Synthesis and SAR of the antistaphylococcal natural product nematophin from Xenorhabdus nematophila

• Frank Wesche,
• Hélène Adihou,
• Thomas A. Wichelhaus and
• Helge B. Bode

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 535–541, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.47

• hydrophobicity influences the passive membrane diffusion and therefore might influence how the compounds get to their actual target [30]. Moreover, a specific minimal size of the cyclic moiety must be fulfilled as, e.g., 2 with a phenyl moiety is less active in vitro. Conclusion Despite their lower bioactivities

Synthesis and fluorescent properties of N(9)-alkylated 2-amino-6-triazolylpurines and 7-deazapurines

• Andrejs Šišuļins,
• Jonas Bucevičius,
• Yu-Ting Tseng,
• Irina Novosjolova,
• Kaspars Traskovskis,
• Ērika Bizdēna,
• Huan-Tsung Chang,
• Sigitas Tumkevičius and
• Māris Turks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 474–489, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.41

• several reasons: a) they help to solubilize the target compounds in the organic medium; b) they are considered as a good compromise to achieve both “membrane-like character”, which helps for cell membrane permeability, and sufficient solubility in the aqueous (biological) media [49]. With the key

• File 1). Bearing in mind fluorescent properties and low cytotoxicity of the newly obtained compounds, we tested their potential application in cell staining. The preliminary experiments revealed that the compounds went through the cell membrane after 1 h or 2 h incubation period and localized uniformly

• were replaced with 500 μL of cell culture medium containing the compound, and then further cultured for an additional 1 h. Those cells were washed twice with 1× PBS and fixed to the membrane using 4% paraformaldehyde in 5.0 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4; 1.0 mL) for 10 min. The fluorescence images

Aqueous olefin metathesis: recent developments and applications

• Valerio Sabatino and
• Thomas R. Ward

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 445–468, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.39

• leader sequence to the N-terminus of streptavidin (Sav) allowed the secretion and assembly of functional tetrameric Sav in the periplasm of E. coli. The passive diffusion of the biotinylated Hoveyda–Grubbs catalyst 60 through the outer membrane of E. coli containing Sav in its periplasm then affords the

Catalysis of linear alkene metathesis by Grubbs-type ruthenium alkylidene complexes containing hemilabile α,α-diphenyl-(monosubstituted-pyridin-2-yl)methanolato ligands

• Tegene T. Tole,
• Johan H. L. Jordaan and
• Hermanus C. M. Vosloo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 194–209, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.19

• with GxF/0.45 µm GHP membrane (PALL) was used to filter the lithium salt from the precatalyst. Experimental procedures Precatalyst synthesis: The well-established methods of Herrmann et al. [23] and Van Der Schaaf et al. [7] were used to synthesize precatalysts 6–9. This is illustrated in Scheme 2

Synthesis of a tubugi-1-toxin conjugate by a modulizable disulfide linker system with a neuropeptide Y analogue showing selectivity for hY1R-overexpressing tumor cells

• Rainer Kufka,
• Robert Rennert,
• Goran N. Kaluđerović,
• Lutz Weber,
• Wolfgang Richter and
• Ludger A. Wessjohann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 96–105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.11

• tumor-targeting therapeutics [7][8]. Such targeted therapeutics are able to address transformed cells selectively by recognition of disease-associated membrane structures, e.g., dysregulated membrane proteins, or by modulation of metabolic or regulatory characteristics that are specific or at least

• cells’ membrane by unspecific, receptor-independent pathways, not discriminating between normal and transformed cells. For that reason it is very difficult to adjust a practicable therapeutic window for these toxins. All the more, it is important to mask the high toxicity of tubulysin A and tubugi-1

• towards tubugi-1-SH and the entire conjugate tubugi-1–SS–NPY. When compared with HT-29 and PC-3 cells, the IC50 value of tubugi-1-SH is by factor 10 higher in Colo320. Since the membrane passage of tubugi-1-SH is not depending on a NPY receptor, there have to be other explanations for the reduced

Lectins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis – rarely studied proteins

• Katharina Kolbe,
• Sri Kumar Veleti,
• Norbert Reiling and
• Thisbe K. Lindhorst

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.1

• modifications of glycocalyx proteins are N-glycans (asparagine-linked) and O-glycans (serine- or threonine-linked), while glycosphingolipids are the major subclass of glycosylated lipids in the cell membrane of human cells (Figure 2). While many core elements of glycocalyx oligosaccharides are conserved between

• membrane is surrounded by a peptidoglycan layer (PG) consisting of multiple, parallel glycan chains of alternating (1→4)-linked subunits of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine and N-acetyl- or N-glycolyl-β-D-muramic acid, crosslinked via short conserved oligopeptide stems [44][45]. The PG is covalently attached to

• calcium-dependent manner. The ligand specificity is highly diverse, including fucosides, mannosides, glucosides, N-acetylglucosamines, galactosides, and N-acetylgalactosamines. While some of the C-type lectins are known to be secreted, others are membrane-associated proteins. They often oligomerize into

Thermophilic phosphoribosyltransferases Thermus thermophilus HB27 in nucleotide synthesis

• Ilja V. Fateev,
• Ekaterina V. Sinitsina,
• Aiguzel U. Bikanasova,
• Maria A. Kostromina,
• Elena S. Tuzova,
• Larisa V. Esipova,
• Tatiana I. Muravyova,
• Alexei L. Kayushin,
• Irina D. Konstantinova and
• Roman S. Esipov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3098–3105, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.289

• 8.0 (4 CV, flow rate 2 mL/min). Pooled fractions were concentrated by a polysulfonic membrane PBGC 10 kDa (Millipore, USA). The resulting solution was applied to a column with HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 75pg (GE Healthcare, USA), equilibrated by 20 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM NaCl, 0.04% NaN3, and 10% glycerol, pH

• , contained the target enzyme, were pooled and concentrated on polysulphonic membrane PBGC 10 kDa. The resulting solution was applied to column with HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200, equilibrated by 20 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM NaCl, 0.04% NaN3, and 5% glycerol, pH 8.0. Fractions, contained the target enzyme with purity

6’-Fluoro[4.3.0]bicyclo nucleic acid: synthesis, biophysical properties and molecular dynamics simulations

• Sibylle Frei,
• Andrei Istrate and
• Christian J. Leumann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3088–3097, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.288

• polarizability of the modified nucleotide, and therefore influences the metabolic stability, the membrane permeability, the RNA- and protein-binding affinity of the AON [25][26][27][28][29]. Over the last almost two decades, fluorinated oligonucleotide analogs like 2’-deoxy-2’-fluoro-RNA (F-RNA) [26][30][31], 2

Protein–protein interactions in bacteria: a promising and challenging avenue towards the discovery of new antibiotics

• Laura Carro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2881–2896, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.267

• also determined the growth suppressive effects on model Gram-positive (B. subtilis) and Gram-negative (E. coli imp4213) bacteria. The MIC values against B. subtilis were found to be 40, 11, 16 μM for CFAM, BCBP and MPTA, respectively, while the MIC values against the membrane-compromised E. coli were

• microorganisms which included Gram-positive pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis and the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (wt and an outer membrane permeable strain). Gratifyingly, the antibacterial screening showed that improved IC50 values

• correlated with improved minimal inhibitory concentrations and that Gram-positive microorganisms are more susceptible, likely due to the inability of molecules to permeate the outer membrane of Gram-negative pathogens [88]. In a follow-up study, a combinatorial synthesis approach was utilized to generate a

Olefin metathesis catalysts embedded in β-barrel proteins: creating artificial metalloproteins for olefin metathesis

• Daniel F. Sauer,
• Johannes Schiffels,
• Takashi Hayashi,
• Ulrich Schwaneberg and
• Jun Okuda

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2861–2871, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.265

• ]. Characterized by an amphiphilic nature with either hydrophobic “barrel” interiors and hydrophilic surfaces (as in globulins, carriers of hydrophobic molecules and fluorescent proteins) or hydrophilic cores and hydrophobic surfaces (as in membrane-bound β-barrels like porins and channel proteins), they can be

• NO transport, storage and sensing as well as heme metabolism [36]) usually constitute eight to ten antiparallel β-strands and tightly packed hydrophobic or hydrophilic barrel interiors [37]. Membrane-bound β-barrels are confined to mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes and the outer membranes of

• Gram-negative bacteria [38]. They constitute up to 24 strands, require sophisticated assembly machineries for membrane integration [39] and are usually “plugged” by hydrophilic loops and helices that either ensure the binding of small molecules, or their (energy-dependent) transport across the outer

Pd-Catalyzed microwave-assisted synthesis of phosphonated 13α-estrones as potential OATP2B1, 17β-HSD1 and/or STS inhibitors

• Rebeka Jójárt,
• Szabolcs Pécsy,
• György Keglevich,
• Mihály Szécsi,
• Réka Rigó,
• Csilla Özvegy-Laczka,
• Gábor Kecskeméti and
• Erzsébet Mernyák

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2838–2845, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.262

• and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Korányi fasor 8–10, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary Membrane protein research group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest

• phenolic hydroxy function. On the other hand, estrone sulfate is not able to cross the cell membrane passively; therefore, a carrier is needed to mediate its transport across the lipid bilayer. These carriers are certain representatives of the solute carrier superfamily (SLC), including members of the

• estrone derivatives, including estrone-3-sulfate could be blocked. Inhibitors based on the estrane core could have multiple inhibitory properties concerning the two enzymatic steps of the sulfatase pathway and OATP2B1-mediated membrane transport of estrone-sulfate. The inhibitor design is usually based on

Novel solid-phase strategy for the synthesis of ligand-targeted fluorescent-labelled chelating peptide conjugates as a theranostic tool for cancer

• Sagnik Sengupta,
• Mena Asha Krishnan,
• Premansh Dudhe,
• Ramesh B. Reddy,
• Bishnubasu Giri,
• Sudeshna Chattopadhyay and
• Venkatesh Chelvam

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2665–2679, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.244

• membrane antigen (PSMA) expressed on prostate, breast, bladder and brain cancers and pteroate rhodamine B, targeting folate receptor positive cancers such as ovarian, lung, endometrium as well as inflammatory diseases have been synthesized. In vitro studies using LNCaP (PSMA +ve), PC-3 (PSMA −ve, FR −ve

• membrane antigen (PSMA) [7][8][9] and the folate receptor [10][11][12][13] are well characterized and most attractive cancer biomarkers present in primary and metastatic stages of prostate and ovarian cancers, respectively. PSMA belongs to a family of type II membrane bound glycoprotein over-expressed on

• the cell surface of prostate, brain, bladder and breast cancers. Whereas folate receptors are attached to the cell membrane by a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor and over-expressed on several cancers as well as activated macrophages during inflammation. Moreover, folate receptors were also discovered

The design and synthesis of an antibacterial phenothiazine–siderophore conjugate

• Abed Tarapdar,
• James K. S. Norris,
• Oliver Sampson,
• Galina Mukamolova and
• James T. Hodgkinson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2646–2650, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.242

• antibiotics to the bacterial cell [3]. Iron is essential for bacterial survival and bacteria secrete high affinity iron chelating molecules to scavenge and solubilise Fe3+ from the extracellular environment [3]. The siderophore–Fe complex is recognised by specific receptor proteins on the outer membrane of

• the bacteria and internalised into the bacterium cell by active transport [4]. Siderophore–antibiotic conjugates consist of an antibiotic covalently linked by a ‘tether' to a siderophore. Such conjugates overcome the bacterial membrane permeability barrier and facilitate active transport of the

• achieved with beta-lactam-based siderophore conjugates targeting membrane associated penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) [7]. Cefiderocol (S-649266) is a beta-lactam–siderophore conjugate currently in phase III clinical trials which demonstrates enhanced potency against Gram-negative bacteria including

Targeting the Pseudomonas quinolone signal quorum sensing system for the discovery of novel anti-infective pathoblockers

• Christian Schütz and
• Martin Empting

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2627–2645, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.241

• machineries consisting of several protein components, which in total span from the inner to the outer side of the cell membrane. Their function is to expel a wide range of xenobiotics, among them antibiotics from the cephalosporin, carbapenem, fluroquinolone and aminoglycoside classes [13]. Through this

• molecule [34]. This autoinducer has been described to mediate iron acquisition, cytotoxicity, outer-membrane vesicle biogenesis, and to exert host immune modulatory effects [34][35]. Interestingly, PQS as well as HHQ are able to interfere with nuclear transcription factor-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor 1

• . aeruginosa quorum quenching assays was observed [56]. This highlights a notable issue when addressing intracellular targets of this Gram-negative bacterium, as permeating the outer and inner membrane while escaping efflux and enzymatic deactivation may represent a true challenge. The elucidation of the

Impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing signaling molecules on adhesion and inflammatory markers in endothelial cells

• Carmen Curutiu,
• Florin Iordache,
• Veronica Lazar,
• Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi,
• Aneta Pop,
• Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc and
• Alina Maria Hoban

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2580–2588, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.235

• , and this effect appears to be related to NFκB activation. These autoinducers (AIs) stimulate the production of membrane-associated prostaglandin E (PGE) and PGE2 but not PGE from cytosol. It is known that PGE2 plays a role in inducing mucus secretion, vasodilatation and edema, acting as a lipid

Comparative cell biological study of in vitro antitumor and antimetastatic activity on melanoma cells of GnRH-III-containing conjugates modified with short-chain fatty acids

• Eszter Lajkó,
• Sarah Spring,
• Rózsa Hegedüs,
• Beáta Biri-Kovács,
• Sven Ingebrandt,
• Gábor Mező and
• László Kőhidai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2495–2509, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.226

• different enzymatic stability and cellular uptake because these conjugates were found to have similar octanol–water partition index and membrane permeability. Nevertheless, the higher hydrophobicity (lower solubility) of the conjugate with myristic acid seemed to correlate with its increased stability

• (Ac)]-GnRH-III(Dau=Aoa). Dau served as a positive control in this experiment and showed a high level of intracellular fluorescence. Considering that Dau is a small molecule and can diffuse through the plasma membrane while the conjugates can enter the cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis with low

• of conjugates requires their receptor-mediated internalization and the lysosomal degradation, while Dau could diffuse through the plasma membrane and exerts its antitumor activity by intercalating directly to DNA. Furthermore, it was previously demonstrated that the smallest Dau-containing fragment

Rational design of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) reporter dyes for cucurbit[7]uril

• Mohammad A. Alnajjar,
• Jürgen Bartelmeß,
• Robert Hein,
• Pichandi Ashokkumar,
• Mohamed Nilam,
• Werner M. Nau,
• Knut Rurack and
• Andreas Hennig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1961–1971, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.171

• dye are regenerated. This principle has enabled, for example, real-time monitoring of enzymatic activity [18][19][20], the detection of membrane-transport activity [21] and membrane fusion [22], and even cellular imaging appears to be a potential future prospect [23][24]. However, most combinations of

• fluorescence from biological samples, and it would have a high fluorescence quantum yield in either bound or unbound state with a large difference in fluorescence intensity between both. In addition, a tuneable hydrophobicity to render the dye–CB complex membrane permeable or not, and a tuneable affinity for

Assessing the possibilities of designing a unified multistep continuous flow synthesis platform

• Mrityunjay K. Sharma,
• Roopashri B. Acharya,
• Chinmay A. Shukla and
• Amol A. Kulkarni

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1917–1936, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.166

• permeable membrane reactors [46][47][48], high-pressure reactors utilizing back pressure regulators [49][50][51], reactors with different heating and cooling modes (e.g., inductive heating [11][52], microwave [53][54][55] etc.) and many more, also very special reactors [56] with other difficulties that need

• continuous mode (CSTRs). Preheating and precooling are essential for getting reproducible and reliable experimental data. The third and final module includes separators viz. membrane separators/filters, scavengers or adsorption column (packed column), extractors/gravity separators, dryers, extruders, etc

• – membrane separator, E – extruder, BPR – back pressure regulator. Layout for synthesis of 4 molecules on a single platform (approach 2). Approach 3 for a unified platform for multistep synthesis. M1–M9 = mixers, R1–R4 = tubular reactors, R5–R8 = packed bed reactor, R9 = stirred tank reactor, T1–T8

Defining the hydrophobic interactions that drive competence stimulating peptide (CSP)-ComD binding in Streptococcus pneumoniae

• Bimal Koirala,
• Robert A. Hillman,
• Erin K. Tiwold,
• Michael A. Bertucci and
• Yftah Tal-Gan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1769–1777, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.151

• . Indeed, all the analogs exhibited α-helix CD spectra in membrane mimicking conditions (20% trifluoroethanol (TFE) in PBS buffer; Figure S4, Supporting Information File 1). Quantification of the helix content using both the mean residue ellipticity at 222 nm [32] and the BeStSel method [33] yielded

• . Interestingly, L13 is predicted to be positioned on the opposite face of the helix, away from the proposed binding interface between CSP1 and ComD1. It is therefore not clear why this residue was found to be important for effective receptor binding. In-depth structural analysis of CSP1 in membrane mimicking

Synthesis and photophysical studies of a multivalent photoreactive Ru^II-calix[4]arene complex bearing RGD-containing cyclopentapeptides

• Sofia Kajouj,
• Lionel Marcelis,
• Alice Mattiuzzi,
• Adrien Grassin,
• Damien Dufour,
• Pierre Van Antwerpen,
• Didier Boturyn,
• Eric Defrancq,
• Mathieu Surin,
• Julien De Winter,
• Pascal Gerbaux,
• Ivan Jabin and
• Cécile Moucheron

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1758–1768, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.150

• healthy ones. The next step in the development of phototherapeutic agents based on polyazaaromatic RuII complexes is thus the specific targeting of cancerous cells. In this regard, αvβ3 integrin represents an interesting target as this membrane receptor is overexpressed in the endothelial cells of

• functionalized [54][55][56]. It is noteworthy that the calix[4]arene skeleton has been already exploited for the development of multivalent glyco- and peptidocalixarenes that can be recognized by cell-membrane receptors [57][58][59] and of calixarene derivatives able to specifically target membrane proteins

• involved in the angiogenesis process [60]. Furthermore, the use of calixarenes for biological applications is the subject of intensive researches. They are indeed exploited in various areas such as surface recognition, structural mimes or membrane receptor inhibition [61][62][63], and it was also shown

Natural and redesigned wasp venom peptides with selective antitumoral activity

• Marcelo D. T. Torres,
• Gislaine P. Andrade,
• Roseli H. Sato,
• Cibele N. Pedron,
• Tania M. Manieri,
• Giselle Cerchiaro,
• Anderson O. Ribeiro,
• Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez and
• Vani X. Oliveira Jr.

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.144

• key for their anticancer activity, as they enable membrane binding [20]. Their anticancer activity typically occurs at micromolar concentrations [21] and is not usually accompanied by hemolytic activity probably because there are structural differences between the membranes of red blood cells and

• moment, and net positive charge, characteristics that are known to be important for peptide–membrane interactions [10]. Some of these changes decreased the hemolytic activity against human red blood cells of Dec-NH2, reported by Konno et al. [24], and retained the antimicrobial activity described by

• electrostatic interactions, after which they tend to adopt helical conformations, which causes cell membrane permeabilization or even membrane disruption that may lead to necrosis [33]. These peptides may also be internalized into the cell, leading to the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane and causing

Cobalt–metalloid alloys for electrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural as an alternative anode reaction in lieu of oxygen evolution during water splitting

• Jonas Weidner,
• Stefan Barwe,
• Kirill Sliozberg,
• Stefan Piontek,
• Justus Masa,
• Ulf-Peter Apfel and
• Wolfgang Schuhmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1436–1445, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.121

• of the various cobalt–metalloid alloys supported on Ni RDE electrodes revealed CoB to be the most efficient HMF oxidation catalyst. Using a CoB modified Ni foam as anode material, and Ni foam as the cathode in a continuous flow reactor with an anion exchange membrane separating the anodic and

• continuous mode. For this, a flow reactor was employed which contains two nickel foam (NF) electrodes separated by an anion exchange membrane (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). The NF anode (1 cm × 1 cm) was modified with CoB by means of spray coating while pure NF was used as cathode material. The

• compartment and the CE compartment were separated by a PEEK reinforced anion exchange membrane (Fumatech). The CE consisted of two stacked unmodified Ni foams (1 cm × 1 cm) and a Hg/HgO/1 M KOH electrode served as RE. Catalyst modified NF (1 cm × 1 cm) was used as the WE. The potential was converted to the

Spectroelectrochemical studies on the effect of cations in the alkaline glycerol oxidation reaction over carbon nanotube-supported Pd nanoparticles

• Dennis Hiltrop,
• Steffen Cychy,
• Karina Elumeeva,
• Wolfgang Schuhmann and
• Martin Muhler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1428–1435, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.120

• utilization in fuel cells (FCs) converting chemical into electrical energy [5]. In alkaline FCs (AFCs) and proton exchange membrane FCs (PEMFCs), H2 and O2 are converted to H2O, heat and electricity. Since the development of anion exchange membranes the research interest in AFCs has increased again, because

Design and biological characterization of novel cell-penetrating peptides preferentially targeting cell nuclei and subnuclear regions

• Anja Gronewold,
• Mareike Horn and
• Ines Neundorf

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1378–1388, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.116

• nuclei; cell-penetrating peptides; nucleoli; subcellular targeting; Introduction Various drugs act on targets that are located within the nucleus, the control center of the eukaryotic cell. A lipid bilayer membrane, which is perforated with nuclear pore complex structures through which the transfer of

• effects, there is a need to develop suitable delivery vectors for the safe transport of drugs to the nucleus. Such nuclear-targeting sequences have already proven to be successful delivery tools. According to their often basic nature, they are also able to traverse the cellular membrane [8]. Based on this

• , these peptides have been added to the growing family of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). CPPs are able to overcome the cellular membrane and to enhance the intracellular uptake of CPP-modified molecules [9]. Usually, these peptides are relatively short (≤30 amino acids (aa)) and display an amphipathic

Mechanochemistry of nucleosides, nucleotides and related materials

• Olga Eguaogie,
• Joseph S. Vyle,
• Patrick F. Conlon,
• Manuela A. Gîlea and
• Yipei Liang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 955–970, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.81

• ) which were agitated using a membrane valve [80]. Within three minutes, almost complete disruption of Gram-positive bacteria was effected enabling downstream analysis by quantitative PCR. Associative processes Variable drug bioavailability associated with crystal and co-crystal polymorphism can be

• exhibited enhanced membrane permeability compared with the pure API [85]. The preparation of co-crystals of 5FU with other API’s (imatinib [86] and piperazine [87]) using LAG has also been reported. Solid dispersions of acyclovir (20%) in neutral carriers (chitosan, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose K100M® or