Published 08 May 2017

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

  • Michelle Romero-Franco,
  • Hilary A. Godwin,
  • Muhammad Bilal and
  • Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

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  • perceived hazard/toxicity (i.e., lower score for less harmful/toxic ENM) and 5 the least favorable/more toxic); and toxicity evidence, bioavailability, and bioaccumulation (scale of 0–100 of a “subjective” probability scale constructed by the authors based on their expert judgment). In the proposed approach
  • the above case study, the Risk Classification MCDA framework is useful in a context where the ENMs hazards are known and can be reasonably or rationally grouped within categories for the intended ranking. However, the assignment of ENMs’ properties or hazard traits involves subjective expert analysis
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Published 05 May 2017

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

  • Paul Christian and
  • Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

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  • Supporting Information File 1, while a full description of the setup can be found in a previous publication [17]. As substrates, silicon wafers with a native oxide layer (thickness 1.7 nm) were used after being cut into 2 × 2 cm2 pieces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed on a
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Published 26 Apr 2017
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