Recent advances and future challenges in the bottom-up synthesis of azulene-embedded nanographenes

• Bartłomiej Pigulski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1272–1305, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.99

• Bartlomiej Pigulski Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland 10.3762/bjoc.21.99 Abstract In recent years, significant progress has been made in the synthesis of various nanographenes incorporating non-benzenoid rings, expanding the scope of molecular

• has sparked a continuously growing interest in synthesis of new carbon-rich unsaturated molecules and materials [1]. Graphene is a revolutionary material with exceptional properties, driving advancements across various scientific, industrial, and technological fields like organic electronics [2

• crucial for fine-tuning their properties. An alternative is the bottom-up approach where various nanographenes are synthesized form smaller building blocks via classical organic synthesis. This strategy enables precise control over the structure and topology, leading to the development of a vast array of

Recent advances in oxidative radical difunctionalization of N-arylacrylamides enabled by carbon radical reagents

• Jiangfei Chen,
• Yi-Lin Qu,
• Ming Yuan,
• Xiang-Mei Wu,
• Heng-Pei Jiang,
• Ying Fu and
• Shengrong Guo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1207–1271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.98

• been extensively investigated by researchers. Keywords: carbon radical reagents; intramolecular transformations; N-arylacrylamides; oxidative difunctionalization; radical reactions; Introduction Alkenes, as abundant and versatile feedstocks, have been widely employed in organic synthesis

• heteroatom for the synthesis of functionalized oxindoles was also reported in 2013 [3]. In this study, DBU was employed as a ligand and TBHP as an oxidant. A series of ethers, including 1,2-dimethoxyethane, THF, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydro-2H-pyran, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran, and N

• oxidant and initiator, enabling an efficient intermolecular cascade cyclization process (Scheme 5) [5]. In this strategy, a novel, selective, metal-free synthetic method was introduced for the synthesis of isoxazoline-featured oxindoles through iminoxyl radical-promoted cascade oxyalkylation

Optimized synthesis of aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals by omission of solubilizing alcohol cosolvents

• Julius Krenzer and
• Thomas J. J. Müller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1201–1206, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.97

• -N-benzylbenzothiazolium salts in 1,4-dioxane at room temperature in short reaction time in 20–99% yield. This protocol represents a considerable improvement over the standard synthesis in 1,4-dioxane/ethanol mixtures at elevated temperatures. Keywords: aroyl chlorides; aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals

• deprotonation, followed by chloride elimination/neutralization from the zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate 5 to give the target molecule 1. The standard protocol for the synthesis of (hetero)aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals 8 from (hetero)aroyl chlorides 6 and 2-methylbenzothiazolium salts 7 employs a twofold excess

• examples), the average yield of 57% indicates that the process might require optimization, in particular, for further methodological implementation. Here, we report on the improved synthesis of (hetero)aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals 8 by careful solvent and temperature optimization. Results and Discussion The

Synthesis of β-ketophosphonates through aerobic copper(II)-mediated phosphorylation of enol acetates

• Alexander S. Budnikov,
• Igor B. Krylov,
• Fedor K. Monin,
• Valentina M. Merkulova,
• Alexey I. Ilovaisky,
• Liu Yan,
• Bing Yu and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1192–1200, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.96

• [1][2][3][4][5] due to the numerous applications of phosphorus-containing compounds in pharmaceuticals, biology, agrochemistry, organic synthesis, and materials science [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Among various organophosphorus compounds, β-ketophosphonates have received particular attention for

• various synthetically useful transformations, including alkene synthesis via Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction [14][15], heterocycle construction [16][17], and the synthesis of chiral β-amino and β-hydroxy phosphonic acids [18][19]. Furthermore, they exhibit metal-complexing abilities [20], and anti

• tolerance and can be applied for the gram-scale synthesis of target compounds. Conducted mechanistic studies revealed that the discovered transformation proceeds via the formation of P-centered radicals produced by the oxidation of the corresponding phosphorous precursors by copper(II)-containing species

Selective monoformylation of naphthalene-fused propellanes for methylene-alternating copolymers

• Kenichi Kato,
• Tatsuki Hiroi,
• Seina Okada,
• Shunsuke Ohtani and
• Tomoki Ogoshi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.95

• well with the observed reactivities and selectivity. Attempted macrocyclization leading to linear polymers Formyl groups have diverse reactivities and enable facile condensation, dynamic covalent chemistry, and so on. In this work, we tried the synthesis of cyclic oligomers composed of naphthalene

• electrophilic functionalization. a) Synthesis of methylene-alternating copolymers of fully π-fused propellanes. DCE, 1,2-dichloroethane. b) 1H NMR (500 MHz, top) and 13C (126 MHz, bottom) NMR spectra of [4.3.3]_CH2OH and [4.3.3]_linear in CDCl3 at room temperature. Gas adsorption (filled circles) and desorption

Enhancing chemical synthesis planning: automated quantum mechanics-based regioselectivity prediction for C–H activation with directing groups

• Julius Seumer,
• Nicolai Ree and
• Jan H. Jensen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1171–1182, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.94

• Julius Seumer Nicolai Ree Jan H. Jensen Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 10.3762/bjoc.21.94 Abstract The mild and selective functionalization of carbon–hydrogen (C–H) bonds remains a pivotal challenge in organic synthesis, crucial for developing complex

• reliable regioselectivity predictions that are essential for accelerating innovation in materials science and medicinal chemistry. Keywords: C–H activation; chemical synthesis planning; directing groups; quantum mechanics; regioselectivity prediction; Introduction The activation and functionalization of

• bonds in organic chemicals. Therefore, their selective functionalization is essential for advancing the synthesis of complex molecules like pharmaceuticals, polymers, or agrochemicals [1][2][3]. Advancements in organometallic catalysis have facilitated significant progress in this area through C–H

Correction: Diastereoselective synthesis of highly substituted cyclohexanones and tetrahydrochromene-4-ones via conjugate addition of curcumins to arylidenemalonates

• Deepa Nair,
• Abhishek Tiwari,
• Banamali Laha,
• Lakshminarayana Satham and
• Irishi N. N. Namboothiri

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1170–1170, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.93

• Deepa Nair Abhishek Tiwari Banamali Laha Lakshminarayana Satham Irishi N. N. Namboothiri Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400 076, India 10.3762/bjoc.21.93 Keywords: arylidenemalonates; curcumins; cyclohexanones; diastereoselective synthesis; Michael

A multicomponent reaction-initiated synthesis of imidazopyridine-fused isoquinolinones

• Ashutosh Nath,
• John Mark Awad and
• Wei Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1161–1169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.92

• (IMDA), and dehydrative re-aromatization reactions for the synthesis of imidazopyridine-fused isoquinolinones is developed. Gaussian computation analysis on the effect of the substitution groups for the IMDA reaction is performed to understand the reaction mechanism. Keywords: Groebke–Blackburn

• in 89–98% yields. Reactions of 4 with acryloyl chloride (5, 1.5 equiv) in the presence of Et3N (2 equiv) at room temperature in anhydrous CH2Cl2 for 6 h afforded 19 N-acylated compounds 6 in 80–90% yields [19]. With N-acylated GBB adducts 6 in hand, the synthesis of imidazopyridine-fused

• , Supporting Information File 1), but it was not stable enough for isolation. The structure of 8a was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The optimized reaction conditions were used to evaluate the substrate scope of the synthesis of imidazopyridine-fused isoquinolinones 8 (Scheme 3). The

Synthetic approach to borrelidin fragments: focus on key intermediates

• Yudhi Dwi Kurniawan,
• Zetryana Puteri Tachrim,
• Teni Ernawati,
• Faris Hermawan,
• Ima Nurasiyah and
• Muhammad Alfin Sulmantara

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1135–1160, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.91

• architecture. Although extensive research has explored its pharmacological properties and various synthetic approaches, significant challenges remain in the efficient synthesis of borrelidin and its analogs. Existing literature largely focuses on total synthesis, bioactivity, and structural modifications

• , leaving a notable gap in fragment-focused synthesis, particularly for its intricate substructures. This review seeks to address this gap by offering a detailed examination of borrelidin fragment synthesis, highlighting key challenges and innovative strategies involved. By pinpointing unresolved synthetic

• hurdles, this work advocates for a fragment-focused approach as a crucial step toward advancing borrelidin research and expanding its potential applications. Keywords: borrelidin analogs; borrelidin derivatives; borrelidin fragments; borrelidin synthesis; fragment-based synthesis; Introduction

Investigations of amination reactions on an antimalarial 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine scaffold

• Henry S. T. Smith,
• Ben Giuliani,
• Kanchana Wijesekera,
• Kah Yean Lum,
• Sandra Duffy,
• Aaron Lock,
• Jonathan M. White,
• Vicky M. Avery and
• Rohan A. Davis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1126–1134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.90

• -chlorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine were synthesised, purified (≥95% purity, determined by 1H and 13C NMR and HPLC–MS analysis) and assayed for in vitro antimalarial activity. Results and Discussion Synthesis of aminated triazolopyrazine analogues The amination of 5-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-[1,2,4

• with relevant position numbering. Crystals obtained for 2 were analysed by X-ray crystallographic studies and confirmed the NMR-based structure assignment. The crystal structure of 2 is shown as a thermal ellipsoid plot below (Figure 3). With a simplified approach for the synthesis of aminated

• triazolopyrazines from 5-halogen substituted triazolopyrazines and primary amines now in hand, 13 other commercially available liquid primary amines were employed for the synthesis of additional aminated triazolopyrazine analogues (Scheme 2). TLC analysis of the room temperature reaction with phenethylamine (as

Gold extraction at the molecular level using α- and β-cyclodextrins

• Susana Santos Braga

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1116–1125, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.89

• used to wash the gold precipitate by using the anti-solvent acetone. Thiolated β-CD derivative for selective gold precipitation Fang et al. reported the synthesis and application of a 6-thiolated β-CD derivative (with unspecified degree of substitution) to precipitate metallic gold from strongly acidic

A versatile route towards 6-arylpipecolic acids

• Erich Gebel,
• Cornelia Göcke,
• Carolin Gruner and
• Norbert Sewald

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1104–1115, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.88

• important role as building blocks for peptide synthesis [1][2][3][4][5], as organocatalysts [6][7][8][9][10] and as enzyme inhibitors [4][11][12][13]. The incorporation of such amino acids into peptides can, for example, influence peptide conformation, the binding affinity to receptors [14], as well as

Supramolecular assembly of hypervalent iodine macrocycles and alkali metals

• Krishna Pandey,
• Lucas X. Orton,
• Grayson Venus,
• Waseem A. Hussain,
• Toby Woods,
• Lichang Wang and
• Kyle N. Plunkett

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1095–1103, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.87

• dynamic assembly and disassembly. Our previous study [18] demonstrates the synthesis of various HIM variants, including a new phenylalanine-based HIM, which show the dynamic behavior of HIM assemblies in solution via addition and removal of anions (Figure 1A). Moreover, due to secondary bonding in the HIM

• . Results and Discussion We have reported the synthesis of several variations of valine and phenylalanine-based HIMs that are based on benzene-, naphthalene-, and anthraquinone systems [18][19]. This study employed a phenylalanine and iodobenzoic acid-based HIM system owing to its simplicity in synthesis

Salen–scandium(III) complex-catalyzed asymmetric (3 + 2) annulation of aziridines and aldehydes

• Linqiang Wang and
• Jiaxi Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1087–1094, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.86

• -containing five-membered saturated heterocycles. They are not only useful building blocks for the synthesis of biologically active compounds [1], for example, side-chain precursor of paclitaxel [2], but also widely exist in some pharmaceuticals [3][4], such as antibacterial agents of Gram-positive organisms

• alcohols and aldehydes [11] and through [2 + 3] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides and carbonyl dipolarophiles [12]. Recently, the [2 + 3] annulation of aldehydes and donor–acceptor dialkyl 2-aryl-1-sulfonylaziridine-2,2-dicarboxylates, which generate azomethine ylides, has been developed for the synthesis

• require dineopentyl aziridine-2,2-dicarboxylates to realize high enantioselectivity, while the synthesis of the chiral ligand N,N'-dioxide requires multiple steps. Herein, we present a convenient highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of dialkyl 2,5-diaryl-1-sulfonyloxazolidine-2,2

Recent advances in synthetic approaches for bioactive cinnamic acid derivatives

• Betty A. Kustiana,
• Galuh Widiyarti and
• Teni Ernawati

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1031–1086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.85

• significantly to the efficient and cost-effective production of cinnamic acid derivatives. This review focuses on diverse, one-step strategies to access cinnamic acid derivatives with more efficient, highly selective, and sustainable approaches. By examining recent advancements in the design and synthesis of

• mechanochemistry synthesis of cinnamic acid derivatives. Herein, Kulkarni and Atapalkar (2023) converted cinnamic acids into the corresponding amides 17 and 18 and hydrazide 19 in moderate yields (Scheme 6) [30]. Impressively, the reaction capacity could be increased to produce 100 g of the amide products with 90

• % yields. Müller and co-workers (2019) reported the synthesis of 6-amino-5-carboxamidouracil derivatives 20 and 21, precursors for A2A antagonists, in good yields by using non-hazardous (1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidenaminooxy)dimethylamino(morpholino)carbenium hexafluorophosphate (COMU) as the coupling

Biobased carbon dots as photoreductants – an investigation by using triarylsulfonium salts

• Valentina Benazzi,
• Arianna Bini,
• Ilaria Bertuol,
• Mariangela Novello,
• Federica Baldi,
• Matteo Hoch,
• Alvise Perosa and
• Stefano Protti

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1024–1030, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.84

• , organosilanes). The latter strategy is the most prevalent one, due to the simplicity of the procedures, environmental friendliness, and equipment required, as well as the ability to use a large variety of precursors. In the bottom-up synthesis methods, conversion of the carbon precursors is obtained by having

• photooxidant or photoreductant in the presence of a suitable electron donor or acceptor [18], and these properties have been exploited in procedures for the formation of both C–C and C–heteroatom bonds [18][19]. Our research groups recently focused on the application of CDs in light-mediated organic synthesis

• have been considered as a promising source of aryl radicals and employed in organic synthesis [20][21][22][23][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. This investigation aims to compare the performance of CDs prepared from several carbon precursors including citric acid, glucose, and organic waste materials via

Pd-Catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination with isatin using a P,olefin-type chiral ligand with C–N bond axial chirality

• Natsume Akimoto,
• Kaho Takaya,
• Yoshio Kasashima,
• Kohei Watanabe,
• Yasushi Yoshida and
• Takashi Mino

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1018–1023, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.83

• Isatin is a well-known natural indole derivative. Due to the broad biological activities of its derivatives, extensive research has been conducted on their synthesis. Furthermore, the isatin framework is a versatile starting material for various transformations, including multicomponent reactions and the

• synthesis of spirocyclic compounds [1][2][3]. The nucleophilicity of isatin at the nitrogen atom allows it to participate in reactions such as alkylation [4], arylation [5], and aza-Michael addition [6][7][8]. However, the products obtained from these reactions are primarily achiral or racemic, and only a

Synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4(3H)-diones by domino C–N coupling/hydroamination reactions

• Ruben Manuel Figueira de Abreu,
• Robin Tiedemann,
• Peter Ehlers and
• Peter Langer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1010–1017, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.82

• life on Earth. The importance of these heteroaromatic derivatives has stimulated tremendous investigation towards the understanding of genetic information transmission as well as the synthesis of novel derivatives for medicinal applications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. For

• leukaemia, and TAK-285 (H) is a promising HER2/EGFR inhibitor which has been tested in a phase 1 trial on humans as an anticancer agent (Figure 1) [16]. Given the significance of deazapurines as biologically active lead compounds [22], we developed a new methodology for the synthesis of uracil-based

• groups of those compounds. In contrast, compounds 4a and 4m showed only weak fluorescence with quantum yields of 9 and 4%, respectively. Compound 4j exhibited almost no emission (Φ = 0.1%). [30]. Conclusion In summary, we developed a new methodology for the synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4(3H

Recent total synthesis of natural products leveraging a strategy of enamide cyclization

• Chun-Yu Mi,
• Jia-Yuan Zhai and
• Xiao-Ming Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 999–1009, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.81

• particular emphasis on their pivotal role as a strategy in the total synthesis of natural products. Keywords: alkaloid; cyclization; enamide; natural product; total synthesis; Introduction The use of enamines as surrogates for enols in nucleophilic reactions has been well-documented for decades since their

• nucleophilic addition or substitution, the resulting iminium ions often undergo direct hydrolysis, preventing further use in a cascade nucleophilic addition. As a result, enamines are not ideal partners in tandem reactions for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing products. As analogues to enamines, the

• have attracted considerable attention due to their promise in the total synthesis of alkaloids [16]. Notably, these valuable compounds can be employed as efficient synthons in enamide–alkyne cycloisomerization, [n + m] cycloadditions, pericyclic reactions, and radical cyclizations. A comprehensive

On the photoluminescence in triarylmethyl-centered mono-, di-, and multiradicals

• Daniel Straub,
• Markus Gross,
• Mona E. Arnold,
• Julia Zolg and
• Alexander J. C. Kuehne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 964–998, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.80

Studies on the syntheses of β-carboline alkaloids brevicarine and brevicolline

• Benedek Batizi,
• Patrik Pollák,
• András Dancsó,
• Péter Keglevich,
• Gyula Simig,
• Balázs Volk and
• Mátyás Milen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 955–963, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.79

• , Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary 10.3762/bjoc.21.79 Abstract A new total synthesis of the β-carboline alkaloid brevicarine is disclosed. The synthesis was carried out starting from an aromatic triflate key intermediate, allowing the introduction of various substituents into

• salt for further confirming their structures. A new synthesis of the related alkaloid brevicolline was also attempted from the same intermediate. However, after successful coupling of β-carboline with N-methylpyrrole, the trials to saturate the pyrrole ring under various conditions led to unexpected

• chemistry of β-carbolines [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] has now focused our attention on these two alkaloids. In a recent publication we disclosed a new total synthesis of racemic brevicolline ((±)-1) (Scheme 1) [9]. A prerequisite for the synthesis was the development of a new

Study of tribenzo[b,d,f]azepine as donor in D–A photocatalysts

• Katy Medrano-Uribe,
• Jorge Humbrías-Martín and
• Luca Dell’Amico

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 935–944, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.76

• chemistry and photocatalysis is the carbazolyl dicyanobenzene (CDCB) family. Since the initial report on the synthesis and photoluminescence study of 4CzIPN (1, Figure 1a) [6], the scientific community has recognized its potential under photocatalytic manifolds. This interest is attributed to: i) its

• interesting photophysical properties compared to common substrates like c, diphenylamine (d), and phenoxazine (e) [28][29][30]. However, their potential as D-unit in organic PCs remains unexplored. For this reason, studying this avenue could unlock new opportunities for the synthesis and design of more

• powerful, efficient and versatile organic photocatalysts. We herein present the design, synthesis and study of a new sulfur-based D–A family using diverse nitrogen donors (Figure 1b). We performed complete photophysical characterization of the diverse D–A molecules to analyze the structure–properties

A convergent synthetic approach to the tetracyclic core framework of khayanolide-type limonoids

• Zhiyang Zhang,
• Jialei Hu,
• Hanfeng Ding,
• Li Zhang and
• Peirong Rao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 926–934, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.75

• the benzylic alcohol, a 1,2-Grignard addition and an AcOH-interrupted Nazarov cyclization. Keywords: enantioselective synthesis; interrupted Nazarov cyclization; khayanolide-type limonoids; tetracyclic framework; Introduction Limonoids, a class of tetranortriterpenoids derived biosynthetically from

• synthesis of azadiradione (1). Following this, Ley and his team successfully synthesized azadirachtin (2) in 2007, a limonoid extensively utilized in organic agriculture [11]. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made on the total syntheses of various limonoids, with notable contributions from

• their total synthesis. Two synthetic studies were disclosed successively by Sarpong [27] and Jirgensons [28], both focusing on the construction of the unique methanoindene cage structure (A1A2B ring system). Building upon our previous syntheses of phragmalin-type limonoids [29], we herein disclose a

Silver(I) triflate-catalyzed post-Ugi synthesis of pyrazolodiazepines

• Muhammad Hasan,
• Anatoly A. Peshkov,
• Syed Anis Ali Shah,
• Andrey Belyaev,
• Chang-Keun Lim,
• Shunyi Wang and
• Vsevolod A. Peshkov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 915–925, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.74

• procedures and harsh reaction conditions, resulting in limited substituent and scaffold diversity [18][19]. In this regard, multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have gained increasing attention for their operational simplicity, efficiency, robustness, atom economy, and potential for diversity-oriented synthesis

• ]. In 2015, García-Valverde and co-workers described an alternative synthesis of benzo[e][1,4]diazepines 6, exploring the nitro group of 2-nitrobenzoic acid as a masked amino group. The release was achieved through the post-Ugi reduction of the nitro group with SnCl2 triggering concomitant

• ][44] and hydroalkoxylations [45]. In 2013, Van der Eycken and co-workers described an intramolecular cationic gold-catalyzed post-Ugi heteroannulation of imidazoles with activated alkynes for the diversity-oriented synthesis of imidazo[1,4]diazepines 13 from Ugi-derived propargylamides 12 (Scheme 1c

Recent advances in controllable/divergent synthesis

• Jilei Cao,
• Leiyang Bai and
• Xuefeng Jiang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 890–914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.73

• reaction activity and selectivity differentiation, the review provides a systematic analysis of the mechanisms of critical steps through specific case studies. It is hoped that the controllable/divergent synthesis concept will spark the interest of practitioners and aficionados to delve deeper into the

• discipline and pursue novel advancements in the realm of chemical synthesis. Keywords: controllable; divergent; diverse products; switchable synthesis; Introduction In the era of synthetic organic chemistry, divergence can produce stereodivergence (including diastereodivergence and enantiodivergence) [1][2

• increasingly attracted attention [5][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], for example, in 2024, Rana [15] and co-workers reported advances in solvent-controlled stereodivergent catalysis. Surprisingly, to our knowledge, there is currently no comprehensive review of studies on controllable/divergent synthesis. This